腹泻性贝毒在翡翠贻贝中的积累、排出及其对HSP70表达的影响

以利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)为饵料,通过室内滤食实验,考查了腹泻性贝毒(diarrheic shellfishpoisoning,DSP)在翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)体内的累积与排出规律,分析了HSP70基因的表达与毒素累积与排出之间的关系.结果显示,翡翠贻贝暴露于产毒利玛原甲藻后,其滤食率显著下降,存在明显的剂量-效应关系.毒素积累阶段,翡翠贻贝鳃组织中DSP毒素显著增加,均明显高于对照组(P<0.05).停止染毒后,贻贝体内毒素含量显著下降.染毒后,随着毒素的累积,HSP70显著增加,并于第2天达到高峰.这些结果提示,翡翠贻贝对DSP毒素有一定的清除及耐受能力,HSP70基因的诱导表达可能是贻贝对DSP毒素胁迫的一种适应性反应,可能在贻贝抗DSP毒素中发挥重要作用.     

红树蚬与歪红树蚬对短链氯化石蜡胁迫应答的差别

【目的】研究红树蚬Polymesoda erosa与歪红树蚬Polymesoda expansa对短链氯化石蜡(Short-chain Chlorinated Paraffins,SCCPs)胁迫应答的差别。【方法】观察两种蚬血细胞的溶酶体中性红保持时间(Neutral Red Retention Time,NRRT)、总抗氧化活力(Total Antioxidant Capacity,T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量对不同剂量-时间SCCPs的响应。【结果】在低浓度SCCPs胁迫早期,两种蚬NRRT均表现出"毒物兴奋效应",其中红树蚬表现更为明显;T-AOC值、MDA含量表明歪红树蚬对于逆境的抵抗力更强。中、高浓度SCCPs胁迫下两种蚬对SCCPs响应结果相似。【结论】红树蚬与歪红树蚬对SCCPs胁迫应答随剂量-时间变化总体趋势相似。歪红树蚬对逆境的抵抗力略强。     

广西主要海水贝类养殖区环境质量状况评价

根据2006-2007年钦州近江牡蛎天然增养殖区、合浦廉州湾贝类（文蛤）养殖区的调查监测数据,综合分析和评价广西主要海水贝类养殖区域环境质量状况。在监测和评价的环境质量因子中,广西主要海水贝类养殖区的绝大多数监测指标均符合渔业水质标准和海水水质标准（Ⅱ类）的要求,环境质量状况总体良好,适合发展贝类养殖生产。广西主要海水贝类养殖区的主要污染物为无机氮、活性磷酸盐及沉积物中重金属铜、锌、砷等,这些监测指标在贝类养殖区局部出现超标情况,其中钦州近江牡蛎天然增养殖区2007年无机氮平均含量（0．40mg／L）超标0．34倍,铜含量最高值（39mg／kg）超标0．11倍,锌含量最高值（474mg／kg）超标2．16倍;合浦廉州湾贝类养殖区的东江口监测点2007年的无机氮（0．380mg／L）和活性磷酸盐（0．0362mg／L）略为超标,但均比2006年明显降低,2007年党江深水区监测点砷含量（39．11mg／kg）超标0．96倍。超标原因是养殖区外源污染或环境本底超标,而非贝类养殖自身污染所致。     

双酚A对河蚬呼吸代谢和抗氧化酶的毒性研究

采用静态染毒法,研究了双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)对河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)的急性毒性和BPA在1/2 LC50, 1/4 LC50, 1/8 LC50, 1/10 LC50亚急性浓度胁迫下耗氧率和排氨率以及抗氧化酶系统中 SOD、CAT活性的变化,以探究河蚬在BPA胁迫下的生物学响应.结果显示:BPA对河蚬96 h-LC50为6.34 mg·L-1;亚急性毒性指标耗氧率、排氨率以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）对BPA比较敏感,在本试验浓度范围内（0.63 ～3.17 mg·L-1）河蚬耗氧率、排氨率以及两种酶活性变化均呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,且有较好的一致性和规律性.结果表明,BPA对河蚬产生了氧化损伤,具有一定的毒性作用.     

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity

The long-term persistence of pathogens in a host that is also able to maintain strong resistance to reinfection, referred to as concomitant immunity, is a hallmark of certain infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. The ability of pathogens to establish latency in immune individuals often has severe consequences for disease reactivation. Here we show that the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing in resistant C57BL/6 mice is controlled by an endogenous population of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. These cells constitute 5-10% of peripheral CD4+ T cells in naive mice and humans, and suppress several potentially pathogenic responses in vivo, particularly T-cell responses directed against self-antigens. During infection by L. major, CD4+CD25+ T cells accumulate in the dermis, where they suppress-by both interleukin-10-dependent and interleukin-10-independent mechanisms-the ability of CD4+CD25- effector T cells to eliminate the parasite from the site. The sterilizing immunity achieved in mice with impaired IL-10 activity is followed by the loss of immunity to reinfection, indicating that the equilibrium established between effector and regulatory T cells in sites of chronic infection might reflect both parasite and host survival strategies.     

松针褐斑病菌毒素活性的生物检测

松针褐斑病菌毒素不仅能伤害湿地松、火炬松等寄主植物的幼苗、针叶、根及愈伤组织，对非寄主植物水花生、紫茎泽兰的叶片也有伤害作用。在试验的几种生测材料中，湿地松愈伤组织对毒素伤害最敏感，湿地松幼苗、幼针叶，火炬松幼针叶和紫茎泽兰叶片次之，湿地松幼根、老针叶，火炬松老针叶，水花生和小麦叶片最不敏感。根据生测材料的敏感程度及表现症状的特异性分析可知，用湿地松、火炬松幼苗和幼针叶作生测材料较好，比较针刺法、浸渍法和涂抹法等几种生测方法表明，用针刺法接种毒素效果最好，其反应速度快，用量少，症状明显。因此建议在松针褐斑病菌毒素的生物检测中，以湿地松或火炬松幼苗或幼针叶作为材料，采用针刺法。     

基于风险分析方法的食品中天然毒素污染防控

对食品中毒素污染进行风险分析具有重要的公共卫生意义.天然毒素不仅可以污染食品引起食物中毒,而且还具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用.本文在分析食品中天然毒素及危害的基础上,运用风险分析方法对其进行评估,以期为食品中的天然毒素污染防控提出建议.     

Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis

An estimated eight million people are infected each year with the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and more than two million die annually. Yet only about 10% of those infected develop tuberculosis. Genetic variation within host populations is known to be significant in humans and animals, but the nature of genetic control of host resistance to tuberculosis remains poorly understood. Previously we mapped a new genetic locus on mouse chromosome 1, designated sst1 (for supersusceptibility to tuberculosis 1). Here we show that this locus mediates innate immunity in sst1 congenic mouse strains and identify a candidate gene, Intracellular pathogen resistance 1 (Ipr1), within the sst1 locus. The Ipr1 gene is upregulated in the sst1 resistant macrophages after activation and infection, but it is not expressed in the sst1 susceptible macrophages. Expression of the Ipr1 transgene in the sst1 susceptible macrophages limits the multiplication not only of M. tuberculosis but also of Listeria monocytogenes and switches a cell death pathway of the infected macrophages from necrosis to apoptosis. Our data indicate that the Ipr1 gene product might have a previously undocumented function in integrating signals generated by intracellular pathogens with mechanisms controlling innate immunity, cell death and pathogenesis.     

远志皂苷和茯苓多糖对记忆障碍模型小鼠空间学习记忆能力改善作用及其机制研究

目的探讨远志皂苷和茯苓多糖(Polygala saponins and pachymaran,PSP)对记忆障碍模型小鼠空间学习记忆能力改善作用及作用机制.方法 Morris水迷宫法研究PSP对戊巴比妥钠制造的空间方向辨别障碍模型小鼠空间学习记忆能力改善作用,并测定脑组织单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性.结果 PSP能增加模型小鼠在定位航行实验中1 min内穿越安全平台次数,并缩短模型小鼠在定位航行实验中找到安全平台的逃避潜伏期;PSP能缩短模型小鼠在空间探索实验中第一次到达安全平台的时间,并增加穿越原平台的次数;PSP可以降低小鼠脑组织MAO活性.结论 PSP对模型小鼠空间学习记忆有明显的改善作用,其机制可能与降低脑组织中MAO活性有关.     

Brevetoxicosis: red tides and marine mammal mortalities

Potent marine neurotoxins known as brevetoxins are produced by the 'red tide' dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. They kill large numbers of fish and cause illness in humans who ingest toxic filter-feeding shellfish or inhale toxic aerosols. The toxins are also suspected of having been involved in events in which many manatees and dolphins died, but this has usually not been verified owing to limited confirmation of toxin exposure, unexplained intoxication mechanisms and complicating pathologies. Here we show that fish and seagrass can accumulate high concentrations of brevetoxins and that these have acted as toxin vectors during recent deaths of dolphins and manatees, respectively. Our results challenge claims that the deleterious effects of a brevetoxin on fish (ichthyotoxicity) preclude its accumulation in live fish, and they reveal a new vector mechanism for brevetoxin spread through food webs that poses a threat to upper trophic levels.     

NO and H2O2 induced by Verticillium dahliae toxins and its influence on the expression of GST gene in cotton suspension cells

Nitric oxide （NO） and hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） have been shown to be important signaling molecules that participate in the regulation of several physiological processes. In particular, they have significant role in plant resistance to pathogens by contributing to induction defense genes. Here, whether NO and H2O2 participate in the resistance responses against Verticillium dahliae toxins （VD-toxins） and their effects on the expression of GSTgene are studied. The results reveal that NO and H2O2 are produced as part of a complex network of signals that respond to VD-toxins and may converge to function both synergistically and independently by inducing resistant responses. GSTgene is potentially involved in the resistance mechanism in the cotton suspension cells. NO induces the expression of GSTgene independently of H2O2. H2O2 may be a more potent signal in the resistance responses against VD-toxins.     

利用分子标记研究小麦遗传群体的赤霉病抗性鉴定方法

针对小麦赤霉病抗源苏麦3号构建的两个小麦重组自交系遗传群体苏麦3号／Alondra和苏麦3号／安农8455，采用单花接种、表土接种及自然发病3种不同的接种方法进行小麦赤霉病抗性接种鉴定，并根据苏麦3号赤霉病抗性主效QTL的连锁分子标记Xgwm 493和Xgwm 533．1分别对群体进行抗性连锁分析．检测结果表明，在温室单花接种所获得的鉴定数据中，标记的赤霉病抗性连锁效应最高，P值分别小于0．0001，抗性鉴定结果最为准确．研究表明，对小麦赤霉病这种由数量性状控制，受外界环境影响较大的真菌病害进行抗扩展性的遗传研究，应采用控温控湿条件下的单花滴注接种鉴定方法最为合适．     

Fitness costs of R-gene-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Resistance genes (R-genes) act as an immune system in plants by recognizing pathogens and inducing defensive pathways. Many R-gene loci are present in plant genomes, presumably reflecting the need to maintain a large repertoire of resistance alleles. These loci also often segregate for resistance and susceptibility alleles that natural selection has maintained as polymorphisms within a species for millions of years. Given the obvious advantage to an individual of being disease resistant, what prevents these resistance alleles from being driven to fixation by natural selection? A cost of resistance is one potential explanation; most models require a lower fitness of resistant individuals in the absence of pathogens for long-term persistence of susceptibility alleles. Here we test for the presence of a cost of resistance at the RPM1 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. Results of a field experiment comparing the fitness of isogenic strains that differ in the presence or absence of RPM1 and its natural promoter reveal a large cost of RPM1, providing the first evidence that costs contribute to the maintenance of an ancient R-gene polymorphism.     

Negative differential resistance in single-walled SiC nanotubes

A two-probe system was established for a finite （7, 0） silicon carbide （SIC） nanotube coupled to Au （111） surfaces via Au-C bonds. Using the non-equilibrium Green function （NEGF） combined with density functional theory （DFT）, the above system was studied for its electronic transport properties. Negative differential resistance （NDR） was observed when the bias voltage was greater than 1.4 V. Because the transport properties of the system were sensitive to the applied bias voltage, NDR might be caused by the fluctuation of the transmission coefficient with the bias voltage.     

湿地松子代组培苗对松针褐斑病的抗性测定

为了将具有抗病基因的优良个体和家系扩大应用于林业生产,用松针褐斑病毒素处理和接种孢子悬浮液的方法对瓶内湿地松子代组培苗和温室2年生组培苗进行了抗病性测定。结果显示:不同家系抗病性差异显著,同一家系不同无性系间抗病性差异也显著。瓶内与温室组培苗的抗病性测定结果相比较,它们的抗病程度基本一致,具有一定的相关性,相关系数为0.789。     

压力敏感涂料测量系统及涂料校准实验

压力敏感涂料测量技术以其测压范围广、对流动干扰小等优点应用广泛。以叶轮机械内部流场测量为目的,以国产涂料为对象,在国内首次自主构建了压力敏感涂料测量系统,并对涂料进行了校准实验尝试,检验了测量系统的性能,基本摸清了涂料压敏特性和使用寿命,为进一步开展研究奠定了基础。     

抗三尖杉酯碱的HL60细胞蛋白质磷酸化

研究了抗三尖杉酯碱的ＨＬ６０细胞蛋白质磷酸化的变化。经差速离心得到纯膜蛋白，抗性细胞有一高度磷酸化的１１０ｋｕ的蛋白质存在，免疫沉淀ｃ－ＫＡＦ－１蛋白激酶，抗性细胞内ｃ－ＲＡＦ－１蛋白激酶磷酸化程度明显提高，其活性被蛋白激酶Ｃ抑制剂ＣａｌｐｈｏｓｔｉｎＣ明显地抑制。结果表明：ＨＬ６０细胞对三尖杉酯碱的抗药性与蛋白质高度磷酸化有关；抗性细胞内ｃ－ＲＡＦ－１蛋白激酶磷酸化程度明显提高，可能与多药抗药性和抗细胞调亡有关。     

Analysis of rice blast resistance genes by QTL mapping

Resistance to rice blast pathogen mostly shows a quantitative trait controlled by several minor genes. Its complexity and the mutable characteristic of rice blast isolates both hinder the development of the blast resistance research. The article here tried to explore the resistance gene distribution on rice chromosomes and the way of function. Totally 124 QTLs have been identified against 20 isolates using Cartographer software with a ZYQ8/JX17 DH population, which separately are at 100 loci of 72 marker intervals on 12 rice chromosomes. Of them, 16 QTLs were determined by the isolate HB-97-36-1. 82 QTLs (66.13%) are from the resistant parent alleles, ZYQ8, while 42 QTLs (33.87%) are from the susceptible parent alleles, JX17. In comparison of their positions on chromosome, most QTLs are clustered together and distributed nearby the major genes especially the regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10 and 12. Each QTL could account for the resistance variation between 3~2%-68.64%. And, a positional QTL might display the resistance to several different isolates with different contributions.     

Crystal structures of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus neuraminidase mutants

The potential impact of pandemic influenza makes effective measures to limit the spread and morbidity of virus infection a public health priority. Antiviral drugs are seen as essential requirements for control of initial influenza outbreaks caused by a new virus, and in pre-pandemic plans there is a heavy reliance on drug stockpiles. The principal target for these drugs is a virus surface glycoprotein, neuraminidase, which facilitates the release of nascent virus and thus the spread of infection. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are two currently used neuraminidase inhibitors that were developed using knowledge of the enzyme structure. It has been proposed that the closer such inhibitors resemble the natural substrate, the less likely they are to select drug-resistant mutant viruses that retain viability. However, there have been reports of drug-resistant mutant selection in vitro and from infected humans. We report here the enzymatic properties and crystal structures of neuraminidase mutants from H5N1-infected patients that explain the molecular basis of resistance. Our results show that these mutants are resistant to oseltamivir but still strongly inhibited by zanamivir owing to an altered hydrophobic pocket in the active site of the enzyme required for oseltamivir binding. Together with recent reports of the viability and pathogenesis of H5N1 (ref. 7) and H1N1 (ref. 8) viruses with neuraminidases carrying these mutations, our results indicate that it would be prudent for pandemic stockpiles of oseltamivir to be augmented by additional antiviral drugs, including zanamivir.     

热带亚热带喀斯特森林树种的水分生理研究进展

热带亚热带喀斯特地区具有丰富且独特的自然资源,是我国重要的生态功能区,但也面临严重的石漠化问题。水分是影响该地区天然林结构功能和石漠化植被修复的关键环境因素。基于树木水分生理的研究有助于深入地了解喀斯特树种干旱适应策略,可为气候变化背景下喀斯特地区森林(天然林和人工林)的可持续发展提供理论依据。本文从水分来源、木质部水力结构以及蒸腾耗水等方面总结了近年来该区域喀斯特天然林树种在水分适应策略方面的研究进展,发现典型喀斯特树种能够稳定地利用岩溶水,其蒸腾耗水量的季节动态较小,且其茎木质部的抗栓塞能力强,在极端干旱时期可通过脆弱性分割维持水力安全。另外,基于树木水分生理的研究还能够为石漠化生态恢复适宜树种的筛选和人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。部分抗性强、耗水少的珍贵用材树种兼顾生态和经济效益,可用于石漠化地区的植被修复。建议今后的研究结合控制实验平台,长期监测树种生长和水分动态变化,基于多重机制系统阐明喀斯特森林树种的生态适应策略。