植物染色体C─带技术的应用进展

本文讨论了近十多年来植物染色体Ｃ－带技术在核型分析、物种亲缘关系鉴定、染色体组进化研究、染色体畸变鉴别、远缘杂种细胞学鉴定、染色体行为研究、基因定位等方面的应用进展。     

植物染色体C─带技术的应用进展

本文讨论了近十多年来植物染色体Ｃ－带技术在核型分析、物种亲缘关系鉴定、染色体组进化研究、染色体畸变鉴别、远缘杂种细胞学鉴定、染色体行为研究、基因定位等方面的应用进展。     

Analysis of F1 hybrid and BC1 monosomic alien addition line plants from Brassica oleracea × Sinapis alba by GISH

Sterile and semi-fertile F₁ plants were obtained by intergeneric sexual hybridization between paternal Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (genome CC, 2n=18) and maternal Sinapis alba (genome SS, 2n=24), BC₁ plants were obtained by backcrossing between paternal B. oleracea and maternal semi-fertile F₁ plants. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) combined with dual-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (dcFISH) showed that sterile F₁ plants contained 21 chromosomes consisting of one B. oleracea chromosome set and one S. alba chromosome set, belonging to expected hybrids, and semi-fertile F₁ plants contained 30 chromosomes consisting of two B. oleracea chromosome sets and one S. alba chromosome set. It is obvious that the semi-fertile F₁ plants belong to unexpected hybrids. 1―3 trivalents were detected at meiotic metaphase I of semi-fertile F₁ pollen mother cells (PMCs). Different separation ratios of S chromosomes were detected at anaphase I. A monosomic alien addition line (MAAL) was identified by GISH-dcFISH from BC₁ plants; it contained 19 chromosomes consisting of 18 C chromosomes and 1 S chromosome. At meiotic metaphase I, 9 divalents from B. oleracea and one univalent from S. alba could be detected. Sometimes, one putative C-S trivalent could also be detected. The achievement of B. oleracea-S. alba monosomic alien addition lines lays a foundation for gene introgression, location and cloning.     

Transgene directionally integrated into C-genome of Brassica napus

Transgenic Brassica napus has been widely planted in Canada, the United States, and some other countries. In China, although the policy for genetically modified foods has not yet opened, genetically modified rape- seed oil as raw material for biodiesel of…     

甘蓝-白芥单体异附加系自交后代的GISH分析

将甘蓝-白芥单体异附加系自交,获得了其自交后代.利用基因组原位杂交(genomicin situhy-bridization,GISH),结合双色荧光原位杂交(dual-colour fluorescencein situhybridization,dcFISH)技术,从这些自交后代中鉴定出了纯合的甘蓝-白芥二体异附加系植株.GISH分析结果表明,甘蓝-白芥二体异附加系有丝分裂中期具有18条甘蓝染色体及2条白芥染色体,减数分裂中期I表现为9个C染色体二价体及1个S染色体二价体,减数分裂后期I会出现落后的1对S染色体,有时落后的1对S染色体形成染色体桥.     

大黄鱼与黄姑鱼杂交F_1及其双亲的核型分析

研究了大黄鱼与黄姑鱼正反交F1原肠早期胚胎细胞及其亲本头肾细胞的染色体核型,为深入剖析大黄鱼与黄姑鱼杂交后代的基因组构成提供了细胞遗传学证据.大黄鱼与黄姑鱼染色体组均含有48条端部着丝粒染色体,染色体组型公式均为2n=48 t,染色体臂数均为NF=48,组内染色体长度分布连续.两亲本物种间核型很相似,未找到鉴别两物种的细胞遗传标志.正反交F1原肠期胚胎细胞的染色体众数也均为48,均可较好地配为24对.结合前期AFLP分析结果可以推断,正反交胚胎细胞均同时含有一个大黄鱼染色体组和一个黄姑鱼染色体组.此外,杂交F1中的非整倍体比例与两亲本没有明显区别,初步表明杂交胚胎细胞未发生明显的染色体丢失.在黄姑鱼♀与大黄鱼♂杂交F1中出现4对非t-染色体,原因尚待查明.     

Chromosome sorting and its applications in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome sequencing

The large genome size (～17000 Mb) and complicated DNA structures of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) hamper its genome sequencing.By means of flow cytometry,systematic investigations on individual chromosome sorting have been carried out to construct chromosome-specific bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries since the 1980s.Several wheat chromosome-specific BAC libraries,such as chromosome 3B,three D genome chromosomes (1D,4D and 6D),and the short arm of chromosome 1B,have been developed,and the ph...     

Comparison of human genetic and sequence-based physical maps

Recombination is the exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The rate of recombination per nucleotide, which profoundly affects the evolution of chromosomal segments, is calculated by comparing genetic and physical maps. Human physical maps have been constructed using cytogenetics, overlapping DNA clones and radiation hybrids; but the ultimate and by far the most accurate physical map is the actual nucleotide sequence. The completion of the draft human genomic sequence provides us with the best opportunity yet to compare the genetic and physical maps. Here we describe our estimates of female, male and sex-average recombination rates for about 60% of the genome. Recombination rates varied greatly along each chromosome, from 0 to at least 9 centiMorgans per megabase (cM Mb(-1)). Among several sequence and marker parameters tested, only relative marker position along the metacentric chromosomes in males correlated strongly with recombination rate. We identified several chromosomal regions up to 6 Mb in length with particularly low (deserts) or high (jungles) recombination rates. Linkage disequilibrium was much more common and extended for greater distances in the deserts than in the jungles.     

Ogura CMS紫菜苔与萝卜双二倍体的获得及细胞遗传学研究

以Ogura CMS紫菜苔(AA,2n=20)为母本,以不同萝卜品种(RR,2n=18)为父本进行杂交,获得了大量的属间杂种。从杂种F_1中发现了2株染色体自然加倍的双二倍体。在形态上双二倍体与未加倍的杂种F_1相似,都表现父本萝卜的白花性状,蜜腺正常,低温下子叶及真叶均不缺绿。在减数分裂中期Ⅰ双二倍体多数细胞形成19个二价体,后期Ⅰ时染色体以19:19的方式分配到两极,最后形成具有19条染色体的配子。通过对可染花粉比例、全株种子粒数及平均每个有效角果种子粒数的比较发现,虽然双二倍体的花药比未加倍的杂种F_1发育要好得多,但是双二倍体的育性还是低于未加倍的杂种F_1,尽管未加倍的杂种F_1在减数分裂时多数染色体以单价体的形式存在,同时也有二价体、三价体甚至四价体的形成,并且存在落后染色体和染色体桥。推测Ogura CMS紫菜苔×萝卜属间杂种F_1的育性除了减数分裂染色体的配对有关之外,与双亲染色体上基因的相互作用也有重要关系。对该杂种的遗传及育种意义进行了讨论。     

Introduction of pokeweed antiviral protein cDNA into Brassica napus and acquisition of transsenic plants resistant to viruses

Using cotyledonary petioles as explants, the PAP cDNA controlled by wound-in- ducible promoter has been introduced into Brassica napus by coculture with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and laser microbeam puncture respectively. Regenerated plants resistant to gen-tamycin have been selected out. PCR amplification and Southern blotting analysis indicated that PAP cDNA together with wound-inducible promoter had been integrated into Brassica genome with transformation frequencies of 2.0% and 1.7% for two transformation methods respectively. The test of virus challenge showed that these transgenic Brassica plants were resistant in different degrees to mechanically inoculated TuMV.     

Suppression of tumorigenicity in human colon carcinoma cells by introduction of normal chromosome 5 or 18.

Development of colon carcinomas can be associated with allelic deletions on several chromosomes, including 5q and 18q. The APC gene on 5q and the DCC gene on 18q have been identified as potential tumour suppressor genes, whose suppression contributes to colon carcinogenesis. To investigate the role of genes in these deleted regions, we have now introduced a single normal human chromosome into a human colon carcinoma cell line, COKFu, through microcell hybridization. Several clones of hybrid cells containing normal chromosome 5, and others containing normal chromosome 18, were obtained. The morphology of the hybrid cells was markedly altered: the hybrids with chromosome 5 exhibited a closely packed polygonal morphology, and the hybrid cells with chromosome 18 were flattened. The cloning efficiency of the hybrid cells in soft agar was reduced from 0.46 to 0% of that of the parental carcinoma cells, and the tumorigenicity of these hybrid cells in athymic nude mice was completely suppressed. The growth properties of the hybrid cells with chromosome 11 were not substantially changed. These results strongly suggest that the genes on normal chromosome 5 and 18 function as tumour suppressors in colon carcinogenesis.     

农杆菌介导外源基因进入油菜的研究

用甘蓝型油菜子叶为外植体，以农杆菌共培养法将苏云金杆菌δ－内毒素基因和ＮＰＴＩ基因导入油菜．所用的农杆菌为ＬＢＡ４４０４－δ（ｄｉｓａｒｍｅｄｐＡＬ４４０４，ｐＧＡ６４３－δ）．ＰＧＡ６４３－δ为表达载体，其中克隆有ＮＰＴＩ基因和δ－内毒素基因．共培养４ｄ后，转化的子叶被转入含有卡那霉素（Ｋｍ）的分化培养基［１］上，分化出芽．被切下的芽在含有Ｋｍ的生根培养基［２］上生根，移栽后成活的小抗Ｋｍ油菜苗生长良好．用ＤＮＡ分子杂交、ＥＬＩＳＡ分析和生物测定等方法证明外源基因被转移到油菜中．     

鸟类核型研究 Ⅰ.画眉亚科3种

本文首次报道了画眉亚科的白喉噪鹛(Garrulax albogularis)、丽色噪鹛(Garrulax fornosus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix butea)3个种的核型,结合该亚科已报道的画眉进行比较,发现在第一号染色体上存在明显差异,在4个种的1号染色体中分为两种模式,丽色噪鹛与画眉一致,同为近中着丝粒染色体(SM),而白喉噪鹛和红嘴相思鸟一致,同为近端着丝粒染色体。该现象与该亚科分类中的亲缘关系有一定差异。     

Mapping of an endogenous retroviral sequence to human chromosome 18

The application of recombinant DNA technologies has allowed the detection of at least three families of moderately repetitive DNA segments in the human genome that are homologous to retroviruses previously isolated from mice and primates. One of these DNA segments has been shown by nucleotide sequence comparisons to be distantly related to both Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMuLV) and the endogenous baboon retrovirus and to have the sequence organization characteristic of an integrated retrovirus. Isolation of the homologous locus from chimpanzee DNA indicated that the integration event preceded the evolutionary divergence of chimpanzees and man. Here we have used a panel of rodent x human somatic cell hybrids to assign the chromosomal localization of this segment, called ERV1 (endogenous retrovirus-1), to human chromosome 18 (HSA 18).     

一个药用野生稻异源单体附加系在减数分裂时期的GISH分析鉴定

异源单体附加系是从亲缘关系较远或属间的一个物种单条染色体附加到另一个物种中．栽培稻珍籼97B与药用野生稻Hy18杂交与连续回交，在BC2后代中得到一个药用野生稻单体附加系．生物素标屺的药用野生稻总DNA作为探针，未标记的栽培稻总DNA封阻，对其异源单体系减数分裂染色体进行基因组原位杂交．FISH结果表明，在栽培稻（AA，2n=24）基因组中附加了一条药用野生稻染色体，并鉴定为第8号染色体．研究表明，药用野生稻异源单体附加系的建立为药用野生稻的基因组学和遗传学的研究提供一个新的操作平台．而GISH技术在水稻远缘杂交育种中是最准确有效的染色体鉴定方法．在水稻育种改良中具有重要应用前景．     

Differential activity of maternally and paternally derived chromosome regions in mice

Although both parental sexes contribute equivalent genetic information to the zygote, in mammals this information is not necessarily functionally equivalent. Diploid parthenotes possessing two maternal genomes are generally inviable, embryos possessing two paternal genomes in man may form hydatidiform moles, and nuclear transplantation experiments in mice have shown that both parental genomes are necessary for complete embryogenesis. Not all of the genome is involved in these parental effects, however, because zygotes with maternal or paternal disomy for chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14 and 15 of the mouse survive normally. On the other hand, only the maternal X chromosome is active in mouse extraembryonic membranes, maternal disomy 6 is lethal, while non-complementation of maternal duplication/paternal deficiency or its reciprocal for regions of chromosome 2, 8 and 17 has been recognized. We report that animals with maternal duplication/paternal deficiency and its reciprocal for each of two particular chromosome regions show anomalous phenotypes which depart from normal in opposite directions, suggesting a differential functioning of gene loci within these regions. A further example of non-complementation lethality is also reported.     

不结球白菜SSR引物的高效开发及其通用性研究

利用改进的ISSR-PCR分离不结球白菜基因组微卫星,进行两步PCR,分别设计出SSR两端引物IP2和IP3（即SSR引物对）,SSR引物产率为12%,明显高于传统方法.不结球白菜SSR序列以（GA）n为主,占70%.将69对SSR引物用于芸苔属其它8种作物的扩增,97%引物有显著扩增,扩增率最高的为四倍体白菜和甘蓝（85.5%）,最低的为青花菜（49.3%）.10对为通用引物,在所检测的8种作物中片段大小一致,其余的扩增片段和数目差异较大,表现出较为丰富的多态性.尤其是在C基因组的甘蓝和花椰菜上,最多可检测到5个位点,表明运用lSSR-PCR开发出的引物多态性较高.     

Gamete formation without meiosis in Arabidopsis

Apomixis, the formation of asexual seeds in plants, leads to populations that are genetically uniform maternal clones. The transfer of apomixis to crop plants holds great promise in plant breeding for fixation of heterozygosity and hybrid vigour because it would allow the propagation of hybrids over successive generations. Apomixis involves the production of unreduced (diploid) female gametes that retain the genotype of the parent plant (apomeiosis), followed by parthenogenetic development of the egg cell into an embryo and the formation of functional endosperm. The molecular mechanisms underlying apomixis are unknown. Here we show that mutation of the Arabidopsis gene DYAD/SWITCH1 (SWI1), a regulator of meiotic chromosome organization, leads to apomeiosis. We found that most fertile ovules in dyad plants form seeds that are triploid and that arise from the fertilization of an unreduced female gamete by a haploid male gamete. The unreduced female gametes fully retain parental heterozygosity across the genome, which is characteristic of apomeiosis. Our results show that the alteration of a single gene in a sexual plant can bring about functional apomeiosis, a major component of apomixis.     

Ancestry of unisexual salamanders.

In eastern North America there are populations of all-female salamanders that incorporate the nuclear genomes of two or three of four sympatric bisexual species. The hybrids can be diploid, triploid, tetraploid or pentaploid, and 18 different combinations have been reported. All hybrids require sperm from a sympatric male of one of the bisexual species to reproduce, but the sperm may or may not be incorporated in the egg. Some of the hybrids are believed to represent separate, clonal species, but little is known of the origin of this hybrid complex. Vertebrate mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally, allowing identification of the female parent that gave rise to hybrid lineages. A portion of the cytochrome b gene was sequenced from diploid and triploid hybrids that represent combinations of all four species. Nearly all hybrids had a similar mitochondrial genome sequence, independent of nuclear genome composition and ploidy, and the sequence was distinct from that of any of the four bisexual species. The hybrids maintain a mitochondrial lineage that has evolved independently of their nuclear genome and represent the most ancient known unisexual vertebrate lineage.