可降解淀粉酿酒酵母基因工程菌的构建及其生产应用

将酿酒酵母的rDNA片段,黑曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶基因表达盒及G418抗性基因表达盒重组进经过改造的质粒pSP72,构建酿酒酵母整合型质粒YIp4RGAn及YIp19RGAn,转化酿酒酵母实验室菌株GRF18、生产菌株JL108、SD和JM,获得能高效表达葡萄糖淀粉酶和分解淀粉的酿酒酵母基因工菌。Southern印迹分析证明,葡萄糖淀粉酶基因已整合进工程菌染色体。这些工程菌在含有20%淀粉的培养基中培养,产酒率都在11%以上。     

Transformation of yeast by a replicating hybrid plasmid.

Chimaeric plasmids have been constructed containing a yeast plasmid and fragments of yeast nuclear DNA linked to pMB9, a derivative of the ColEl plasmid from E. coli. Two plasmids were isolated which complement leuB mutations in E. coli. These plasmids have been used to develop a method for transforming a leu2 strain of S. cerevisiae to Leu+ with high frequency. The yeast transformants contained multiple plasmid copies which were recovered by transformation in E. coli. The yeast plasmid sequence recombined intramolecularly during propagation in yeast.     

三种新的穿梭质粒pCC10、pCCT7和pST16的构建和性质研究

利用大肠杆菌质粒pUC18、pTG206和金黄色葡萄球菌质粒pC194在体外构建3个嵌合质粒pCC10、pCCT7和pST16.3个新质粒均是大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌的穿梭质粒。它们在大肠杆菌中呈Ap~rCm~r型,在枯草杆菌中则为Cm~rAp~5型。其中pCCT7和pST16含有xylE基因,可作为启动子探测质粒。所有的新质粒都具有来自pUC18的多酶克隆位点,适合于在大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌中重组外源DNA以及比较它们的表达情况。     

High-frequency transformation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, has been used extensively for genetic studies but until now it has not been utilized as a host organism for DNA cloning. Here we describe a method for high-frequency transformation fo a leu 1(-) strain of this yeast with hybrid plasmids containing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEu 2(+) gene, a bacterial plasmid and either the S. cerevisiae 2 μm plasmid or autonomously replicating sequences (ars)(1) derived from S. pombe DNA. Some of the plasmids contain unique restriction sites which make them suitable for the isolation of S. pombe genes, and they can also be used for the exchange of DNA between S. pombe and S. cerevisiae.     

Evolution of a bacteria/plasmid association

Associations between bacteria and their accessory elements (viruses, plasmids and transposons) range from antagonistic to mutualistic. A number of previous studies have demonstrated that plasmid carriage reduces bacterial fitness in the absence of selection for specific functions such as antibiotic resistance. Many studies have demonstrated increased fitness of evolving microbial populations in laboratory environments, but we are aware of only one study in which fitness gains were partitioned between a plasmid and its host. Here, we examine the evolution of an association between a plasmid and its bacterial host. Carriage of the non-conjugative plasmid pACYC184 initially reduced the fitness of Escherichia coli B in the absence of antibiotic. We then cultured plasmid-bearing bacteria for 500 generations in the presence of antibiotic. The fitness of each combination of host and plasmid, with and without the culture history, was determined by competing it against a baseline strain. The results indicate adaptation by the host genome, but no plasmid adaptation. We also competed the evolved host, transformed with the baseline plasmid, against its isogenic plasmid-free counterpart. The plasmid now increased the fitness of its host.     

耐盐细菌质粒的研究

本实验以1株耐盐细菌My23（耐18％NaCl）作为研究对象,采用碱裂解法对其进行质粒提取,结果表明可以提取得大小2个不同质粒;改变常规提取方法中的部分环节,如加入STE清洗菌体的培养基成分,溶菌酶的使用,以及加入碱裂解液Ⅰ后静置20min,对该耐盐菌质粒的提取有较好的作用。经SDS法将小质粒消除后的菌株与野生型菌株的耐盐功能比较,发现提取出的小质粒与耐盐无关。将大肠杆菌DH5α制备成感受态细胞,将耐盐菌的质粒进行转化,结果进一步表明耐盐性状与质粒没有关系。     

Bacterial conjugative plasmids mobilize DNA transfer between bacteria and yeast

Conjugative plasmids of Escherichia coli can mobilize DNA transmission from this bacterium to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The process shares some of the features of conjugation between bacteria and could be evolutionarily significant in promoting trans-kingdom genetic exchange.     

rDNA介导的多拷贝整合表达载体的构建及其在酿酒酵母工业菌株中的应用

根据酵母整合质粒的设计要求,PCR扩增特定的2．2kb rDNA片段,并以此替换酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cereristae)整合载体YIp5的URA3片段;在此基础上,引入G418抗性基因KanMX和酵母磷酸甘油激酶(phosphoglycerale kinase,PGK)组成型强启动子和终止子序列(PGKp-t),构建适合酿酒酵母工业菌株高拷贝整合表达载体pYMIKP,以细菌木糖异构酶(xylose isomerase,XI)基因xy/A为目标基因,通过载体pYMIKP引入到酵母工业菌株NAN-27中,酵母转化子在非选择培养条件下,连续生长50世代质粒稳定性为99．72％,目标基因高拷贝重组菌的木糖异构酶比酶活是对照菌株的67．2倍,达到0．672U／mg蛋白,实现了外源基因在酿酒酵母工业菌株中的稳定高效表达。     

红茶菌形态及菌液抑菌作用的研究

对红茶菌形态进行初步研究，采用纸片法测试红茶菌对细菌的(G^ ，G^-)抑制作用．结果表明：它由细菌A，B和酵母菌Y形成共生菌，其菌液对大肠杆菌(E．coli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(B．subtilis)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S．aureus)有明显的生长抑制作用。     

The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens.

Macrophages orchestrate innate immunity by phagocytosing pathogens and coordinating inflammatory responses. Effective defence requires the host to discriminate between different pathogens. The specificity of innate immune recognition in Drosophila is mediated by the Toll family of receptors; Toll mediates anti-fungal responses, whereas 18-wheeler mediates anti-bacterial defence. A large number of Toll homologues have been identified in mammals, and Toll-like receptor 4 is critical in responses to Gram-negative bacteria. Here we show that Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited specifically to macrophage phagosomes containing yeast, and that a point mutation in the receptor abrogates inflammatory responses to yeast and Gram-positive bacteria, but not to Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, during the phagocytosis of pathogens, two classes of innate immune receptors cooperate to mediate host defence: phagocytic receptors, such as the mannose receptor, signal particle internalization, and the Toll-like receptors sample the contents of the vacuole and trigger an inflammatory response appropriate to defence against the specific organism.     

Plasmids of the same Inc groups in Enterobacteria before and after the medical use of antibiotics

Conjugative plasmids were common in enterobacteria isolated before the medical use of antibiotics. Plasmid F of Escherichia coli K-12 was one example and we identified others in over 20% of a collection of strains isolated between 1917 and 1954, the Murray collection. In the past 25 years, conjugative plasmids encoding antibiotic resistances have become common in bacteria of the same genera as those of the Murray Collection--Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Escherichia. The present study was made to show whether the 'pre-antibiotic' plasmids belonged to the same groups, as defined by incompatibility tests (Inc groups), as modern R plasmids. Of 84 such plasmids established in E. coli K-12, none with antibiotic resistance determinants, 65 belonged to the same groups as present resistance (R) plasmids. Thus the remarkable way in which medically important bacteria have acquired antibiotic resistance in the past 25 years seems to have been by the insertion of new genes into existing plasmids rather than by the spread of previously rare plasmids.     

半胱氨酸的抑菌作用与类SOD活力

为了研究半胱氨酸的抑菌作用与类SOD活力关系，用不同浓度半胱氨酸溶液滤纸片对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌做定性抑菌实验，并用连苯三酚自氧化法测定19种氨基酸的类SOD活力．结果表明：半胱氨酸的类SOD活力在19种氨基酸中最高，半胱氨酸饱和溶液滤纸片对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有很强的抑制作用．这说明半胱氨酸的抑菌作用和其类SOD活力间存在一定关系．     

痛风舒片微生物限度检查方法有效性验证试验研究

以建立痛风舒片的微生物限度检查方法为目的。采用500 r min-1离心5min低速离心沉淀处理供试液与平皿稀释法联用测定细菌数;用平皿稀释法测定霉菌、酵母菌数;采用常规方法进行控制菌大肠埃希菌、大肠菌群检查。结果:样品对白色念珠菌有一定抑菌活性、对黑曲霉未显示抑菌作用;对细菌有较强抗菌活性;采用500r min-1离心5min低速离心沉淀处理供试液与平皿稀释法联用,金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌活菌计数回收均可达到70%以上,并通过3个批号样品细菌计数有效性验证试验说明该法可有效消除药物对试验菌的抗菌作用。结论:建立的方法可有效的控制药品质量,准确可靠。     

36种家庭日用化学品抑菌效果的研究

采用点样法测定不同品牌的牙膏、洗衣粉、洗洁精、洗发露以及化妆品等36种家庭日用化学品的抑菌效果．结果表明：洗衣粉、洗洁精以及洗发露3种家庭常用洗涤剂对大肠杆菌(E．coli)、枯草杆菌(B．subtilis)和金黄色葡萄球菌(s．aureus)的抑菌作用较好；洁诺牙膏，雕牌洗洁精，潘婷、风影和海飞丝洗发露对大肠杆菌抑制作用明显，抑菌圈直径大于20mm；雕牌、海利尔、立白和白猫洗洁精，飘影、潘婷、风影和强生婴儿洗发露对枯草杆菌抑制作用明显，抑菌圈直径大于20mm；牙膏、洗洁精、洗衣粉和化妆品对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用有所不同，抑菌圈直径介于5～20mm之间．     

Antibacterial Properties of Starch Blending with Glycidyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Sorbate Used in Medical Dressings

Starch is easy to breed bacteria,which affects its performance and application in medical dressings.In this research,antibacterial starch was prepared by physical blending method with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(GTA)and potassium sorbate as antibacterial agents.The antibacterial activities of GTA,potassium sorbate,GTA-starch and potassium sorbate-starch were investigated with the purpose of understanding the growth of bacteria in starch system.Results showed that GTA had good antibacterial activity,and the bacteriostasis rate of 0.05 g/mL GTA against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)was 96.55%.The antibacterial properties of starch increased with an increase of mass fraction of potassium sorbate and then decreased with the continuously increasing of mass fraction of GTA.GTA-starch with30%GTA showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of Escherichia coli(E.coli)and S.aureus were 26.48%and20.26%,respectively;50%potassium sorbate in potassium sorbatestarch showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of E.coli and S.aureus were 67.68%and 74.75%,respectively.     

The Shigella flexneri effector OspI deamidates UBC13 to dampen the inflammatory response

Many bacterial pathogens can enter various host cells and then survive intracellularly, transiently evade humoral immunity, and further disseminate to other cells and tissues. When bacteria enter host cells and replicate intracellularly, the host cells sense the invading bacteria as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by way of various pattern recognition receptors. As a result, the host cells induce alarm signals that activate the innate immune system. Therefore, bacteria must modulate host inflammatory signalling and dampen these alarm signals. How pathogens do this after invading epithelial cells remains unclear, however. Here we show that OspI, a Shigella flexneri effector encoded by ORF169b on the large plasmid and delivered by the type ΙΙΙ secretion system, dampens acute inflammatory responses during bacterial invasion by suppressing the tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-mediated signalling pathway. OspI is a glutamine deamidase that selectively deamidates the glutamine residue at position 100 in UBC13 to a glutamic acid residue. Consequently, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating activity required for TRAF6 activation is inhibited, allowing S. flexneri OspI to modulate the diacylglycerol-CBM (CARD-BCL10-MALT1) complex-TRAF6-nuclear-factor-κB signalling pathway. We determined the 2.0 ? crystal structure of OspI, which contains a putative cysteine-histidine-aspartic acid catalytic triad. A mutational analysis showed this catalytic triad to be essential for the deamidation of UBC13. Our results suggest that S. flexneri inhibits acute inflammatory responses in the initial stage of infection by targeting the UBC13-TRAF6 complex.     

Fibronectin binding mediated by a novel class of surface organelles on Escherichia coli

Gram-negative bacteria are known to produce two types of surface organelles: flagella, which are required for motility and chemotaxis, and pili (fimbriae), which play a part in the interaction of bacteria with other bacteria and with eukaryotic host cells. Here we report a third class of E. coli surface organelles for which we propose the name curli. Curli are coiled surface structures composed of a single type of subunit, the curlin, which differs from all known pilin proteins and is synthesized in the absence of a cleavable signal peptide. Although the gene encoding this structural subunit, crl, is present and transcribed in most natural isolates of E. coli, only certain strains are able to assemble the subunit protein into curli. This assembly process occurs preferentially at growth temperatures below 37 degrees C. The ability of curli to mediate binding to fibronectin may be a virulence-associated property for wound colonization and for the colonization of fibronectin-coated surfaces.     

牦牛源产细菌素的乳酸菌的筛选鉴定

为筛选优良的产细菌素乳酸菌,用含0.5%碳酸钙的MRS固体培养基从19份牦牛粪便样本中分离出91株乳酸菌,进一步采用牛津杯法筛选产细菌素的乳酸菌,并结合16S rRNA序列扩增测序鉴定该批乳酸菌.结果表明:在排除有机酸、过氧化氢等抑菌因素后,从91株乳酸菌中筛选到9株对大肠杆菌ATCC25922和金葡球菌ATCC25923有明显抑制作用的乳酸菌菌株,该9株菌株对蛋白酶敏感,初步认定为产细菌素乳酸菌;经16S rRNA序列扩增测序鉴定该9株菌分别为海氏肠球菌,屎肠球菌,蒙氏肠球菌株和植物乳杆菌,其对常见抗生素不耐药,可作为益生菌的候选菌株.     

Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli

The recognition and phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is a principal aspect of innate immunity that is conserved from insects to humans. Drosophila melanogaster has circulating macrophages that phagocytose microbes similarly to mammalian macrophages, suggesting that insect macrophages can be used as a model to study cell-mediated innate immunity. We devised a double-stranded RNA interference-based screen in macrophage-like Drosophila S2 cells, and have defined 34 gene products involved in phagocytosis. These include proteins that participate in haemocyte development, vesicle transport, actin cytoskeleton regulation and a cell surface receptor. This receptor, Peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC), is involved in phagocytosis of Gram-negative but not Gram-positive bacteria. Drosophila humoral immunity also distinguishes between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria through the Imd and Toll pathways, respectively; however, a receptor for the Imd pathway has not been identified. Here we show that PGRP-LC is important for antibacterial peptide synthesis induced by Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, totem mutants, which fail to express PGRP-LC, are susceptible to Gram-negative (E. coli), but not Gram-positive, bacterial infection. Our results demonstrate that PGRP-LC is an essential component for recognition and signalling of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, this functional genomic approach is likely to have applications beyond phagocytosis.     

两种策略实现1,3-丙二醇关键酶基因的共表达

甘油脱水酶(GDHt)和1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶(PDOR)是甘油歧化为1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的两个关键酶。采用多顺反子重组和质粒共存两种策略,对来自克雷伯肺炎杆菌(Klebsiela pneumoniae)的两个关键酶进行共表达。构建表达载体pET-28a-dhaB1B2B3-dhaT将两酶基因dhaB1B2B3和dhaT用SD序列相隔,在E.coli BL21(DE3)高水平共表达了GDHt 3个亚基和PDOR,表达蛋白分别约占菌体总蛋白的18%、9%、7%和9%。质粒pET-28a-dhaB1B2B3和pET-22b-dhaT共转化E.coli BL21(DE3)得到稳定的双质粒系统,48h后84%的细胞能同时含有两种质粒,GDHt 3亚基和PDOR分别约占菌体总蛋白的16%、8%、6%和14%。两种酶在两种表达方法下均显示高于原始菌株的酶活力。