超临界流体中的化学反应

超临界流体中的化学反应可分为两大类,即超临界流体作为反应介质的反应和超临界流体作为反应原料的反应,分别介绍了其研究进展,着重介绍了第一类反应中的酶催化反应、超临界水氧化、高分子合成。     

超临界压力流体在多孔介质内对流换热研究进展

超临界压力流体在多孔介质内的流动换热问题在动力工程、化学工程、航天航空等领域的应用非常广泛,它是超临界CO_2气冷堆、太阳能热发电系统、超临界压力流体对高温壁面的发汗冷却等工程设计优化的理论基础。分别从实验研究和数值模拟两个方面,详细阐述了多孔介质内超临界压力流体流动换热的研究进展,指出了准临界温度附近强烈物性变化、多孔结构迂曲流动通道、浮升力等因素对换热通道局部对流换热性能的影响规律是深入研究的关键问题。另外由于高温高压实验难度大、数据处理方法较复杂,多孔介质内超临界压力流体与固体骨架之间的内部对流换热系数实验研究非常少,致使局部非热平衡模型在多孔介质内超临界压力流体流动换热数值模拟的应用受到限制,因此同时加强超临界压力流体在多孔介质内流动传热的局部对流换热性能和内部对流换热性能研究,对于多孔介质结构传热性能评价和工业应用关键设备的设计优化具有指导意义。     

超临界技术在材料微粒制备中的应用

超临界技术是一项用于制备小而均匀粒子的新技术,其操作条件温和,产品纯度高且粒子尺寸分布可控。超临界流体技术也日益广泛应用在化学反应工程、石油化工、环境保护等领域。文中介绍了几种超临界技术在材料颗粒制备的应用。     

超临界CO2萃取技术在产业化中的应用

超临界流体萃取技术是近三十多年来发展起来的新技术。所谓超临界流体,是指温度及压力处于临界温度及临界压力以上的流体,它兼有液体和气体的优点。超临界流体的粘度小、扩散系数大、密度大,具有良好的溶解性和传质特性,在临界点附近流体的这种特性对压力和温度的变化非常敏感。超临界流体既是一种良好的分离介质,又是一种良好的反应介质,因此该技术不论在基础理论或应用领域都取得了长足进展。作为一种共性技术,与新的分离、反应过程的开发密切相关,该技术的应用正渗透到制药、材料制备、生物技术、环境污染控制等高新技术领域,在各个行业…     

多孔介质中可逆化学反应和传质过程数值模拟

考虑到流体同固体骨架间的化学反应对多孔介质内的传递过程有很大影响,在导出微元体的综合速率表达式基础上,建立了描述当流体同固体骨架间存在可逆化学反应时多孔介质内传递过程的数学模型,运用有效容积隐式方法对其进行数值求解·针对固定床中铁矿石的间接还原反应,分析了流速、颗粒半径、化学反应平衡常数、化学反应速率等主要参数以及Peclet数和Thiele数的相对大小对床层内气体浓度分布和固体转化率分布的影响规律·研究结果对反应器的设计和运行具有一定的参考作用·     

锥齿形电极介质阻挡放电特性的研究

提出一种用于流体等离子体化学反应的锥齿形介质阻挡放电电极结构,并从放电形貌、放电电流波形和功率注入效率等方面,探讨了锥齿形放电电极结构在等离子体形成区域,放电强度,等离子体区域流体分布等方面的特性.实验结果表明,在相同放电条件下,锥齿形放电电极结构的微放电电流峰值及注入功率都比平板形电极结构的大,锥齿形电极介质阻挡放电电极结构更有利于流体物质的等离子体化学反应.     

柱坐标下多孔介质反应体系传递过程的研究

多孔介质反应器内流体同固体骨架间的化学反应和流体的传输过程同时进行,并相互影响·采用Ergun-Forchheimer-Brinkman方程描述多孔介质中的流体流动,建立了柱坐标下多孔介质反应体系内对流-扩散-非线性反应数学模型·运用交替方向隐式(ADI)方法对模型离散求解·以固定床中铁矿石的间接还原反应为例,计算了不同条件下床层内反应气体浓度场和固体转化率分布·结果表明,增大入口渗流速度将使得反应气体浓度场升高,发生化学反应的区域加深,固体物料转化率增大·在反应器入口端附近,颗粒半径越小,固体转化率越高,但随反应区域的逐渐深化,固体转化率分布则呈相反变化的趋势·     

超临界流体萃取分离技术及其应用

超临界流体具有独特的物理性质,是一种环境友好的绿色溶剂;超临界萃取技术是一种新型、清洁、高效的绿色分离方法、绿色工艺.文章从超临界流体的基本特性、临界流体萃取技术的基本原理与特点、超临界流体的主要类型、超临界流体该技术在中医药、天然产物中的应用等方面进行了概述了,并对超临界萃取技术的应用前景进行了展望.     

超高压高温CO２腐蚀研究理论探讨

在分析油气藏及油气井压力漏斗中的CO_２存在形式基础上,对CO_２对油气井管柱钢材腐蚀体系进行了理论分析,提出了在油气藏深处及油气井管柱压力漏斗中CO_２处于超临界流体时腐蚀体系采用体系CO_２摩尔含量及在总压条件下CO_２在油水介质中分配系数进行腐蚀历程描述的理论概念,并对超临界流体CO_２腐蚀研究提出了相应方向。     

超临界流体技术及其在环境保护中的应用

超临界流体技术是一种化工过程新技术,它利用超临界流体独特的物理化学性质,使常态流体中难以完成的化学化工过程得以实现。本文介绍了超临界流体的特性,超临界流体技术的历史发展、原理、优缺点,着重论述了超临界流体技术在环境保护中应用状况。     

自适应滤波器及其实现

介绍了可编程开关电容滤波器（ＳＣＦ）ＭＡＸ２６０／２６１／２６２系列的编程技术及以它们为基础构成自适应滤波器（ＡＤＦ）的方法;分析了ＡＤＦ的工作原理;给出了设计实例     

超临界流体技术在环境保护中的应用

20世纪70年代末兴起的超临界流体技术,近年来发展迅速,被广泛应用于化工、食品、生物等领域。将超临界流体技术用于环境保护则是一个新兴的研究方向。文章简明阐述了超临界流体技术的基本原理及其在环境保护方面的应用。     

含圆孔有限厚度板的三维弹性应力场分析

通过三维有限元计算来研究含圆孔有限厚度板的圆孔边缘应力场,找出了应力集中系数与板的厚度、圆孔半径之间的关系,同时还分析了圆孔边缘的三维应力约束程度和三维应力约束区域的大小.研究结果表明:离面应力约束系数在板的中面最大,而在表面为0,三维应力约束影响区域的长度约为板厚的一半;应力集中系数沿厚度的分布是不均匀的,其最大值及位置与厚度有关;有限厚度板中面的应力集中系数及其最大值均大于平面应力或平面应变的应力集中系数;对含圆孔任意厚度板的应力集中问题,按平面应力或平面应变来考虑是不安全的;Sternberg等人对含圆孔任意厚度板的应力分布及应力集中系数的近似三维求解,仅适用于厚度较小的板,当板超过一定厚度时同样也是不安全的.     

Changes in the power spectrum of electrical signals in maize leaf induced by osmotic stress

To quantify the characteristics of the power spectrum of plant electrical signals, we defined the following concepts:spectral edge frequency (SEF), spectral center frequency (SCF), power index (PI) and power spectral entropy (PSE). These parameters were used to examine and quantify changes in the power spectrum of electrical signals in maize leaves under osmotic stress. In the absence of osmotic stress, the SEF of the electrical signal in maize leaves was approx. 0.2 Hz and the SCF was approx. 0.1 Hz. The electrical signal in maize leaves was mainly a slow wave signal with a frequency of 0-0.1 Hz. After 2 h osmotic stress, the SEF and SCF of the electrical signal increased to higher frequencies. The proportion of the fast wave frequency also increased to 0.1-0.2 Hz, resulting in a dramatic increase in PSE. We also found that the changes in PSE and SCF were significantly correlated during osmotic stress. We propose that the changes in the PSE and SCF in maize leaves can be used as a sensitive signal indicating water deficit in leaf cells under osmotic stress. Thus, measurement of SCF or PSE of electrical signals in maize leaves could be used to develop early warning and rapid diagnosis techniques for the water demands of plants.     

对接接头应力集中系数的有限元分析

用有限元方法计算了对接接头焊趾部位的应力集中系数，分析了焊趾倾角和焊趾过渡圆弧对应力集中系数的影响．结果表明，通过减小焊趾倾角或（和）增大过渡圆弧半径的方法可以有效地缓和接头的应力集中．而焊趾过渡园弧的引入从力学和焊接冶金两个方面提高了接头的抗裂性．同时指出，单侧有加强高的对接接头比双侧都有加强高的接头有较小的应力集中系数．还给出了估算对接接头应力集中系数的回归方程式     

Degradation of the SCF component Skp2 in cell-cycle phase G1 by the anaphase-promoting complex

Cell-cycle transitions are driven by waves of ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key cell-cycle regulators. SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein) complexes and anaphase-promoting complexes (APC) represent two major classes of ubiquitin ligases whose activities are thought to regulate primarily the G1/S and metaphase/anaphase cell-cycle transitions, respectively. The major target of the Skp1/Cul1/Skp2 (SCF(SKP2)) complex is thought to be the Cdk inhibitor p27 during S phase, whereas the principal targets for the APC are thought to be involved in chromatid separation (securin) and exit from mitosis (cyclin B). Although the role of the APC in mitosis is relatively clear, there is mounting evidence that APCs containing Cdh1 (APC(CDH1)) also have a function in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Here, we show that the F-box protein Skp2 is polyubiquitinated, and hence earmarked for destruction, by APC(CDH1). As a result, accumulation of SCF(SKP2) requires prior inactivation of APC(CDH1). These findings provide an insight into the orchestration of SCF and APC activities during cell-cycle progression, and into the involvement of the APC in G1.     

Effects of the steel gene product on mouse primordial germ cells in culture.

Mutations at the steel (sl) and dominant white spotting (W) loci in the mouse affect primordial germ cells (PGC), melanoblasts and haemopoietic stem cells. The W gene encodes a cell-surface receptor of the tyrosine kinase family, the proto-oncogene c-kit. In situ analysis has shown c-kit messenger RNA expression in PGC in the early genital ridges. The Sl gene encodes the ligand for this receptor, a peptide growth factor, called here stem cell factor (SCF). SCF mRNA is expressed in many regions of the early mouse embryo, including the areas of migration of these cell types. It is important now to identify the role of the Sl-W interaction in the development of these migratory embryonic stem cell populations. Using an in vitro assay system, we show that SCF increases both the overall numbers and colony sizes of migratory PGC isolated from wild-type mouse embryos, and cultured on irradiated feeder layers of STO cells (a mouse embryonic fibroblast line). In the absence of feeder cells, SCF causes a large increase in the initial survival and apparent motility of PGC in culture. But labelling with bromodeoxyuridine shows that SCF is not, by itself, a mitogen for PGC. SCF does not exert a chemotropic effect on PGC in in vitro assays. These results suggest that SCF in vivo is an essential requirement for PGC survival. This demonstrates the control of the early germ-line population by a specific trophic factor.     

Embryonic expression of a haematopoietic growth factor encoded by the Sl locus and the ligand for c-kit.

Mice carrying mutations at the W (Dominant white spotting) and Sl (Steel) loci develop abnormalities in three independent systems: neural crest-derived melanocytes, primordial germ cells and haematopoietic stem cells. Consequently, homozygotes of viable mutant alleles have white coats and are sterile and severely anaemic. Tissue recombination studies predict that the W gene is expressed cell autonomously, whereas the product of the Sl locus affects the microenvironment in which the stem cells migrate, proliferate and differentiate. The W locus encodes the protoncogene c-kit, a member of the tyrosine kinase receptor family. The haematopoietic growth factor SCF (stem cell factor) has been identified as the product of the Sl locus and a ligand for c-kit. Here, we report that SCF is expressed during embryogenesis in cells associated with both the migratory pathways and homing sites of melanoblasts, germ cells and haematopoietic stem cells. Both SCF and c-kit are also expressed in a variety of other tissues, including the brain and spinal cord, suggesting that the receptor-ligand system has additional roles in embryogenesis.     

智能网SDF功能分析与改进

智能网中的SCP系统的SDF与SCF两大功能实体往往位于同一进程中,数据库操作与业务逻辑的执行、消息的处理等顺序进行,这种方式存在一个本身难以避免的问题:数据库操作异常阻塞会同时引起SCF的阻塞,可能导致呼叫堆积等严重后果.为解决上述问题,本文提出了将SDF和SCF从物理上分离开来,SCF通过SDF以异步请求方式操作数据的解决方案,并针对改进方案进行了性能优化.