Sequence of a cDNA clone encoding human preproinsulin-like growth factor II

The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II are single-chain serum proteins of 70 and 67 amino acids, respectively, which are synthesized by the liver and possibly other tissues. They are probably required for normal fetal and postnatal growth and development. They also stimulate the growth of cultured cells, possibly by controlling the progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast to IGF-II whose concentration does not vary during postnatal development, the serum levels of IGF-I increase several-fold to adult levels during puberty. The serum concentration of IGF-I is a sensitive monitor of growth hormone levels and is decreased in individuals with growth hormone deficiency and elevated in those with growth hormone-secreting tumours. As a first step in studying the biosynthesis of these proteins and elucidating their role(s) in normal development and in tumorigenesis, we have isolated and sequenced cDNAs prepared from adult human liver mRNA which encode the precursors to IGF-I and -II. We report here the sequence of a cDNA encoding a 180-amino acid protein which is the precursor to IGF-II.     

Insulin-like growth factor II precursor gene organization in relation to insulin gene family

The insulin gene family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth (see ref. 4 for review). IGF-I expression is regulated by growth hormone and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. The primary structures of both human IGFs have been determined and are closely related. A polypeptide highly homologous to human IGF-II is secreted by the rat liver cell line, BRL-3A. As this polypeptide, termed multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), differs from human IGF-II by only five amino acid residues, MSA probably represents the rat IGF-II protein. Using molecular cloning techniques, we have isolated cDNA and chromosomal genes coding for the MSA and human IGF-II precursors, respectively. Our data, presented here, indicate that both MSA and human IGF-II are synthesized initially as larger precursor molecules. The deduced preprohormones both have molecular weights (MWs) of 20,100 and contain C-terminal propeptides of 89 amino acid residues, which we have named E-peptides. The organization of the IGF-II precursor gene is discussed in relation to that of other insulin gene family members.     

Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding rat insulin-like growth factor-II precursor

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II are mitogenic polypeptides of relative molecular mass (Mr) approximately 7,500 isolated from human plasma each containing four peptide domains in a single chain and identical at more than 60% of their amino acid loci. The B- and A-domains of the IGFs are approximately 40% identical to the B- and A-chains of human insulin. IGF-I and IGF-II have similar in vitro biological activities and receptor reactivity, but are immunologically distinct. IGF-I appears to mediate the effects of growth hormone on cartilage to promote skeletal growth whereas IGF-II may have a special role in fetal development and in the central nervous system. To investigate the in vivo role of IGF-II, we have studied IGF-II biosynthesis in the BRL-3A rat liver cell line. BRL-3A cells synthesize and secrete a 7,484 Mr protein 93% identical to human IGF-II and representing rat IGF-II (rIGF-II). Rat IGF-II is synthesized as a approximately 22,000 Mr prepro-rIGF-II (ref. 12) from 12 S poly(A)+mRNA. In addition, approximately 20,000 Mr pro-rIGF-II has been identified in lysates of biosynthetically labelled intact BRL-3A cells. We report here the isolation of an almost complete cDNA clone for rIGF-II. Our results indicate that pro-rIGF-II is synthesized as a 156 amino acid peptide precursor (17,619 Mr) containing mature rIGF-II 1-67 at its amino-terminus and an 89-residue carboxy-terminal peptide extension.     

Structure of rat atrial natriuretic factor precursor deduced from cDNA sequence

The atrium of the heart contains peptides, termed atrial natriuretic factors ( ANFs ), diuretic and smooth-muscle-relaxing activities. In view of its potent effects on salt metabolism in the kidney and on vascular smooth muscle, ANF is considered to play an important part in the control of fluid volume and vascular function. Several different ANF peptides varying in size have been isolated and their amino acid sequences determined. Analysis of the sequences of the peptides suggests that they are derived by proteolysis from the same precursor. To examine this hypothesis, we have cloned cDNAs of the ANF precursor using rat atrial mRNA, determined its nucleotide sequence and deduced its amino acid sequence. The ANF precursor consists of 152 amino acid residues including a putative signal peptide sequence. This sequence contains the amino acid sequences of all the ANF peptides reported to date.     

Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor for human atrial natriuretic polypeptide

Recent identification of natriuretic-diuretic activity in peptides isolated from human and rat atrial tissue implicates them in the control of extracellular fluid volume and electrolytic homeostasis. The presence of multiple forms of the peptides ranging from 3,000 to 13,000 molecular weight (MW) suggests they may all derive from the same precursor. The established amino acid sequence of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha- hANP ), a 28-residue peptide with potent natriuretic activity, provided the means to elucidate the structure of the precursor for alpha- hANP and the gene encoding it. Here we report the cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA of human atrial mRNA encoding a precursor of alpha- hANP . The cDNA encodes gamma-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (gamma- hANP ) of 13,000 MW, whose C-terminal 28 amino acid residues may be processed as alpha- hANP .     

Localization of insulin-like growth factor genes to human chromosomes 11 and 12

The insulin-like growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II are required for growth and development. Both are single-chain proteins (of 70 and 67 amino acids respectively) derived from precursors by proteolytic processing. IGF-I may be particularly important in promoting normal stature and IGF-II may be a fetal growth hormone. The IGF proteins are probably synthesized by many normal tissues and by some tumours. The secretion of growth factors by tumours and tumour-derived cell lines suggests that they may act as autocrine regulators of cell proliferation. Because of the possible role of these proteins in growth disorders and cancer, and their sequence homology with insulin, we have determined their chromosomal localization. Using somatic cell hybrids and cloned cDNA probes for these proteins, we have assigned the genes for IGF-I and IGF-II to human chromosomes 12 and 11, respectively. We present evidence that the IGF-II gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11 with a ras proto-oncogene and the insulin structural gene, and also suggest the existence of a fragment length polymorphism using the IGF-I probe.     

Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-beta-lipotropin precursor.

The nucleotide sequence of a 1,091-base pair cloned cDNA insert encoding bovine corticotropin-beta-lipotropin precursor mRNA is reported. The corresponding amino acid sequence indicates that the precursor protein consists of repetitive units and includes a third melanotropin sequence in its cryptic portion. Pairs of lysine and arginine residues separate the component peptides of the precursor.     

Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding two distinct somatostatin precursors found in the endocrine pancreas of anglerfish

Complementary DNAs for two distinct anglerfish somatostatin peptides (termed I and II) have been cloned in bacterial plasmids and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence for somatostatin I encodes a large percursor peptide (molecular weight 13,300) in which the somatostatin hormones is at the carboxyl terminus. The predicted 14-amino acid sequence for anglerfish somatostatin I is the same as mammalian somatostatin. Somatostatin II is also synthesized as part of a larger precursor (molecular weight 14,100) with the presumptive somatostatin hormone also at the carboxyl terminus. The 14-amino acid sequence of somatostatin II differs from somatostatin I at two internal residues (Tyr in place of Phe 7 and Gly in place of Thr 10). The two different somatostatins may have distinct biological activities. Homologies in the amino acid sequences of the two peptides outside the somatostatin moiety suggest other regions of the molecules have biological functions.     

A dynorphinergic pathway of Leu-enkephalin production in rat substantia nigra

The amino acid sequence of the opioid peptide Leu-enkephalin is found within several larger peptides, which are generated from the precursors proenkephalin and prodynorphin. Proenkephalin contains four copies of the sequence of Met-enkephalin, a single copy of the sequence of Leu-enkephalin and one copy each of two extended Met-enkephalin sequences. Proenkephalin contains three peptides--alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin A and dynorphin B--the N-terminal sequences of which are identical to that of Leu-enkephalin. There is good evidence that the large amounts of Leu-enkephalin found in the adrenal medulla are generated from the precursor proenkephalin, but as yet prodynorphin has not been shown to be processed to yield Leu-enkephalin. We show here that the relatively high levels of Leu-enkephalin found in the rat substantia nigra are supplied by striatonigral axons and generated from the precursor prodynorphin.     

扇形游仆虫谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶cDNA的克隆及序列特征分析

采用cDNA 末端快速扩增( rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE) 技术,对纤毛虫原生动物扇形游仆虫（Euplotes vannus）GPx cDNA特征进行分析. 克隆到扇形游仆虫GPx cDNA全长序列为672bp,该序列编码182个氨基酸,属硫氧还蛋白超家族,且具有一定的保守性,含有3个催化残基和3个特征性基序．氨基酸序列进化分析结果表明,扇形游仆虫与其他纤毛虫物种同源性较高,亲缘关系较近,研究结果为扇形游仆虫GPx在生态毒理学的应用提供基础信息．     

斑马鱼cGnRH-Ⅱ的基因克隆与序列分析

从斑马鱼脑组织提取总RNA,应用RT--PCR方法克隆eGnRH cDNA,其长度为646bp,包括一个258bp开放阅读框;编码的cGnRH-Ⅱ前体为86个氨基酸残基,由一个信号肽、GnRH十肽和一个由蛋白水解位点（Gly—Lys—Arg）连接的促性腺激素释放激素相关肽（GAP）组成;其中信号肽和联接肽的长度分别为24和49个氨基酸．该eDNA编码的cGnRH-Ⅱ的前体氨基酸序列与其他物种的cGnRH-Ⅱ前体一致．表明物种问cGnRH—Ⅱ cDNA的蛋白编码区高度保守,而非编码区的保守性程度很低．进化分析表明,斑马鱼与鲤鱼、鲫鱼、拟鲤、黑头软口鲦等淡水的鲤科鱼类的同源性较高．     

马铃薯天冬氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因克隆和结构分析

以马铃薯基因组ＤＮＡ为模板并基于天冬氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因的ｃＤＮＡ序列所设计的两个引物，通过ＰＣＲ扩增得到６６６ｂｐ的天冬氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因编码区，并将此片段克隆到ｐＵＣ１８的ＳｍａＩ位点．序列分析结果表明该基因除去末端一终止密码子外其可译框架编码２２１个氨基酸残基，前导肽包括３２个氨基酸残基，故该抑制剂的成熟蛋白由１８９个氨基酸组成，第６７位的精氨酸为抑制胰蛋白酶的活性中心．与ｃＤＮＡ相比核苷酸的同源性为９４．３％，氨基酸的同源性为９０％．基因ＤＮＡ无内含子．     

尼罗罗非鱼Hepcidin基因结构与序列分析

Hepcidins是一类具有调节铁代谢功能的抗菌肽.利用RT-PCR、RACE和LA等技术,以尼罗罗非鱼[Oreochro-mis niloticus(Linnaens)]肝脏中分离和克隆到Hepcidin基因.其全长cDNA为505 bp(不包括polyA),5′端非翻译区有85 bp,3′非编码区为156 bp,阅读框为264 bp.其编码的氨基酸包括信号肽和前体肽等,前体肽进一步酶解产生22个氨基酸的活性肽,该活性肽具有Hepcidin基因家族特有8个半胱氨酸的保守序列.罗非鱼的Hepcidin基因结构包含3个外显子和2个内含子.本研究为今后阐明Hepcidin基因表达特性、表达产物理化性质、抗菌活性及其相关功能等奠定基础.     

The protein-coding sequence of the bovine ACTH-beta-LPH precursor gene is split near the signal peptide region

The pituitary hormones corticotropin (ACTH) and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) are formed from a large common precursor. Recently, we have elucidated the whole primary structure of the bovine ACTH-beta-LPH precursor (designated alternatively as preproopiocortin) by determining the nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA complementary to the mRNA coding for the precursor protein. The amino acid sequence assigned has disclosed a characteristic repetitive structure of the ACTH-beta-LPH precursor. The repetitive units of the precursor protein each contain a melanotropin (MSH) sequence (alpha-, beta- or gamma-MSH) as well as other peptide components such as beta-endorphin and corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP). The repetitive units as well as their peptide components are each bounded by paired basic amino acid residues, which apparently represent the sites of proteolytic processing. Several studies have confirmed the translational initiation site and protein structure assigned (see also ref. 11 and refs therein). In view of the recent knowledge about the organization of eukaryotic genes (see refs 12, 13 for reviews), it would be of particular interest to investigate the relationship between the repetitive structure of the ACTH-beta-LPH precursor containing different functional components and the arrangement of the protein-coding sequence in its gene. We have now isolated and characterized bovine genomic DNA fragments encoding this precursor protein and have demonstrated that the protein sequence is encoded by two non-consecutive DNA segments. An intron (intervening sequence) of approximately 2.2 kilobase pairs separates the smaller exon (mRNA-coding sequence), which contains the gene sequence encoding the signal peptide, from the larger exon, which contains the gene sequence for most of the protein structure, including the known biologically active component peptides.     

Insulin-like growth factor II receptor as a multifunctional binding protein

The primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II receptor, predicted from the complementary DNA sequence, reveals a transmembrane receptor molecule with a large extracellular domain made up of fifteen repeat sequences and a small region homologous to the collagen-binding domain of fibronectin. The structural and biochemical features of the IGF-II receptor appear identical to those of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor.     

Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA encoding bovine arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II precursor

The sequence of a cDNA encoding the nonapeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) and its carrier protein, neurophysin II (NpII) from bovine hypothalamus, proves that the 166-amino acid precursor molecule contains a signal peptide of 19 amino acids followed directly by AVP connected to NpII by a Gly-Lys-Arg sequence. The carboxy-terminal region of the precursor contains a naturally occurring glycopolypeptide of 39 amino acids which is separated from NpII by a single arginine residue.     

草鱼肌肉生长抑制素cDNA克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术,从草鱼肌肉组织中克隆出MSTN cDNA序列,长度为1764 bp,编码区为1128 bp,共编码375个氨基酸.前体蛋白包括信号肽序列、N端前肽区、蛋白酶水解位点RIRR及C端活性区(含9个保守的Cys残基).多重序列比较表明,草鱼与斑马鱼、黑头软口鲦之间的MSTN序列同源性在94%以上,与其它鱼类之间的序列同源性也较高(78.1%~82.3%),但与鸟类、哺乳类之间的序列同源性则相对较低.系统进化分析显示,不同物种间的MSTN序列同源性基本反映了它们的亲缘关系.     

新疆小拟南芥ApCBF1基因的克隆及其过量表达转基因的研究

利用同源克隆法,克隆了小拟南芥的CBF1基因的cDNA（FJ491244）,比对分析结果表明,ApCBF1的cDNA序列的A252,在拟南芥的AtCBF1的cDNA是T252,但翻译的氨基酸均是Ala,表明ApCBF1和AtCBF1翻译的氨基酸序列完全一致。构建了过量表达载体：p35S：ApCBF1,通过花滴法转入小拟南芥中。RT-PCR检测结果表明,转基因T0代AtCBF1基因过量表达。     

Structural identification of beta- and gamma-human atrial natriuretic polypeptides

Atrial natriuretic polypeptides (ANPs) of varying chain length have been identified recently in human and rat atrial tissue. Their potent natriuretic-diuretic activities indicate their key role in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte balance. Furthermore, human and rat cDNAs encoding their precursor have been cloned and identified. Natriuretic-diuretic activity in human atrial extract comprises three distinct components (alpha, relative molecular mass (Mr) approximately 3,000; beta, Mr approximately 6,000; gamma, Mr approximately 13,000). However, only the 3,000-Mr peptide, alpha-human atrial polypeptide (alpha-hANP), comprising 28 amino acids, has so far been identified. We report here the purification and sequence analysis of two novel hANPs of higher Mr, beta- and gamma-hANP, both of which exhibit natriuretic and hypotensive activity. gamma-hANP, composed of 126 amino acids, carries the alpha-hANP sequence at its carboxy terminus. The identification of gamma-hANP reveals that the peptide, being the largest form of hANP, is processed directly from a 151-residue precursor by removal of a 26-residue signal peptide. In contrast, beta-hANP (56 residues) comprises an anti-parallel dimer of alpha-hANP; such a dimeric peptide possessing bioactivity has never been found in the tissue as an endogenous entity.     

Human preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide contains a novel PHI-27-like peptide, PHM-27

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid peptide originally isolated from porcine duodenum, is present not only in gastrointestinal tissues but also in neural tissues, possibly as a neurotransmitter, and exhibits a wide range of biological actions (for example, relaxation of smooth muscle, stimulation of intestinal water and electrolyte secretion and release of insulin, glucagon and several anterior pituitary hormones). As the structure of porcine and bovine VIP shows several similarities to those of mammalian glucagon, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), VIP is considered to be a member of the glucagon-secretin family. Recently, we have found that VIP is synthesized from a precursor, pro-VIP (molecular weight (Mr) 17,500), in human neuroblastoma cells and that the primary translation product of the mRNA encoding VIP is prepro-VIP (Mr 20,000). In an attempt to elucidate the primary structure of the precursor, we have now cloned the DNA sequence complementary to the mRNA coding for human VIP and analysed the nucleotide sequence. The entire amino acid sequence of the precursor, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, indicates that the precursor protein contains not only VIP but also a novel peptide of 27 amino acids. The peptide, designated PHM-27, differs by only 2 amino acids from PHI-27, a peptide recently isolated from porcine intestine, and is also closely related in sequence to VIP.