Reconstructing mean maximum temperature of growing season from the maximum density of the Schrenk Spruce in Yili, Xinjiang, China

To study the historical temperature variation in Yili of Xinjiang, the tree-ring chronologies of maximum density （MXD） and tree-ring width （TRW） were established with the Schrenk Spruce （Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey） collected from six sites to analyze the characteristics and ability of response to climate change. The results suggest that the MXD chronology of the Schrenk Spruce from different sampling sites responded to climate change well and were positively correlated with the mean maximum temperature and the mean temperature from April to August in the study area. The mean maximum temperature anomaly from April to August, spanning the years from 1848 to 2000, was reconstructed by three MXD chronologies which were selected by stepwise regression. The reconstructed function was stable and explained 56.2% of the variance. The reconstructed results indicated a cold span of 153 years in spring and summer from the beginning of the 1950s to the beginning of the 1970s in the Yili valley. No strongly increasing tendency was detected in the mean maximum temperature anomaly from April to August during this reconstructed period.     

Response of tree-ring width to rainfall gradient along the Tianshan Mountains of northwestern China

By comparing the long-term tree-ring growths at various geographic scales, we can make clear the effects of environmental variations on tree growth, and get an understanding of the responses of forest ecosystems to the possible changes in global and regional climate. Radial tree-ring growth of Picea schrenkiana and its relationship to air temperature and precipitation were investigated across longi- tude transects on the north slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China. Tree-ring samples were collected and residual chronologies were developed for three different regions along a gradient of decreasing precipitation from west to east. Response-function analysis was conducted to quantify the relationships between tree-ring chronologies and climate variables, such as monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation from 1961 to 1998, using the PRECON software program. The statistical characteristics of the chronologies showed that the three chronologies constructed in this study con- tained significant environmental signals and were well suitable to reveal the impacts of climatic change on tree growth and forest productivity. Annual ring-width variations were similar among the three sites, but the variability was greatest in the east. This research showed that the growth trends of Picea schrenkiana in the Tianshan Mountains have not followed a uniform pattern. Response-function analy- sis indicated that there were significant correlations between tree growth and climatic factors in all the three regions, among which precipitation was the principal. With decreasing precipitation, the response of tree-ring widths to increasing temperature changed from a positive to a negative correlation. As for precipitation, the positive relationship to tree-ring width always dominates. It could be expected that with increased temperature and decreased precipitation, the importance of precipitation to tree growth would increase, and the response of tree growth to environmental changes would also increase. This study emphasizes the importance of regional-scale investigations into the biosphere-climate interac- tions. The results of this research indicated a substantial increment of tree-ring radial growth as a re- sult of warmer and wetter climate in the eastern regions. However, climate change will have less effect on forest growth and primary production in the western regions.     

Climate as the dominant control on C3 and C4 plant abundance in the Loess Plateau： Organic carbon isotope evidence from the last glacial-interglacial loess-soil sequences

Abundance of C3 and C4 photosynthesis plants can be inferred relatively from stable carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in soils. The samples from five sequences of the last glacial-interglacial loess-soil in the Chinese Loess Plateau have been measured for organic carbon isotopic ratios (613Corg). The organic carbon isotope data show that relative abundance (or biomass) of C4 plants was increased ca. 40% for each sampling site from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to Holocene optimum, and increased southeastward on the Loess Plateau during both periods of LGM and Holocene. Statistic analyses on the steady maximum δ^13Corg values of Holocene soils and modern climatic data from the Loess Plateau and Inner Mongolia indicate that the C4 plant abundance increases with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. The C4 plant abundance is related much closer with mean April temperature and precipitation than annual. These results lead us to deduce following conclusions. First, temperature is the major factor for control on variations in C4 plant abundance in the Loess Plateau from the last glacial to interglacial. In the absence of favorable temperature condition, both of low moisture and low atmospheric CO2 concentration are insufficient to drive an expansion of the C4 plants in the plateau. Second,δ^13Corg in the loess-paleosol sequences, as a proxy of the relative abundance of C4 plants in the Loess Plateau, could not be used as an indicator of changes in the summer monsoon intensity unless the temperature had changed without great amplitude. Since all C4 plants are grasses, finally, the increase of the C4 plants supports that forest has not been dominant in the ecosystem on the Loess Plateau during Holocene although precipitation and atmospheric CO2 were largely increased relative to those during LGM.     

Influence of sintering temperature on the thermoelectric properties of Ba_8Ga_(16)Si_(30) clathrate treated by spark plasma sintering

A series of Ba_8Ga_(16)Si_(30) clathrate samples were prepared by arc melting,ball milling,acid washing,and spark plasma sintering(SPS).X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the lattice of the Ba_8Ga_(16)Si_(30) samples expanded as the SPS temperature was increased from400 to 750℃.Lattice contraction recurred when the SPS temperature was further increased in the range of 750-1000℃.This phenomenon can be explained by the variation of Ga content in the lattice.The thermoelectric figure of the merit ZT value of clathrates increased with the increase in SPS temperature and reached a maximum when the sample was subjected to SPS at 800℃.A further increase in SPS temperature did not contribute to the improvement of ZT.The variation of the lattice parameter a vs.SPS temperature T was similar to the variation observed in the ZT-T curve.     

Relative humidity reconstruction for northwestern China's Altay Mountains using tree-ring δ~(18)O

Relative humidity is an important factor in water and water vapor feedback cycles.In this study,we established a 222-year annual tree-ring δ~(18)O chronology for Siberian larch(Larix sibirica Ldb.)from the Altay Mountains in northwestern China.Climate response analyses revealed that the relative humidity was the primary factor limiting tree-ring δ~(18)O fractionation.Based on our analysis,tree-ring δ~(18)O can be used to reconstruct the July–August relative humidity based on both a reasonable mechanism of tree-ring δ~(18)O fractionation and a statistically significant regression model.We used this model to reconstruct variations in the July–August relative humidity,and the model explained 47.4% of the total variation in the measured relative humidity data from 1961 to 2011.The relative humidity in the study area increased from 1900 to the 1990s and decreased thereafter.Two regime-shift dry periods were detected during the study period(one from 1817 to 1830 and the other from 2004 to 2011).     

Polyimides Based on Flexible Diamines:Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties

1 Results and DiscussionTwo diamines 1,4-phenylene di(oxy-4,4′-aniline) and 4-aminophenyloxy-N-4-[(4-amiophenyloxy)benzylidene]aniline were prepared via the nucleopilic substitution reaction and were polymerized with 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BP), 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (HF) , 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PD) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) either by one step solution polymerization reaction or two step procedure. The later includes ring opening polyaddition to give poly (amic acid), followed by cyclodehydration to polyimides. These polymers had inherent viscosities ranging from 0.61-0.83 dL/gm. Few of the polymers were soluble in most of the organic solvents such as DMSO, DMF, DMAc, NMP and m-Cresol even at room temperature and some were soluble on heating. The degradation temperatureof the resultant polymers falls in the ranges from 240-500 ℃ in nitrogen (with only 10% weight loss). Specific heat capacity at 200 ℃ ranges from -4.032 2-2.627 5 Jg-1·K-1. The maximum degradation temperature ranges from 550-630 ℃.Tg values of the polyimides ranged from 185 to 272 ℃.The activation energy and enthalpy of the polyimides ranged from 36.6-94.5 kJ/mol and 34.8—92.5 kJ/mol and the moisture absorption in the range of 0.23%-0.75%.     

Holocene climatic change in Hunshandake Desert

Research on the geological data of Hunshandake Desert in China monsoon region revealed that Holocene summer monsoon had experienced six prevailing periods and seven weakening periods. The climatic humidity and the vegetation had also undergone the similar periodical variation influenced by the monsoon periodicity. The period when summer monsoon prevailed or winter monsoon weakened and climatic humidity and vegetation coverage relatively increased, corresponded to the global warming events;whereas the period when summer monsoon weakened or winter monsoon prevailed and climatic humidity and vegetation coverage relatively decreased, corresponded to the arid events in middle to low latitudes and the cold events in North Atlantic. As for the changing regularity of summer monsoon intensity there were two distinct periodicities of 1456 years and 494 years, also these two periodicities had global significance.     

Runoff sensitivity to climate changes in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）： An example of the Longchuan Basin in the Upper Yangtze

The sensitivity of runoff to the climate change in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR） in southwest China was investigated with a case study in the Longchuan Basin of the upper Yangtze River, where the climate change is more complex due to the influences from both global warming and local topography. Non-updating artificial neural networks were calibrated and validated at the baseline condition and were used to predict the response of runoff under 25 hypothetical climate scenarios, which were generated by adjusting the baseline temperature by -1, 0, 1, 2 and 3℃ and by scaling rainfall by 0%, ± 10% and ± 20%, The results indicated that runoff is more sensitive to the increase in rainfall. The annual and seasonal runoff changes were determined by the interaction between temperature and rainfall. At seasonal scale, the direction of change in runoff is more determined by temperature in winter and spring; whereas it is more determined by rainfall in summer and autumn. The LRGR in southwest China may experience a higher frequency of floods in the wet season and more serious droughts in the dry season, if a wetter summer and warmer winter is the trend of future climate change, as predicted by many GCMs.     

Influence of sintering temperature on the thermoelectric properties of Ba8Ga16Si30 clathrate treated by spark plasma sintering

A series of Ba8Ga16Si30 clathrate samples were prepared by arc melting, ball milling, acid washing, and spark plasma sintering (SPS). X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the lattice of the Ba8Ga16Si30 samples expanded as the SPS temperature was increased from 400 to 750°C. Lattice contraction recurred when the SPS temperature was further increased in the range of 750–1000°C. This phenomenon can be explained by the variation of Ga content in the lattice. The thermoelectric figure of the merit ZT value of clathrates increased with the increase in SPS temperature and reached a maximum when the sample was subjected to SPS at 800°C. A further increase in SPS temperature did not contribute to the improvement of ZT. The variation of the lattice parameter a vs. SPS temperature T was similar to the variation ob-served in the ZT–T curve.     

Temporal and spatial variations in the Palmer Drought Severity Index over the past four centuries in arid, semiarid, and semihumid East Asia

Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four centuries in the arid,semiarid,and semihumid East Asia.The results showed that these regions mainly experienced drought events during the periods from AD 1601 to AD 1652,AD 1680 to AD 1718,AD 1779 to AD 1791,AD 1807 to AD 1824,AD 1846 to AD 1885,and AD 1961 to AD 1999.In the middle of the 16th century,severe droughts occurred mainly in North China;during the period from AD 1876 to AD 1878,droughts occurred in most parts of northern China;and from the 1920s to 1940s,catastrophic drought events spread across almost all of northern China and Mongolia.These historical drought events caused severe ecological and environmental problems and substantially affected the development of human society.In these regions,temperature and summer monsoon precipitation are the main factors influencing drought events.In western areas,PDSI and temperature exhibit a close relationship,whereas in eastern areas,summer monsoon rainfall is the dominant factor influencing variations in PDSI.     

Temperature variability since A.D. 1837 inferred from tree-ring maximum density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies fabri</Emphasis> on Gongga Mountain,China

Two tree-ring MXD (maximum latewood density) chronologies of Abies fabri were developed from the eastern slopes of Gongga Mountain, and a regional chronology (RC) was established based on the two MXD chronologies. There were significant positive correlations between the three MXD chronologies and August–September temperature, and the RC had the highest correlation (r=0.733, n=48, P<0.001) with mean August–September temperature. Based on growth-climate analyses, we reconstructed mean August–September temperature during the past 171 years for the study area. The reconstruction explained 53.5% of the instrumental temperature variance during the period 1960–2007 (F=52.8, R²_adj =52.4%). In the past 171 years, there were 22 very warm years and 23 very cold years, four cold periods (1837–1842, 1884–1891, 1899–1905 and 1984–1989) and three warm periods (1966–1973, 1916–1924 and 1876–1881). Our reconstruction was validated by other tree ring-based temperature reconstructions from the surrounding area and documented climate disaster events.     

Tree-ring-based May–July mean temperature history for Lüliang Mountains,China, since 1836

As a consequence of recent global warming and its social impact, regional climate change is attracting an increasing amount of attention from scientists. A May-July temperature proxy extending back to 1836 was developed from tree-ring width of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) found in the middle Lüliang Mountains, northern China. Correlations with climatic data from six nearby meteorological stations range from −0.58 to −0.65, indicating a strong response of tree-ring index to May-July mean tem-peratures, which were subsequently reconstructed. The reconstruction captures 45% (F=38.474, P<0.001) of the regional variance in the instrumental data over the calibration period 1955–2003. Reconstructed warm and cold periods were verified by additional temperature reconstructions based on tree-ring data from northern China. In addition, the reconstruction was significantly correlated with May-July mean temperatures from 13 other meteorological stations in northern China, suggesting that our reconstruction is also representative of north-central China. The warming trend during the second half of the 20th century is seen in the reconstruction, but only the 1994–2002 mean temperature seems unprecedented over the whole reconstructed period.     

聚乙二醇处理木材的研究——Ⅰ.处理因素的正交试验

<正>PEG处理是,将木材浸泡在聚合物溶液中,接着在高湿度下使扩散继续进行,而后缓慢干燥。处理因素有:木材初始含水率,处理液浓度,浸泡时间和保持高湿时间。研究中用PEG处理马尾松、椴木和水曲柳。用正交设计 L_(16)(4~5)表,4个因素各变化4个水平,对马尾松和水曲柳各试验16组。考察的主要指标有干增重、湿增重、浸泡中的扩散率、弦向全干缩率和抗收缩系数等。     

祁连山东部地区高分辨率气候记录研究

利用采自祁连山东部的祁连圆柏树芯样本 ,建立标准化年表 ,并将标准年表的树轮指数与采样点附近的天祝乌鞘岭气象站的温度和降水进行响应函数和相关函数分析 .结果表明 ,树轮标准年表序列与当地 3～ 4月份降水成显著正相关 ,相关系数达 0 .5 2 5 ,不同检验分析方法均说明 ,祁连圆柏树轮宽度年表可以用来重建这一地区近 2 80年来的春季降水变化 .重建的近 2 80年来研究区少雨春季与毗邻的河西走廊干旱区旱灾的历史记录相吻合 ;研究还发现 ,祁连山东部地区春季降水对近 10 0年来全球变暖出现明显的相反响应 ,春季降水有明显的减少趋势 .奇异谱和功率谱分析表明 ,近 30 0年来研究区春季降水主要有准 19a和 15 a两个显著周期     

May–June mean maximum temperature change during 1360–2005 as reconstructed by tree rings of Sabina Tibetica in Zaduo,Qinghai Province

Based on tree-ring samples collected from Zaduo area in southern Qinghai Province, a 646-year ring-width series was established. Using response function, correlation function and partial correlation analysis we found that the ring-width series is sensitive most to May and June mean maximum air temperature at Zaduo meteorological stations and the correlation is significantly negative. Therefore, May–June mean maximum air temperature in Zaduo area since 1360 is reconstructed using this ring-width series. The regression equation was cross-validated in the calibration period of 1961–2005. The calibration equation can explain 59.8% of the total variance. Since high temperature could reinforce evapotranspiration and result in water stress, the high values are more reliable than the low values in the reconstructed series. By further analyzing upon the reconstructed series, it shows that on the inter-annual scale there are 6 periods with higher temperature: 1438–1455, 1572–1612, 1684–1700, 1730–1754, 1812–1829 and 1853–1886; while there are 5 periods with lower temperature: 1547–1571, 1701–1729, 1755–1777, 1830–1852 and 1887–1910. There is no significant rising of temperature in recent 50 years. By comparison with the rings-width series nearby which are also sensitive to the mean maximum air temperature and the mean maximum temperature reconstruction by ring-widths, it is found that the variation of inter-annual scale is fairly common in the region.     

湖北省最高气温和最低气温的非对称变化

研究了湖北省１９６１～１９９５年,季,月时间尺度平均最高气温,最低气温和气温日较差的气候倾向率时空差异,结果表明,在年平均情况下,湖北省大部分地区最高气温有弱降温趋势,最低气温有明显增加趋势,气温日较差有显著减小趋势,还分析了气温日较差减小的三种类型,并指出最高,最低气温的变化趋势与日照百分率及大气相对湿度的变化趋势有关。     

胡杨径向生长与气候环境响应分析

 胡杨作为内陆干旱荒漠地区树龄较长的阔叶树种,是开展过去气候环境变化研究的宝贵材料.为了探讨胡杨树轮生长指标与气候环境之间的相关关系,本文在综述胡杨树种概况和生长区域气候环境特征的基础上,以新疆艾比湖流域胡杨为研究材料,利用树木年轮气候学分析方法,建立了艾比湖地区181年来的胡杨宽度年表.对宽度年表与精河、蔡家湖气象站的温度、降水序列进行了相关分析,结果表明,树轮宽度指标与冬半年降水呈正相关关系,相关系数最大为0.408,两个气象站中,精河站与年表相关系数高于蔡家湖站.通过与其他学者在该地区的研究成果对比分析,发现艾比湖胡杨树轮宽度指数高低时段与艾比湖湖面变化有很好的一致性,这与艾比湖地区地下水和湖面变化有密切关系,与胡杨生长受地下水变化影响的研究结论一致.