论科学的体育锻炼在预防H1N1流感的作用

甲型H1N1流感在学校和人群聚集性的地域爆发,并且出现了死亡病例.新一轮甲流疫情在2009年秋冬暗流涌动,面对新一轮汹涌的甲型H1N1流感,更多的还需要我们回到对甲流的防控上来.本文研讨了如何通过体育锻炼未预防甲流的侵蚀.     

2009年北京市甲型H1N1流行的气象因子与时空传播风险

 2009年8月初,甲型H1N1逐步在北京市本地人群中大范围传播扩散。实验室检测表明,甲型H1N1阳性病例占流感样病例的比例（从0.0086到0.7035）呈逐步上升趋势。本研究利用相关性统计分析方法,探索了2009年8月3日—11月8日甲型H1N1阳性率和4个气象因子（气温、相对湿度、降水量、风速）之间的关联关系。结果表明,甲型H1N1阳性率与气温的相关系数为-0.9458（P<0.05）,甲型H1N1阳性率与相对湿度的相关系数为-0.4581（P<0.1）,干冷环境下的甲型H1N1阳性率显著偏高。本研究构建了利用气温和相关湿度估算甲型H1N1阳性率的逻辑斯谛模型,反演得到了北京市每个区县每天的甲型H1N1阳性率,分析了北京市甲型H1N1流行的时空传播风险。     

理性看待甲型H1N1流感疫情

继墨西哥、美国、英国、韩国等国相继出现甲型H1N1流感疫情后，2009年5月11日，中国内地也确诊了首例甲型H1N1流感病例。截至6月12日，全球确诊甲型H1N1流感病例已达28774例，我国内地也确诊126例。世界卫生组织警告：甲型H1N1流感比禽流感更可怕。甲型H1N1流感病毒早晚都会发生变异，使甲型H1N1流感能轻易在人与人之间传播，     

关于甲型H1N1流感防控的探讨

本文主要介绍甲型H1N1流感的特性,并结合工作实际对甲型H1N1流感的防控作了深入的探讨,对于群发性传染疾病的预防护理给出指导性意见。     

一类SIRE对甲型H1 N1流感传播模型的稳定性

收集了我国甲型H1N1流感病毒实验室确认病例数量的数据,对SIR模型进行拓展,借助微分方程解析传染病SIR模型建立SIRE模型,对甲型H1N1流感病毒的传播规律进行研究和预测,得出了决定甲型H1N1流感病毒是否发生的阈值;解析了SIRE对甲型H1N1流感传播模型无病平衡点和地方平衡点的稳定性.     

2009年甲型H1N1流感临床研究回顾

2009年全球爆发的甲型H1N1流感由一种源于猪流感病毒、致人急性呼吸道疾病的新型流感病毒所致.本文总结了甲型H1N1流感病毒感染病例的临床特征、治疗及研究展望.     

论科学的体育锻炼在预防HINI流感的作用

甲型H1N1流感在学校和人群聚集性的地域爆发,并且出现了死亡病例。新一轮甲流疫情在2009年秋冬暗流涌动,面对新一轮汹涌的甲型H1N1流感,更多的还需要我们回到对甲流的防控上来。本文研讨了如何通过体育锻炼来预防甲流的侵蚀。     

甲型H1N1流行与气象因子显著关联

2009年3月18日,墨西哥发现甲型H1N1流感疑似病例:2009年4月21日,美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)报告2名儿童感染甲型H1N1流感病毒.随后,墨西哥、美国、加拿大等国家出现大量病例,甲型H1N1流感自美洲暴发流行.随着甲型H1N1流感在全球蔓延,世界卫生组织(WHO)将警告级别由3级逐渐提升为6级,表明全球进入流感大流行阶段.截至2010年4月14日,超过213个国家和地区报告了经实验室确诊的甲型H1N1流感病例,至少17770人死亡.     

甲型H1N1流感在美国传播期和墨西哥暴发期的气象条件与中国初夏气候特点的相似分析

2009年5月初,甲型H1N1流感在其发源地墨西哥已得到有效控制,但在美国却快速传播.初步研究表明,气温上升、降水增多对于墨西哥甲型H1N1流感传播趋于平稳和减少起到一定的作用.而纬度较高的美国恰在春夏之交,气温适中、多雨、少光照,气象条件与墨西哥暴发时相似.中国与美国同处于北半球中纬度,6月份中国大部地区气象条件与美国快速传播期地区的气象条件相似,这有可能使得中国的预防和控制期延长.因此,应密切关注中国相似气象条件地区的预防和控制工作,切实做好6月份中国流行性疾病多发易发这一敏感时期的预防和控制工作.     

为猪“平反”——甲型H1N1流感防治须知

猪肉卖出白菜价,放在两年前,这是谁都不敢想象的事情。然而受“猪流感”（甲型H1N1流感）事件的影响,市场上猪肉的零售量出现持续下滑,不少养殖大户深受其害。“猪流感”是一种具有高度传染性的猪的急性呼吸道疾病,病毒最常见的是H1N1亚型,但是也存在其他的亚型（如H1N2,H3N1,H3N2）,此次流感并非新病毒,是我们常说的甲1型流感病毒,与1918年在欧洲曾经流行被称为“西班牙流感”相似。专家指出,在人际传播时,打喷嚏、咳嗽和物理接触都有可能导致新型流感病毒在人群间传播,但人不会因吃猪肉或猪产品感染“猪流感”。猪肉加热至71℃,就能杀死“猪流感”病毒,因此我们必须为猪“平反”,改“猪流感”为“甲型H1N1流感”。随着甲型H1N1流感蔓延多国,当前防控工作是重中之重,绝不可掉以轻心。     

无血清微载体培养MDCK细胞和甲型流感病毒H1N1的条件优化

 血清微载体培养MDCK细胞,并接种流感病毒H1N1,优化培养条件,为细胞流感疫苗的工艺研发奠定基础.采用不同的细胞接种量在50mL无血清微载体搅拌瓶中培养MDCK细胞,并接种甲型流感病毒H1N1,检测不同pH值和TPCK-胰酶含量的病毒培养液,不同病毒接种量,补加TPCK-胰酶,以及不同收毒时间对血凝效价的影响.以1.0×10⁵mL^-1的MDCK细胞数量接种到无血清微载体上,病毒培养液pH值为7.2~7.4范围内,TPCK-胰酶质量浓度为1.0μg/mL,接种后不补加胰酶,病毒接种量MOI=1.0,并在72h收获,最高血凝效价达到512.由此获得了在无血清为载体上培养MDCK细胞和甲型流感病毒H1N1的适宜条件.     

Orisin and future distribution of the new A （H 1N1 ） influenza virus emerging in North America in 2009

The origin of the new A （H1N1） influenza virus recently emerging in North America is a hot controversial topic of significance in disease control and risk assessment. Some experts claimed that it was an unusually mongrelized mix of human, avian and swine influenza viruses, while some others concluded that it was totally a simple re-assortment hybrid of two lineages of swine influenza viruses. Here the phylogenetic diversity of the viral PB1, PA and PB2 gene sequences using online web servers, and the results suggest that all the 8 genetic segments of the new virus were possibly from two lineages of swine influenza viruses, and one of the lineage was a mongrelized mix of human, avian and swine influenza viruses emerging in the world approximately 10 years ago. Considering the recent epidemiological trends of the new virus, we believe it will spread more widely in the world and persist long in human populations. It also could spread among swine populations. The future wide spreading of the new virus may coincide the disappearance of a subtype of previous human influenza A virus.     

2009年成都市学校甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情流行特征与控制措施评价

目的:了解2009年成都市学校甲型H1N1流感(简称甲流)暴发疫情流行特征,掌握发病规律,评价控制措施,为今后采取更有效的防控措施提供科学依据。方法:收集整理市、区两级疾控机构处置学校甲流暴发疫情资料,对学校按大、中、小学进行分层随机抽样,并进行流行病学分析。结果:2009年成都市学校甲流暴发疫情时间主要集中在9～10月,中、小学生发病高于大学生,预防性服药(中药)和疫情早期及时停课是有效控制措施。结论:学校甲流暴发疫情控制的关键点在于根据实际情况及时、果断地采取相应防控措施。     

Genome evolution of novel influenza A （H1N1 ） viruses in humans

The epidemic situation of A H1N1 flu arose in North America in April 2009, which rapidly expanded to three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, with the risk ranking up to 5. Until May 13th, the flu virus of A H1N1 had spread into 33 countries and regions, with a laboratory confirmed case number of 5728, including 61 deaths. Based on IRV and EpiFluDB database, 425 parts of A H1N1 flu virus sequence were achieved, followed by sequenced comparison and evolution analysis. The results showed that the current predominant A H1N1 flu virus was a kind of triple reassortment A flu virus： （i） HA, NA, MP, NP and NS originated from swine influenza virus; PB2 and PA originated from bird influenza virus; PB1 originated from human influenza virus. （ii） The origin of swine influenza virus could be subdivided as follows： HA, NP and NS originated from classic swine influenza virus of H1N1 subtype; NA and MP originated from bird origin swine influenza virus of H1N1 subtype. （iii） A H1N1 flu virus experienced no significant mutation during the epidemic spread, accompanied with no reassortment of the virus genome. In the paper, the region of the representative strains for sequence analysis （A/California/04/2009 （H1N1） and A/Mexico/4486/2009 （H1N1）） included USA and Mexico and was relatively wide, which suggested that the analysis results were convincing.     

Molecular characterization of H1N1 influenza A viruses from human cases in North America

Subtypes of H1N1 influenza virus can be found in humans in North America, while they are also associated with the infection of swine. Characterization of the genotypes of viral strains in human populations is important to understand the source and distribution of viral strains. Genomic and protein sequences of 10 isolates of the 2009 outbreak of influenza A （H1N1） virus in North America were obtained from GenBank database. To characterize the genotypes of these viruses, phylogenetic trees of genes PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, NS and M were constructed by Phylip3.67 program and N-Linked glycosylation sites of HA, NA, PB2, NS1 and M2 proteins were analyzed online by NetNGlyc1.0 program. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates are virtually identical but may be recombinant viruses because their genomic fragments come from different viruses. The isolates also contain a characteristic lowly pathogenic amino acid motif at their HA cleavage sites （IPSIQSR↓GL）, and an E residue at position 627 of the PB2 protein which shows its high affinity to humans. The homologous model of M proteins showed that the viruses had obtained the ability of anti-amantadine due to the mutation at the drug-sensitive site, while sequence analysis of NA proteins indicated that the viruses are still susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor drug （i.e. oseltamivir and zanamivir） because no mutations have been observed. Our results strongly suggested that the viruses responsible for the 2009 outbreaks of influenza A （H1N1） virus have the ability to cross species barriers to infect human and mammalian animals based on molecular analysis. These findings may further facilitate the therapy and prevention of possible transmission from North America to other countries.     

The genomic and epidemiological dynamics of human influenza A virus

The evolutionary interaction between influenza A virus and the human immune system, manifest as 'antigenic drift' of the viral haemagglutinin, is one of the best described patterns in molecular evolution. However, little is known about the genome-scale evolutionary dynamics of this pathogen. Similarly, how genomic processes relate to global influenza epidemiology, in which the A/H3N2 and A/H1N1 subtypes co-circulate, is poorly understood. Here through an analysis of 1,302 complete viral genomes sampled from temperate populations in both hemispheres, we show that the genomic evolution of influenza A virus is characterized by a complex interplay between frequent reassortment and periodic selective sweeps. The A/H3N2 and A/H1N1 subtypes exhibit different evolutionary dynamics, with diverse lineages circulating in A/H1N1, indicative of weaker antigenic drift. These results suggest a sink-source model of viral ecology in which new lineages are seeded from a persistent influenza reservoir, which we hypothesize to be located in the tropics, to sink populations in temperate regions.     

Special features of the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Since the 2009 pandemic H1N1 swine-origin influenza A virus (09 S-OIV) has reminded the world about the global threat of the ever changing influenza virus,many questions regarding the detailed re-assortment of influenza viruses yet remain unanswered.Influenza A virus is the causative agent of the pandemic flu and contains 2 major antigenic glycoproteins on its surface:(i) hemagglutinin (HA);and (ii) neuraminidase (NA).The structures of the 09 S-OIV HA and NA proteins (09H1 and 09N1) have recently been resolved in our laboratory and provide some clues as to why the 09 S-OIV re-assortment virus is highly infectious with severe consequences in humans.For example,the 09H1 is highly similar to the HA of the 1918 influenza A pandemic virus in overall structure and especially in regards to its 5 defined antibody binding epitopes.For 09N1,its most distinctive feature is the lack of a 150-loop active site cavity,which was previously predicted to be present in all N1 NAs,and we hypothesize that the 150-loop may play a important role in the substrate specificity (α2,3 or α2,6 linked sialic acid receptors) and enzymatic mechanism of influenza NA.Combination of the HA and NA with special characteristics for the 09 S-OIV might contribute to its high increased transmissibility in humans.     

2009年加拿大H1N1疫情的ARIMA模型预测与分析

2009年初,世界各地先后发生了甲型H1N1流感.针对加拿大2009年疫情,建立了恰当的ARIMA模型,以实现每日H1N1疫情的预测.经过实证分析,预测的绝对误差在11%以内,总的平均误差是8.39%,该模型成功地对加拿大2009年疫情进行了预测.     

甲型H1N1流感超敏感诊断方法的建立及优化

利用几种助沉剂和核酸纯化方法富集病毒RNA,建立甲型H1N1流感超敏感诊断方法。收集31份甲型H1N1流感确诊病人提取的病毒RNA,稀释至1000分之一倍后分别应用酵母tRNA、糖原、AcrylCarrier助沉剂和磁珠、硅胶颗粒和离心柱的9种组合进行病毒RNA的富集,富集后分别进行RealtimePCR检测。并对检测结果进行统计学分析。利用几种助沉剂和核酸纯化方法的组合时,发现磁珠+AcrylCarrier助沉剂方法是最佳的核酸富集方法,能够大大提高病毒核酸的检出效率。建立了甲型H1N1流感超敏感诊断方法,该方法能够大大提高甲型H1N1流感的检出率。