Global landscape of protein complexes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Identification of protein-protein interactions often provides insight into protein function, and many cellular processes are performed by stable protein complexes. We used tandem affinity purification to process 4,562 different tagged proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Each preparation was analysed by both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to increase coverage and accuracy. Machine learning was used to integrate the mass spectrometry scores and assign probabilities to the protein-protein interactions. Among 4,087 different proteins identified with high confidence by mass spectrometry from 2,357 successful purifications, our core data set (median precision of 0.69) comprises 7,123 protein-protein interactions involving 2,708 proteins. A Markov clustering algorithm organized these interactions into 547 protein complexes averaging 4.9 subunits per complex, about half of them absent from the MIPS database, as well as 429 additional interactions between pairs of complexes. The data (all of which are available online) will help future studies on individual proteins as well as functional genomics and systems biology.     

从椭圆酿酒酵母中提取核酸

采用正交设计试验等方法研究了从椭圆酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）中提取RNA的适宜条件为NaOH浓度1．5％,SDS浓度2％,NaCl浓度4％,抽提温度95℃,抽提时间2h。RNA粗品收率85．1％,纯度90．5％,可满足核苷酸的生产要求。     

An initiation site for meiotic gene conversion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

An initiation site for meiotic gene conversion has been identified in the promoter region of the ARG4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The chromosome on which initiation occurs is the recipient of genetic information during gene conversion.     

两种葡萄糖氧化酶基因分别在酿酒酵母及毕赤酵母中的重组表达

从Aspergillus niger CICC 40179中克隆得到了葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)基因,并在酿酒酵母AS2.489中通过载体p2μRCMB进行重组表达.合成来源于A.niger的一段GOD基因(美国专利号为5094951),同时对其进行了少量密码子的同义替换以避免部分酶切位点,将该段合成的序列通过甲醇诱导型载体p PICZαA在毕赤酵母X33中进行了重组表达.比较分析两种葡萄糖氧化酶的分泌表达情况.     

Proof and evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Whole-genome duplication followed by massive gene loss and specialization has long been postulated as a powerful mechanism of evolutionary innovation. Recently, it has become possible to test this notion by searching complete genome sequence for signs of ancient duplication. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae arose from ancient whole-genome duplication, by sequencing and analysing Kluyveromyces waltii, a related yeast species that diverged before the duplication. The two genomes are related by a 1:2 mapping, with each region of K. waltii corresponding to two regions of S. cerevisiae, as expected for whole-genome duplication. This resolves the long-standing controversy on the ancestry of the yeast genome, and makes it possible to study the fate of duplicated genes directly. Strikingly, 95% of cases of accelerated evolution involve only one member of a gene pair, providing strong support for a specific model of evolution, and allowing us to distinguish ancestral and derived functions.     

一种可作为抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的新型广谱疫苗--PNSG

金黄色葡萄球菌是医院感染中最常见的病原菌,也是社会上大范围感染的主要病原菌．金黄色葡萄球菌感染可引起心内膜炎、骨髓炎、脓毒性关节炎、肺炎和脓肿等疾病．金黄色葡萄球菌也是重要经济动物的主要病原菌．金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素这样的首选药物产生抗药性后引起的主要问题是,用甲氧西林治疗甲氧西林抗性的金黄色葡萄球菌（ｍｅｔｈｉｃｉｌｌｉｎ－ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｔ Ｓ．Ａｕｒｅｕｓ,ＭＲＳＡ）引起的感染无效,这就使金黄色葡萄球菌引起的疾病越来越流行,尤其是在住院的病人中．人们更为忧虑的是,最近在几个国家中,ＭＲＳＡ…     

ras-Related gene sequences identified and isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The oncogenes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses (v-rasH and v-rasK) and their cellular homologues (c-rasH and c-rasK) constitute two members of the ras gene family. Each functional member of the ras gene family encodes a 21,000 molecular weight protein (p21ras). ras genes have been detected in a wide variety of vertebrate species, including Xenopus laevis (R. E. Steele, personal communication), and in Drosophila melanogaster. We report here the detection of ras-related genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the isolation of two ras-related molecular clones, c-rassc-1 and c-rassc-2, from the DNA of Saccharomyces. Both c-rassc-1 and c-rassc-2 hybridize specifically to probes prepared from mammalian ras DNA. Sequencing of c-rassc-1 reveals extensive amino acid homology between the protein encoded by c-rassc-1 and the p21 encoded by c-rasH. Our studies suggest that these clones can be used to elucidate the normal cellular functions of ras-related genes in this relatively simple eukaryotic organism.     

Expression of the SOD gene from Trichoderma harzianum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Superoxide dismutases are metalloproteins which play a major role in defense against oxygen radicalmediated toxicity in aerobic organisms. Such proteins are important endogeneity cytoprotection factor involving defence. A 751-bp full-length cDNA sequence of an SOD gene was isolated from the Trichoderma harzianum. The full-length cDNA of the SOD gene consists of one 465-bp open reading frame nucleotide, which encodes a 15.7-kDa polypeptide consisting of 154 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis revealed that SOD gene has more than 72%-86% amino acid sequence homology with those of other fungi. The SOD gene was integrated into the genomic DNA of pYES2 by insertion into a single site for recombination, yielding the recombinant pYES2-SOD. SOD expressed by pYES2-SOD was induced by galactose. We test whether SOD could offer abiotic stress resistance when it was introduced into yeast ceils. A transgenic yeast harboring T. harzianum SOD was generated under the control of a constitutively expressed GAL promoter. The results indicated that SOD yeast transformants had significantly higher resistance to salt and drought stress.     

Escape of DNA from mitochondria to the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The migration of genetic information from ancestral prokaryotic endosymbionts into eukaryotic nuclei is thought to have had an important role in the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Here we describe an assay for the detection of movement of DNA between mitochondria and the nucleus in yeast. Because recombinant plasmid DNA replicates after transformation into mitochondria of yeast strains lacking endogenous mitochondrial DNA we were able to propagate the nuclear genetic marker URA3 in mitochondria. As expected, the wild-type URA3 gene in mitochondria failed to complement the uracil auxotrophy (Ura-) caused by a nuclear ura3 mutation. But selection of Ura+ prototrophs from a Ura- strain carrying URA3 on a plasmid in its mitochondria enabled us to detect plasmid movement to the nucleus. Conversely, as the plasmid used also contained the mitochondrial gene COX2 required for respiratory growth, we were able to set up corresponding selections to detect migration of DNA from the nucleus to the mitochondria. Our results show that, in yeast, DNA escapes from mitochondria and appears in the nucleus at a surprisingly high frequency (approximately 2 x 10(-5) per cell per generation). But the rate at which DNA makes the journey in the opposite direction--nucleus to mitochondria--is apparently at least 100,000 times less.     

金黄色葡萄球菌SarA蛋白原核表达及免疫原性研究

目的 构建SarA的原核表达载体,对SarA蛋白免疫原性进行初步研究.方法 首先应用生物信息学方法 对SarA基因进行分析;以金黄色葡萄球菌基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增、酶切、连接等一系列反应进行原核重组质粒的构建;IPTG诱导原核重组质粒表达,对SarA蛋白进行纯化、浓缩,将浓缩后的蛋白与佐剂混合免疫家兔,收集血清,...     

Identification of myosin heavy chain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Motility in biological systems is expressed in a variety of ways, such as cytoplasmic streaming, cell shaping, nuclear migration and muscle contraction. These functions are thought to be mediated by structural proteins, for example, myosin, actin and tubulin. The involvement of myosin in muscle contraction is well documented and this protein is implicated in generating the cleavage forces during cytokinesis in some non-muscle cells. Here, we report the isolation of a protein similar to myosin as judged by its biochemical and immunological properties, from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parts of the protein have been conserved through evolution at the protein and DNA sequence levels. The presence of this protein in the region bordering mother cell and bud, as revealed by immunofluorescence, suggests that it is involved in cell division.     

脂肪酸碳链延长酶与脱饱和酶在酿酒酵母中共表达

为了利用转基因技术在酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae中生产二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,22∶6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19n-3),构建了同时含C20-Δ5脂肪酸碳链延长酶(TFD5)和C22-Δ4脂肪酸碳链脱饱和酶(FAD4)基因的共表达质粒pYTFD5-FAD4.该质粒是通过基因重组的方法,使脂肪酸碳链延长酶与脱饱和酶基因置于各自启动子和终止子下获得的.共表达质粒pYTFD5-FAD4转化酿酒酵母所得到基因工程菌,在添加终质量分数为2%的半乳糖,终体积分数为1%的NP-40和0.3 mmol/L的底物二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20∶5Δ5,8,11,14,17n-3)下进行诱导,可直接转化二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20∶5Δ5,8,11,14,17n-3)生成二十二碳五烯酸(DPA,22∶5Δ4,7,10,13,16n-3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,22∶6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19n-3).     

Transposable mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A functional copy of the alpha mating type gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by transformation in yeast. Using the Southern Blotting procedure it has been shown that three distinct genetic loci implicated in mating type interconversion (HML, HMR and MAT) contain sequences homologous to the clone fragment. The restriction fragment associated with each locus exhibits a characteristic size which can be correlated with the mating type allele present at that locus. The characteristic size difference between the a and alpha genetic elements made it possible to demonstrate that the homothallic interconversion of mating types in this yeast occurs by DNA rearrangement as proposed in the 'cassette hypothesis'.     

针对不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌分离菌株的agr Ⅰ-Ⅳ分型初探

目的:金黄色葡萄球菌附属基因调节子(agr)位点是一个全面的群集感应系统并且控制着毒力因子的产生,本研究旨在针对不同来源的金黄色葡萄球菌分离菌株进行agr Ⅰ-Ⅳ基因分型研究.方法:根据金黄色葡萄球菌agrⅠ-Ⅳ基因组别类型的引物,对五种不同来源的169株金黄色葡萄球菌DNA模板进行多重PCR扩增,获得目的基因,以判断agr基因型.结果:169株分离菌株中,agrⅡ型的检出率为19%(32/169),agrⅢ型检出率为12%(20/169),agrⅣ型检出率为8%(14/169),五种不同来源的金黄色葡萄球菌均有检出agrⅡ型,均未检出agrⅠ型,并且都含有未能分型的agr阴性菌株.研究结果表明不同来源金黄色葡萄球菌分离菌株中agr Ⅰ-Ⅳ基因型的流行情况.该方法对于金黄色葡萄球菌菌株分子分型有一定的借鉴意义,也为金黄色葡萄球菌菌株分子流行病学调查奠定一定的基础.     

固定化酵母乙醇发酵研究

用聚乙烯酸(PVA)作载体,采用“T固化薄片成型”技术包埋酿酒酵母细胞进行乙醇发酵.批式发酵周期4.5h,乙醇浓度9.0%,乙醇产率14.4gL~(-1)h~(-1);连续发酵当稀释率为0.72h~(-1)时,乙醇浓度6.0%,乙醇产率21.6gL~(-1)h~(-1)该PVA固化酵母凝胶至少可重复使用180d以上.表明本研究可大幅度提高乙醇连续发醇效率.