Deep structure beneath the southwestern section of the Longmenshan fault zone and seimogenetic context of the 4.20 Lushan M S7.0 earthquake

Magnetotelluric measurements were carried out along two profiles across the middle and southwestern sections of the Longmenshan fault zone (LMSf) from 2009 to 2011, after the 2008 Wenchuan M _W7.9 earthquake. The former profile crosses the Wenchuan event epicenter and the latter one crosses 2013 Lushan M _S7.0 event epicenter. The data were analyzed using advanced processing techniques, including phase tensor and two-dimensional inversion methods, in order to obtain reliable 2-D profiles of the electrical structure in the vicinity of the two earthquakes. A comparison of the two profiles indicates both similarities and differences in the deep crustal structure of the LMSf. West of the southwestern section, a crustal high conductivity layer (HCL) is present at about 10 km depth below the Songpan-Garzê block; this is about 10 km shallower than that under the middle section of the LMSf. A high resistivity body (HRB) is observed beneath the southwestern section, extending from the near surface to the top of upper mantle. It has a smaller size than the HRB observed below the middle section. In the middle section, there is a local area of decreased resistivity within the HRB but there is absence of this area. The 2013 Lushan earthquake occurred close to the eastern boundary of HRB and the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault, of which the seismogenic context has both common and different features in comparison with the 2008 Wenchuan event. On a large scale, the 2013 Lushan earthquake is associated with the HCL and deformation in the crust including HCL of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In order to assess seismic risk, it is important to consider both the stress state and the detailed crustal structure in different parts of the LMSf.     

Lushan M S7.0 earthquake: A special earthquake occurs on curved fault

Relocation result shows that the aftershocks of the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake spatially distribute in a shape like “half bowl”, indicating that the rupture structure of the mainshock is a highly curved surface. Kinematic analysis reveals that a laterally varied dislocation pattern occurs on this curved fault even though a single relative horizontal movement controls slip on this fault. Reverse slip prevails on curved fault. However, significant normal slip is predicted near the edge of north flank. Moreover, the north flank features left-lateral slip while the south flank contrarily features right-lateral slip. The relative scope of aftershock distribution implies inadequate breaking of the curved fault during the mainshock, calling for the attention to potential earthquake risk on the neighboring portions of the coseismic rupture due to significant increase of the coseismic Coulomb stress. Coseismic stress modeling also reveals that it is unnecessary for the stress on ruptured part to be unloaded following the earthquakes on the curved fault. The coseismic stress loading on ruptured elements unveils the specialty of faulting for the Lushan earthquake and we conclude that this specialty is due to the highly curved fault geometry.     

Lushan M S7.0 earthquake: A blind reserve-fault event

In the epicenter of the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake there are several imbricate active reverse faults lying from northwest to southeast, namely the Gengda-Longdong, Yanjing-Wulong, Shuangshi-Dachuan and Dayi faults. Emergency field investigations have indicated that no apparent earthquake surface rupture zones were located along these active faults or their adjacent areas. Only brittle compressive ruptures in the cement-covered pavements can be seen in Shuangshi, Taiping, Longxing and Longmen Townships, and these ruptures show that a local crustal shortening occurred in the region during the earthquake. Combining spatial distribution of the relocated aftershocks and focal mechanism solutions, it is inferred that the Lushan earthquake is classified as a typical blind reverse-fault earthquake, and it is advised that the relevant departments should pay great attention to other historically un-ruptured segments along the Longmenshan thrust belt and throughout its adjacent areas.     

Relocation of the mainshock and aftershock sequences of M S7.0 Sichuan Lushan earthquake

The mainshock of April 20, 2013 Sichuan Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake was relocated using a 3-D velocity model. Double difference algorithm was applied to relocate aftershock sequences of Lushan earthquake. The locations of 2405 aftershocks were determined. The location errors in E-W, N-S and U-D direction were 0.30, 0.29 and 0.59 km on average, respectively. The location of the mainshock is 102.983°E, 30.291°N and the focal depth is 17.6 km. The relocation results show that the aftershocks spread approximately 35 km in length and 16 km in width. The dominant distribution of the focal depth ranges from 10 to 20 km. A few earthquakes occurred in the shallow crust. Focal depth profiles show fault planes dip to the northwest, manifested itself as a listric thrust fault. The dip angle is steep in the shallow crust and gentle in the deep crust. Although the epicenters of aftershocks distributed mainly along both sides of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault, the seismogenic fault may be a blind thrust fault on the eastern side of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault. Earthquake relocation results reveal that there is a southeastward tilt aftershock belt intersecting with the seismogenic fault with y-shape. We speculate it is a back thrust fault that often appears in a thrust fault system. Lushan earthquake triggered the seismic activity of the back thrust fault.     

龙门山断裂带南段耿达—陇东断裂的浅层地震反射波法探测

使用浅层地震反射波法研究龙门山南段耿达—陇东断裂的空间位置和展布形态,为该断裂最新活动性的评价和最大发震能力的评估提供依据。针对耿达—陇东断裂所经过山间峡谷场地的基岩界面埋藏较浅、来自浅部的有效信号容易被震源附近强烈的干扰波覆盖等问题,在浅层地震探测工作中采取了小道间距、小偏移距、多道短排列接收和共反射点多次覆盖观测的工作方式,经数据处理后获得浅层地震反射剖面图像,揭示了耿达—陇东断裂及其分支在宝兴县陇东镇若必沟一带的空间展布位置和近地表构造形态,耿达—陇东断裂为一条走向NE、倾向NW、近地表倾角约为65°~80°的逆断层,断裂通过处零星发育宝兴西河T1、T2阶地,但未见较大的河流冲沟发育和断错河流T1、T2阶地等现象。     

Source rupture process of Lushan M S7.0 earthquake, Sichuan, China and its tectonic implications

The source rupture process of the M _S7.0 Lushan earthquake was here evaluated using 40 long-period P waveforms with even azimuth coverage of stations. Results reveal that the rupture process of the Lushan M _S7.0 event to be simpler than that of the Wenchuan earthquake and also showed significant differences between the two rupture processes. The whole rupture process lasted 36 s and most of the moment was released within the first 13 s. The total released moment is 1.9×10¹⁹N m with M _W=6.8. Rupture propagated upwards and bilaterally to both sides from the initial point, resulting in a large slip region of 40 km×30 km, with the maximum slip of 1.8 m, located above the initial point. No surface displacement was estimated around the epicenter, but displacement was observed about 20 km NE and SW directions of the epicenter. Both showed slips of less than 40 cm. The rupture suddenly stopped at 20 km NE of the initial point. This was consistent with the aftershock activity. This phenomenon indicates the existence of significant variation of the medium or tectonic structure, which may prevent the propagation of the rupture and aftershock activity. The earthquake risk of the left segment of Qianshan fault is worthy of attention.     

Preliminary results pertaining to coseismic displacement and preseismic strain accumulation of the Lushan M S7.0 earthquake, as reflected by GPS surveying

This paper presents the coseismic displacement and preseismic deformation fields of the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake that occurred on April 20, 2013. The results are based on GPS observations along the Longmenshan fault and within its vicinity. The coseismic displacement and preseismic GPS results indicate that in the strain release of this earthquake, the thrust rupture is dominant and the laevorotation movement is secondary. Furthermore, we infer that any possible the rupture does not reach the earth’s surface, and the seismogenic fault is most likely one fault to the east of the Guanxian-Anxian fault. Some detailed results are obtainable. (1) The southern segment of the Longmenshan fault is locked preceding the Lushan earthquake. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the strain accumulation rate in the southeast direction accelerates in the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake, and the angle between the principal compressional strain and the seismogenic fault indicates that a sinistral deformation background in the direction of the seismogenic fault precedes the Lushan earthquake. Therefore, it is evident that the Wenchuan M _S8.0 earthquake accelerated the pregnancy of the Lushan earthquake. (2) The coseismic displacements reflected by GPS data are mainly located in a region that is 230 km (NW direction) × 100 km (SW direction), and coseismic displacements larger than 10 mm lie predominantly in a 100-km region (NW direction). (3) On a large scale, the coseismic displacement shows thrust characteristics, but the associated values are remarkably small in the near field (within 70 km) of the earthquake fault. Meanwhile, the thrust movement in this 70-km region does not correspond with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release, indicating that the rupture of this earthquake does not reach the earth’s surface. (4) The laevorotation movements are remarkable in the 50-km region, which is located in the hanging wall that is close to the earthquake fault, and the corresponding values in this case correlate with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release.     

Significant isostatic imbalance near the seismic gap between the M8.0 Wenchuan and M7.0 Lushan earthquakes

A gravity network with 302 observation points has been established in the western Sichuan Foreland Basin （SFB） to explore Bouguer gravity anomalies （BGAs）. Our observational results reveal that the BGAs are negative as a whole, with a maximum value of -220 mGal （10^-5m s^-2） at the northwest region of the study area. The real Moho depths beneath the SFB revealed by BGA data change smoothly from 39.5 km in the southeast to 43.7 km in the northwest of the monitoring region. However, the isostatic ones deduced from Airy isostatic model and topographical data vary approximately 39.5-42.0 km. The maximum differences of 2.7 km between the real and isostatic Moho depths are found near the seismic gap between the M8.0 Wenchuan and M7.0 Lushan earthquakes, where the crust is in the greatest isostatic imbalance of the monitoring region. Analysis of the isostatic state indicates that the deep dynamic environment near the seismic gap between these two earthquakes indicates an M ≥ 7.0 earthquake in the future. This study indicates that we can use isostasy as a potential approach to study the dynamic process of crustal material movement and to analyze regional potential seismic risks.     

利用接收函数反演龙门山断裂带及邻区深部结构

利用接收函数的方法通过接收震中距30°～90°、震级在5.5以上的远震事件反演龙门山断裂带及其邻区的深部结构,探索汶川地震形成原因.结果表明,扬子地台西缘的莫霍面向西侧倾斜缓降;处在龙门山推覆体范围之内的都江堰、汶川一带莫霍面起伏变化不大,在跨过龙门山中央断裂带后开始下降,向北降至黑水县附近后平缓上升.结合2005年10月至2007年4月远震P波波形资料接收函数反演结果:①2条被动源剖面均显示莫霍面在龙门山推覆体中央位置深度约43 km的地方出现不同程度的陡降,说明该断裂带是地壳厚度的陡变带,为扬子地台和松潘甘孜地台的构造边界.②莫霍面深度向南陡降至最深约68 km处后平缓上升,向北陡降至最深     

“4·20”芦山地震的构造破裂与发震断层

通过对"4.20"芦山地震构造破裂及变形特征的分析研究,阐明触发M=7.0级强烈地震的构造因素是NE向大川-双石断裂的逆断兼右旋走滑错动,断层面最大逆断-右旋滑动量达到1.51m。震中位置应在地震断裂通过的双石-太平区段而非震害严重的龙门乡。造成龙门乡震害异常的主要因素是该盆地较厚的第四系强烈的场地效应及建筑物结构强度不足。此次地震是龙门山断裂带地壳构造应力调整、地壳岩体应力-形变过程进入累进性发展阶段的必然结果。地壳破裂扩展方向具有向龙门山中央断裂发展的趋势。     

郯庐断裂带早白垩世岩浆活动与断裂带的活动关系

文章通过收集晚中生代时期郯庐断裂带中南段出露的糜棱岩、火山岩和侵入岩样品的同位素年代学数据,结合区域构造应力场、断陷盆地和伸展活动时间等多方面的证据,显示了早白垩世初郯庐断裂带再次发生左行平移,之后迅速转为伸展运动,并伴随发生了大规模的岩浆岩喷发事件.与华北克拉通内部相比,断裂带内具有相对较长的演化历史和减薄程度,暗示了郯庐断裂带有着比克拉通内部更加强烈的伸展运动,为岩石圈的强烈减薄及大规模岩浆活动的发生提供了有利的条件.     

Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system

The San Andreas fault in California is a mature continental transform fault that accommodates a significant fraction of motion between the North American and Pacific plates. The two most recent great earthquakes on this fault ruptured its northern and central sections in 1906 and 1857, respectively. The southern section of the fault, however, has not produced a great earthquake in historic times (for at least 250 years). Assuming the average slip rate of a few centimetres per year, typical of the rest of the San Andreas fault, the minimum amount of slip deficit accrued on the southern section is of the order of 7-10 metres, comparable to the maximum co-seismic offset ever documented on the fault. Here I present high-resolution measurements of interseismic deformation across the southern San Andreas fault system using a well-populated catalogue of space-borne synthetic aperture radar data. The data reveal a nearly equal partitioning of deformation between the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto faults, with a pronounced asymmetry in strain accumulation with respect to the geologically mapped fault traces. The observed strain rates confirm that the southern section of the San Andreas fault may be approaching the end of the interseismic phase of the earthquake cycle.     

米仓山南缘基底断裂带上两段有限应变和形成条件

采用有限应变测量方法对上两断裂带变形作了全面而系统的分析 ,在断裂带变形特征、变形条件、变形机制等方面取得了一系列重要的认识 ,提供了大量的定量参数 ,大大深化了前人对该区的认识。     

The spatial distribution pattern of landslides triggered by the 20 April 2013 Lushan earthquake of China and its implication to identification of the seismogenic fault

After the 20 April 2013 Lushan MS6.6 earthquake occurred,investigation and identification of the seismogenic fault for this event have become a focused and debatable issue.This work prepared an initial landslide inventory map related to the Lushan earthquake based on field investigations and visual interpretation of high-resolution aerial photographs and provided evidence for solving the issue aforementioned.The analysis of three landslide-density profiles perpendicular to strike direction of the probable seismogenic fault shows that many landslides occurred on the footwall of the Shuangshi–Dachuan fault(SDF),without sudden change of landslide density near the fault.Very few landslides were detected near the Dayi fault(DF)and also no change of landslide density there.While obvious sudden change of landslide density appeared about 1–2 km from the northwest to the western Shangli fault(WSF),and the landslide density on the hanging wall of the fault is obviously higher than that of on the footwall.Therefore,we infer that the seismogenic fault for the Lushan earthquake is neither the SDF nor the DF,rather probably the WSF located between these two faults,which is an evident linear trace on the earth surface.Meanwhile,the coseismic slip did not propagate upward to the ground,implying the Lushan earthquake was spawned by a blind-thrust-fault beneath the WSF.     

1879年甘肃武都南8级地震的震灾特征

1879年7月1日(即清光绪五年五月十二日)在甘肃南部的武都、文县之间发生了一次8级大地震,称为武都南地震,震中烈度达Ⅺ度.本次地震造成了严重的建筑物破坏和滑坡、崩塌、次生水灾等震害和约2万余人死亡.本文简要回顾了武都南8级地震的研究历史,归纳总结了本次地震的烈度分布特征和衰减规律,重新绘制了烈度等震线图,重点对本次地震的震害类型及特征、地震形变特征和震后抗灾救灾等情况进行了综合分析与评述.总体上看,本次地震震级大,人员伤亡率高,破坏区范围广,震灾非常严重.科学总结和分析本次地震的震灾特征,对未来的大震科学研究、震灾防御和应急救援等均有重要科学意义和实用价值.     

“4·20”芦山地震与“5·12”汶川地震发震断裂初析

2013年4月20日8时2分在四川省雅安市芦山县发生的7.0级地震,是继"5.12"汶川地震之后相隔约5年发生的又一次强震。作者在收集了遥感、DEM、地面地质及芦山震区人工地震剖面基础上,对网上公布的芦山地震震中数据、地震机制解、余震分布数据和地震的地表破裂情况进行了分析,初步推断引发芦山地震的断裂是盆地内西南侧地腹隐伏断裂或新生断裂。将芦山地震与汶川地震进行了综合对比,认为2次地震均属构造地震,从构造动力学角度分析均与印度板块向北挤压碰撞有关;但2次地震发震断裂和发震构造单元特征是不同的,应属2次独立地震。     

龙门山中央断裂分段地震震级及强震复发周期的预测

汶川Ms8.0级地震发生后,对于龙门山发震构造带长期地震危险性评估的研究越来越受到了关注,以定量的、概率性的评估强活动断裂段的地震危险性也成为了近年来国际上研究长期地震预测的方向之一.作者以前人对龙门山中央断裂(映秀一北川断裂)活动构造的研究成果和汶川地震后地表特征的实测数据为依据,在对其进行活动分段的基础上,通过震级...     

基于Logistic回归模型的芦山震后滑坡易发性评价

地震导致山体结构失衡,物质松动,在降雨条件下,滑坡等次生地质灾害极易发生。以"4.20"芦山地震区为研究对象,基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统技术(GIS),以坡度、起伏度、土地类型、断层的距离、地震动的峰值加速度为评价因子,采用Logistic回归方法构建评价模型评估了研究区滑坡易发性,并通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)检验模型的效果。通过对421个滑坡灾害点的回归分析得出断层的距离、地震动的峰值加速度对滑坡的发生贡献最大,研究区域46.63%的地区滑坡极易发生。ROC曲线的线下面积(AUC)为0.772,验证结果显示评价结果与实际情况吻合。     

郯庐断裂带中生代火山活动与深部过程

郯庐断裂带中生代火山活动主要发生在早白垩世 ,形成了一套以橄榄安粗岩系为主的火山岩。火山岩岩石化学特征、地球化学特征与断裂带外明显不同 ,以富碱富钾、富轻稀土元素为特征 ,具有较高的 ISr值和明显偏低的εNd值 ,表明火山活动不仅与地壳混染有关 ,而且与深部地幔以及断裂带的演化有密切的关系。研究显示该区岩浆起源于地幔底侵、壳幔相互作用下的壳幔过渡带 ,也反映此时的断裂带切入到壳幔边界。     

栾川断裂带的构造变形与模拟

文章通过变形分析发现,岩石有限应变测量的3轴比X∶Y∶Z=8.86∶4.32∶1,Flinn指数总体小于1,应变椭球体为扁椭球状;根据已知的倾角β等数据,进行此段区域的理论模拟,其汇聚方向与板块边界夹角α大约为50°~60°,Flinn指数小于1,与实际变形基本相符,显示出华北板块与扬子板块的构造演化具有典型的斜向汇聚特征。