不同渣料对GH2132合金电渣锭冶金质量影响研究

本文以VIM工艺制备的GH2132合金电极棒为试验原料,分别采用自配渣和预熔渣进行GH2132合金的电渣重熔试验,结合相关检测,分析了自配渣和预熔渣对GH2132合金电渣锭化学成分以及夹杂物含量的影响。研究结果表明,预熔渣与自配渣相比,电渣锭中Al元素的回收率明显提高,从70.00%提高到83.33%;预熔渣脱S效果好于自配渣,可使电渣锭中S含量降低至0.0011%;预熔渣电渣锭中Ti元素的回收率与自配渣无明显差别,分别达到86.22%和85.78%;预熔渣脱P效果不明显,与自配渣相当;预熔渣电渣锭中夹杂物级别低于自配渣,自配渣最高为3.0级,预熔渣最高为1.5级,预熔渣脱除夹杂的效果要好于自配渣。     

精炼渣成分与轴承钢夹杂物类型关系热力学分析

针对轴承钢中钙铝酸盐大型夹杂物的控制问题,通过计算GCr15轴承钢中尖晶石MgO·Al2 O3、钙的铝酸盐CaO·6Al2 O3夹杂物生成热力学,分析精炼渣成分与夹杂物类型之间的定量关系.结果表明：当钢水中含有质量分数0.10×10-6的溶解钙[Ca]时,只要溶解镁[Mg]质量分数小于10×10-6,MgO·Al2O3就会被[Ca]还原成 CaO·6Al2O3;当精炼渣碱度为7.04,(MgO)质量分数为1.38%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低56%,夹杂物以尺寸大于10μm的CaO-Al2O3系复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣碱度为3.75,(MgO)质量分数3.14%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低14%,夹杂物以尺寸小于8μm的MnS包裹MgO·Al2 O3复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣钙铝比C/A为1.8~2.0时,控制精炼渣碱度R为4.5~5.5,(MgO)质量分数为3%~5%,即能使钢中MgO·Al2O3保持稳定而不转变为CaO·6Al2O3.     

气氛保护电渣重熔GH4169的冶金质量及锻造性能分析

本文以VIM工艺制备的GH4169合金电极棒为试验原料,通过试验研究了气氛保护电渣重熔(Ar气)条件下GH4169合金电渣锭的冶金质量,并与非气氛保护电渣重熔进行了对比分析.研究结果表明,采用气氛保护电渣重熔制备的GH4169电渣锭C、Al、Ti等易氧化元素收得率和均匀性分布明显好于非气氛保护电渣重熔锭;气氛保护脱氧效...     

GH36合金中的VCM_(23)C_6和高温持久缺口敏感性

使用薄膜TEM直接观察了成分相近热处理制度不同的两个炉号GH36合金的基本组织,使用SAD和DF技术做物相分析。结果表明,合金经正常热处理后析出细小弥散分布的VC,尺寸约在2nm～12nm,还有M_(23)C_6和N_6C、其中VC和M_(23)C_6与合金基体的取向关系是[011]_(vc)∥[011]_M∥[011]M_(23)C6,(111)_(VC)∥(111)_M∥(111)M_(23)C_6,(200)_(VC)∥(200)_M∥(200)M_(23)C6,通过补充时效后合金中VC颗粒聚集长大,晶界析出的M_(23)C_6更多,这种组织及晶界状态有利于改善合金的持久缺口敏感性。     

CaO-SiO_2-Na_2O-CaF_2-Al_2O_3-MgO渣系的粘度和结晶温度

采用CaOSiO2Na2OCaF2Al2O3MgO渣系,用差热分析仪测定熔渣的结晶温度,用粘度测定仪测定熔渣的粘度,研究结晶温度和粘度与碱度、w(Na2CO3)、w(CaF2)、w(Al2O3)和w(MgO)之间的关系,并得到相应的回归方程·利用这两个回归方程,可以预测连铸保护渣的结晶性能和粘性特征·化学成分通过改变粘度,来影响晶核形成速度和晶体成长速度,从而决定了熔渣的结晶性能·结晶温度随着粘度的减小而升高·渣系中只有MgO可以在减小粘度的同时降低结晶温度     

铝热自蔓延制备CuCr合金渣系粘度测量及模型建立(Ⅱ)

用已建立的针对非二氧化硅体系的粘度模型对CaO Al2O3体系的粘度值进行估算,与前人的测量值进行了比较,估算值和文献测量值吻合·根据已知文献确定了CaO Al2O3体系中的Al3+和Ca2+的离子作用系数L·由测量知,CaO Al2O3体系共晶点附近的熔渣流动性好,在1460℃时粘度值低于0 5Pa·s·对于Al2O3 CaO MgO体系按两个不同共晶点处的成分配渣,其中含氧化钙较多的渣粘度较低,1500℃时,其粘度小于0 03Pa·s·添加剂MgO能显著降低CaO Al2O3体系的熔渣粘度·     

Al含量对Fe?10Mn?xAl (x = 0.035wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%)合金体系和CaO?SiO2?Al2O3?MgO精炼渣反应的影响

轻量化是世界汽车发展的方向,中高锰钢因高强、高塑、高加工硬化率等优异的力学性能引起了人们的很大关注。除Mn含量高外,该钢种通常含有较高的Al以降低材料密度、防止氢延迟断裂等。因合金含量高,钢液中的溶质元素和顶渣会发生较强的渣/钢反应,进而对钢液、顶渣、洁净度等产生重要影响。本文旨在研究不同Al含量的中锰钢与精炼渣的反应及其影响。本文采用渣/钢平衡的实验方法研究了不同Al 含量(0.035wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%)的Fe?10Mn?xAl 合金体系与CaO?SiO₂?20wt%Al₂O₃?6wt%MgO (CaO/SiO₂ = 4)精炼渣之间的反应,及其对钢液和炉渣成分、非金属夹杂物的影响;在实验基础上,对钢液和炉渣成分变化以及夹杂物转变进行了热力学分析与讨论。研究结果表明,渣/钢反应后,钢中Al含量显著降低,初始Al含量对反应后钢、渣的成分有重要影响。随着初始Al含量增加,钢中的Si和渣中的Al₂O₃逐渐增加,而渣中的SiO₂和MnO逐渐减少。造成该变化的原因是:随着初始Al含量增加,钢液中的Al逐渐替代Mn与渣中SiO₂反应,即渣/钢之间的主控反应由2[Mn] + (SiO₂) = 2(MnO) + [Si]转变为4[Al] + 3(SiO₂) = 2(Al₂O₃) + 3[Si]。随着初始Al含量增加,钢中夹杂物类型也发生很大变化,转变路线为:MnO → MnO?Al₂O₃?MgO → MgO → MnO?CaO?Al₂O₃?MgO 和 MnO?CaO?MgO,相应的夹杂物形状由球形变为不规则状,最后又变为类球形。其转变机理是:随着初始Al含量增加,钢中Al逐渐替代Mn与渣中SiO₂反应,且Mg、Ca依次从渣中还原进入钢液,故而夹杂物类型发生上述转变。     

FeV50合金浇铸沉降理论的应用及其影响因素

采用近似无限大流体重力沉降原理分析了多期法FeV50合金浇铸过程渣金分离及浇铸渣层钒的分布规律,考察了熔渣黏度、沉降粒度、浇铸温度、渣层厚度以及保温制度对渣中钒含量的影响.结果表明,浇铸渣中钒的赋存形式除了未还原完全的钒氧化物之外,还存在部分未完全沉降的初级合金;合金沉降速度随合金粒度的增加而增大,随熔渣黏度的增加而减小.1850℃条件下,当渣层厚度为50 mm,熔渣组分质量分数为65.2%Al2 O3、15.5%CaO、14.6%MgO、1.9%Fe2 O3、0.9%SiO2时,粒径为100μm的合金沉降时间及熔渣上浮时间分别为24.9和1.2 min.基于此,进行浇铸工艺优化试验,在渣层厚度35 mm,浇铸温度1900℃、熔渣主要成分质量分数Al2 O360%~65%、CaO 15%~20%、MgO 9%~15%、浇铸锭模保温层厚度9 cm的条件下,浇铸渣中平均TV质量分数由1.39%降低至0.58%.     

高钛低铝高温合金电渣重熔钛烧损的研究

本文研究了GH132和GH136合金电渣重熔过程钛烧损的某些机理,发现渣中TiO_2浓度较高时,(TiO_2)是[Ti]烧损的主要氧化剂。与[Ti]相平衡的渣中钛的低价氧化物主要是Ti_3O_5,决定[Ti]烧损速率的主要因素是Ti~(4 )在钢/渣界面层的传质速度,该传质速度随着渣中TiO_2浓度的增加而增大。降低Ti~(3 )向渣/气界面的扩散速度是减少[Ti]烧损的关键环节。实验研究了CaF_2-Al_2O_3-TiO_2渣系中Ti~(4 )在电极/熔渣和金属熔池/溶渣界面1700±10℃时的传质系数与渣中TiO_2含量之关系;测定了Ti~(3 )向渣/气界面(温度为1500℃)的传质系数为2.2×10~(-1)厘米/移。     

自蔓延法制备铬铁合金

以Cr2O3,Fe2O3,Al为实验原料,采用自蔓延法制备铬铁合金,采用XRD技术对铬铁合金进行表征。研究结果表明:通过热力学计算,反应一经引发能够自我维持进行,加入硝酸钠作发热剂来补充热量,可以使铬铁合金熔体与熔渣更好地分离;制得的合金主要由Cr-Fe,Al2O3和Na2O等相组成。铬铁合金中铬的质量分数≥60%,相应的铁的质量分数≤35%,熔体中的熔渣(Al2O3和Na2O等)质量分数≤5%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that