中低渗油藏化学驱方案优化与矿场对比评述

以某中低渗砂岩油藏P 区块为例,为提高其高采出程度、特高含水阶段油藏采收率,在油藏工程、油藏精细描述及物理模拟研究的基础上,运用三次采油数值模拟技术开展化学驱方案优化设计研究,设计了24 个聚合物驱方案、30 个聚合物/表面活性剂驱方案和33 个三元复合驱方案,用全因素优化方法对注采参数和注入方式进行优化。研究结果表明,主段塞保持相对较高的化学剂浓度和PV 数有利于提高采收率,适量增加高浓度聚合物前置段塞和低浓度聚合物后置段塞有利于保证化学驱的增油效果,优化方案为采用“阶梯四段式”注入方式的聚合物/表面活性剂驱方案,试验区提高采收率11.62%。与已实施的主要化学驱试验相比,油藏条件、聚合物黏度、井网井距及注入量等的差异是产生化学驱开发效果差异的关键因素。     

考虑启动压力梯度的断块油藏CO2/N2复合气体吞吐注采参数优化

冀东油田高12断块油藏砂体规模小、渗透率较低、难以建立有效驱替关系,注入压力高,注水困难,水驱开发效果较差,但油藏温度和压力较高,适宜通过注气来提高油藏采收率。低渗油藏普遍存在启动压力梯度,对实际油藏开发造成影响,针对高12断块油藏,建立高12断块注气开发的三维地质模型,在室内启动压力梯度实验的基础上,得到启动压力梯度与渗透率的公式,在数值模拟软件考虑启动压力梯度与渗透率的变化关系。但长期注入CO2导致的管线腐蚀问题日益突出,N2作为良好的增能气体,将二者结合形成复合气体进行吞吐,可缓解对管线的损害。利用数值模拟方法,进行了衰竭阶段单井产量、段塞比、转注时机、注入量、焖井时间、注气阶段采油速度优化。最终得到该区块最优吞吐注采参数：衰竭阶段单井产量为15m3/d;段塞比为7：3;转注时机为衰竭阶段的日产油速度降为4m3/d时;注入量为60 000 m3;焖井时间为15天;注气阶段采油速度为25m3/d,为高12断块油藏提高采收率提供了方法技术借鉴。     

水驱油藏转注CO_2驱油参数优化与效果评价

以大港油田某断块为研究对象,基于正交试验设计原理,以提高采收率程度和换油率为评价指标,运用数值模拟方法,开展水驱油藏转注CO2驱油注采参数优化与效果评价研究.研究结果表明:转注CO2驱油能够有效提高水驱油藏采收率,最优注气段塞大小为0.05 PV,气水体积比为1∶2,注气速度为40 000 m3/d,注采比为1∶0.9;适当提高注采比有利于保持地层压力,增加原油与CO2混相程度,提高气体波及系数,有效改善CO2驱油效果;气水交替驱能够获得良好的CO2埋存效果,注入的CO2大约有50%被封存在油藏中.     

低效稠油CO2复合吞吐参数优化

针对部分埋藏深、渗透率低、高温高盐等无法热采或化学驱的稠油油藏,部分油田采用了“CO2+增溶剂”的复合吞吐生产方式,并取得了一定效果。目前关于CO2吞吐方面的物模模拟实验无法满足复合吞吐的研究需要。本研究建立了一套基于吞吐补偿系统的CO2复合吞吐的物理模拟方法,开展了室内CO2 吞吐物理模拟实验,研究了增溶剂注入量、CO2注入量、注入方式等因素对吞吐效果的影响,同时进行了现场试验并进行了跟踪评价。结果表明：增溶剂注入浓度为5-10%、CO2与化学剂注入质量比为1:2.5~1:5、采用两段塞注入方式,提高采出程度最高。该方法有效的模拟了复合吞吐过程中的注入、焖井和产出过程,完全满足CO2复合吞吐的工艺参数优化的研究要求。     

不同参数下特低渗透油藏CO_2驱油效果实验研究

为了确定储层物性、注入方式、注采参数等开发参数对特低渗透油藏CO_2驱油效果的影响规律,开展了不同渗透率、不同注气压差、水/CO_2气体交替注入方式以及油藏非均质性条件下的CO_2驱替实验。实验结果表明,CO_2驱最终采收率随着岩心渗透率、注气压差的增大而增大,水/CO_2气体交替注入方式较CO_2连续注入的最终采收率要高出近10%,而储层的非均质性越强则越不利于特低渗透油藏的CO_2驱,裂缝性油藏更易于发生气窜导致最终采收率极低。     

热力—表面活性剂复合驱油研究

在稠油注蒸汽热采的过程中添加表面活性物质可以提高热采的开发效果,这种开发方式在油田现场已得到初步应用.对稠油油藏热采添加表面活性剂复合驱过程中的主要物理化学现象进行了数学描述,建立了比较完整的热力—化学复合驱数学模型;运用自行研制的软件对实际稠油油藏蒸汽驱、复合驱开发进行了模拟计算.研究表明:表面活性剂性质、浓度、注入总量等在很大程度上影响着复合驱的开发效果;在适当时机进行稠油复合驱开发,可以提高稠油采收率,并获得较好的经济收益.     

龙虎泡低渗透油田聚表二元复合驱实验研究

针对龙虎泡低渗透油田水驱开发效果差、采收率低等特点,开展了聚合物和表面活性剂二元复合驱在低渗透油藏适应性的室内评价实验.注入性实验表明,相对分子量为2 200万的FP-3聚合物注入渗透率46.45×10-3μm2的岩心未发生堵塞,具有良好的注入选择性及封堵选择性.驱油实验表明,聚合物和表面活性剂可分别提高低渗透岩心驱油效率10%和20%,且表面活性剂容易注入,可降低注入压力.在聚合物和表面活性剂不同段塞组合实验中,两者分段塞注入的方式优于单独注入表面活性剂或将两者混合后注入的方式,其中先注聚合物后注入表面活性剂的段塞组合方式最好,可提高采收率17.74%.因此,对于非均质性较弱的低渗透油田,可采用聚表二元复合驱技术,先注入聚合物降低储层的非均质性,后注入表面活性剂启动低渗区的剩余油.     

渤海稠油油藏多元热流体开发全过程参数优化

多元热流体技术是海上稠油高效开发的关键技术,在渤海油田开发中得到了广泛应用,但目前该技术还存在注入参数不合理、转驱时机及井网不确定等问题。为了提高多元热流体技术在油藏开发全过程中的效果,以渤海A稠油油田区块的油藏参数建立数值模型,通过数值模拟方法对多元热流体吞吐阶段主要注入参数、转驱时机及井网、多元热流体驱阶段主要注采参数进行优化研究。结果表明,多元热流体技术在稠油油藏开发过程中,先以吞吐形式进行,当地层压力降至5 MPa左右时再转驱;多元热流体吞吐阶段,随地层压力减小,最佳注水强度先增大后减小,气水比先保持较低水平后大幅增大,气体中CO2比例逐渐减小;多元热流体驱阶段,随含水率上升,最佳注水速度先减小后保持较低水平,最佳气水比的变化规律与注水速度基本相反。     

超低渗透油藏CO2驱注入参数优化实验研究

CO_2驱是提高超低渗油藏采收率的有效方法之一,然而,目前对CO_2在超低渗油藏中的驱油机理认识还不完善。针对西部某超低渗透油藏开发过程中注水矛盾问题,通过物理模拟实验,研究了CO_2驱对该超低渗透油藏的适应性,并通过对比不同的CO_2注入方式和注入参数对驱油效率的影响规律,优选出超低渗透油藏CO_2驱最佳注入参数。实验结果表明:对该超低渗透裂缝性油藏,周期注气方式下驱油效果最佳,且当注入段塞为0.06 PV,注气与焖井时间比为1∶2时延缓气窜的效果最好,驱油效率达到60%以上。研究结果为该类型超低渗油藏现场注气开发设计提供指导作用。     

超低渗透油藏CO_2驱注入参数优化的实验研究

CO_2驱是提高超低渗油藏采收率的有效方法之一,然而,目前对CO_2在超低渗油藏中的驱油机理认识还不完善。针对西部某超低渗透油藏开发过程中注水矛盾问题,通过物理模拟实验,研究了CO_2驱对该超低渗透油藏的适应性,并通过对比不同的CO_2注入方式和注入参数对驱油效率的影响规律,优选出超低渗透油藏CO_2驱最佳注入参数。实验结果表明:对该超低渗透裂缝性油藏,周期注气方式下驱油效果最佳,且当注入段塞为0.06 PV,注气与焖井时间比为1∶2时延缓气窜的效果最好,驱油效率达到60%以上。研究结果为该类型超低渗油藏现场注气开发设计提供指导作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that