4种蹄蝠回声定位声波特征与体型的相关性

对黄大蹄蝠,三叶蹄蝠,大蹄蝠与小蹄蝠四种蹄蝠的回声定位声波进行了分析,总结出蹄科蝙蝠的回声定位声波组成,频率,波长及持续时间等方面的特征,简要分析了回声定位声波特征与捕食区域的关系,选定头体长,前臂长和体质量为体型参数,采用Pearson方法的对蹄蝠科蝙蝠休型和回声定位频率之间的相关性进行分析。得出结论：蹄蝠的体型与回声定位声波呈明显的负相关,作出主频率－前臂长回归线,更直观地描述频率与前臂长之间的相关关系及变化趋势,并对相关性分析中产生误差的原因进行了分析与讨论。     

5种共栖蝙蝠的形态和回声定位声波特征

通过分析5种共栖蝙蝠的形态和回声定位声波特征,研究了它们空间生态位分化问题.结果发现:大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)是共栖蝙蝠中体型最大的物种,适合在开阔的树冠或空地上方快速飞行;中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pearsoni)和大耳菊头蝠(Rhinolophus macrotis)体型中等,中菊头蝠和皮氏菊头蝠适合在树冠下捕食,大耳菊头蝠适合在较复杂的树林中、枝叶间捕食;大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)是我国特有种,也是5种共栖蝙蝠中体型最小的种类,适合在复杂树冠间、枝叶间和灌丛中捕食较小的昆虫.所以,同域共栖5种蝙蝠的空间生态位显著分化.     

毛腿鼠耳蝠回声定位声波的分析

毛腿鼠耳幅(Myotis fimbriatus)为中国特有编幅、在飞行及悬挂状态下发出的回声定位叫声为调频声．叫声主要包括2个谐波，其中第1谐波较强，飞行时第1谐波调频范围为39—93kHz，第2谐波调频范围为70—122kHz；叫声的持续时间10．6ms．结合回声定位叫声的声波特点分析，推断毛腿鼠耳幅多生活于阴暗潮湿、通风良好的山洞中，飞行速度轻侵，灵活性较差；多在树林的边缘或上空、农田、草地或水面上等不太复杂的近距离环境中捕食，捕食方式可能为空中捕食或掠食，捕食对象是中等大小的静止猎物，主要是双翅目的昆虫．     

长白山与符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠(Plecotus auritus)回声定位声波的比较

比较研究了中国长白山和俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠 (Plecotus auritus)飞行状态下的回声定位声波.结果表明,二者的回声定位声波均为微弱、不稳定的多谐波宽频带短调频型(modulated frequency).长白山大耳蝠回声定位声波由1~4个谐波组成,主频(45.4±9.6)kHz,能率环(5.1±2.5)%;符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠的回声定位声波由2~4个谐波组成,主频(48.0±9.7)kHz,能率环(7.0±3.1)%.二者的最高频率、最低频率、带宽、能率环以及声强均有显著差异.这种差异可能是由地理差异或性别差异等因素引起的.     

依据回声定位声波参数判别同域栖息的蝙蝠种类

利用超声波监听仪(D 980)在同一研究区域内记录到5种蝙蝠63个个体自然飞行状态下回声定位的叫声138次.依据声谱图可分为(FM/)CF/FM型(马铁菊头蝠Rhinolo-phus ferrumequinum)和FM型(绯鼠耳蝠Myotis formosus、伊氏鼠耳蝠Myotis ikonnikovi、水鼠耳蝠Myotis daubentoni和白腹管鼻蝠Murina leucogaster).马铁菊头蝠的声波能够比较容易地从5个种类中辨别出来.采用逐步判别分析方法对其他4种蝙蝠回声定位声波的6个参数进行了判别,结果显示,蝙蝠种类判别正确率为84.1%.表明回声定位声波参数在蝙蝠种类识别中具有重要作用,可用于检验研究区域内依据体型鉴定蝙蝠种类的准确度,也可为预测蝙蝠对生境的利用方式提供依据.     

菊头蝠科蝙蝠鼻叶宽与回声定位声波主频率的相关分析

利用SPSS分析8种菊头蝠科蝙蝠:贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophusrex)、中菊头蝠(Rhinolophusaffinis)、托氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophusthomasi)、鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophusrouxi)、小菊头蝠(Rhinolophusblythi)、马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophusferrumequinum)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophuspearsoni)、角菊头蝠(Rhinolophuscornutus)的回声定位声波主频率(DF)与鼻叶宽(NW)的相关性,分析结果显示:在控制前臂长影响的情况下,菊头蝠回声定位声波主频率与鼻叶宽呈显著负相关(r=-0.8539,P=0.014),而在控制鼻叶宽影响的情况下,主频率与前臂长之间的相关性不显著(r=0.3849,P=0.394),由此可见,尽管声波主频率和鼻叶宽及前臂长均相关(r1=-0.918,P=0.001,df=6;r2=-0.711,P=0.048,df=6),但如果仅仅研究一个变量和主频率的关系时,鼻叶宽的意义更大。本文的最后,分析并探讨了上述负相关关系产生的机理。     

菊头蝠科蝙蝠鼻叶宽与回声定位声波主频率的相关分析

利用SPSS分析8种菊头蝠科蝙蝠:贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rex)、中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)、托氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus thomasi)、鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rouxi)、小菊头蝠(Rhinolophus blythi)、马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pearsoni)、角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus cornutus)的回声定位声波主频率(DF)与鼻叶宽(NW)的相关性,分析结果显示:在控制前臂长影响的情况下,菊头蝠回声定位声波主频率与鼻叶宽呈显著负相关(r=-0.8539,P=0.014),而在控制鼻叶宽影响的情况下,主频率与前臂长之间的相关性不显著(r=0.3849,P=0.394),由此可见,尽管声波主频率和鼻叶宽及前臂长均相关(r1=-0.918,P=0.001,df=6;r2=-0.711,P=0.048,df=6),但如果仅仅研究一个变量和主频率的关系时,鼻叶宽的意义更大.本文的最后,分析并探讨了上述负相关关系产生的机理.     

蝙蝠回声定位叫声的时频分析

大多蝙蝠回声定位叫声属于非平稳信号,目前大多专用商业软件采用短时傅立叶变换(STFT:Short Time Fourier Transform)对其进行分析.STFT存在时频分辨率不高的缺点,因此研究其它时频分析方法在蝙蝠回声定位叫声分析中的应用很有意义.以一大棕蝠(Eptesicus fuscus)回声定位叫声为例比较了几种时频分析方法的应用效果,为编写蝙蝠回声定位叫声信号分析软件选择一种合适的时频分析方法提供依据.     

蝙蝠回声定位叫声的连续小波时频分析

连续小波变换用于分析蝙蝠回声定位叫声,通过对小波尺度的适当选取,解决了传统语谱分析的分辨率固定、计算量大、信息冗余量大的缺点.MATLAB仿真证明,小波变换分析结果并未丢失原有信息,是分析蝙蝠回声定位叫声的一种有效新途径.     

回声定位蝙蝠听觉系统在脑干水平对发声的调控作用

回声定位蝙蝠由于其听觉系统的特殊性及重要性,可以反馈地调节后继所发声信号的声学特征。在中枢,这些反馈调节有很大一部分发生在脑干尤其是中脑,包括旁外侧丘系被盖区、中脑导水管周围灰质、臂旁核、中央听觉束核以及上丘等区域及核团,它们分别对回声定位声的不同方面进行了重要的调控。这种调控对蝙蝠的特殊捕食行为有着重要的生物学意义。     

Relationship between echolocation frequency and body size in two species of hipposiderid bats

Frequencies of echolocation calls with maximum power of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats and Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats during searching phase were 74.1 and 92.1 kHz, respectively. Head-body length, forearm length and body mass of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats were 82.9 mm, 89.7 mm and 59.1 g, respectively; and the corresponding values of Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats were 68.4 mm, 61.3 mm and 19.7 g, respectively. Echolocation frequency and the three parameters of body size, head-body length, forearm length and body mass, were all negatively correlated, and the correlation coefficients were −0.86, −1.58 and −2.19, respectively. This study thereby proved that echolocation frequency and body size were negatively correlated in the two species of hipposiderid bats.     

Correlation between echolocation calls and morphological features among three kinds of bats

The correlation between echolocation sound and morphological features of 18 species of bats, which are subordinated to 3 families including rhinolophidae, hipposideridae and vespertilionidae is studied. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis are adopted to analyze the correlations between noseleaf width (NW) and forearm length (FAL), NW and dominant frequency (DF), FAL and DF. The results show a positive correlation between NW and FAL and a negative correlation between NW and DF in Rhinolophidae. In each family, there is a negative correlation between FAL and DF. Some species have a higher or lower frequency than predicted one according to their body size. There are significant differences of the regression equation of FAL and DF among the three families. For the bats with the same body size, the order in frequency is: hipposiderid bats＞ rhinolophid bats＞ vespertilionid bats. The mechanism of interrelationship between FAL and DF of bats, the reason why these deviations occur in correlativity of the three families and the mechanism of the interaction between morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics are discussed.     

Echolocation calls of Myotis frater (Chiroptera: Hipposi- deridae) during search flight

Echolocation calls of Myotis frater emitted during the search phase consist of brief frequency-modulated pulses. The sound signals are comprised of three harmonics of which the first one is of the highest intensity and occurs in all echolocation calls. The frequency of this fundamental harmonic ranges from 110.8 to 50.2 kHz, and its duration is about 3.5 ms. The second and the third harmonics are relatively weak, occurring in 50.0% and 25.0% of echolocation calls respectively, with frequencies ranging from 138.4 to 116.6 kHz for the second harmonic and from 193.6 to 170.8 kHz for the third harmonic. We presume that, according to the echolocation call features, Myotis frater probably forages the insects on the ground of complex environments.     

Echolocation calls ofMyotis frater (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) during search flight

Echolocation calls ofMyotis frater emitted during the search phase consist of brief frequency-modulated pulses. The sound signals are comprised of three harmonics of which the first one is of the highest intensity and occurs in all echolocation calls. The frequency of this fundamental harmonic ranges from 110.8 to 50.2 kHz, and its duration is about 3.5 ms. The second and the third harmonics are relatively weak, occurring in 50.0% and 25.0% of echolocation calls respectively, with frequencies ranging from 138.4 to 116.6 kHz for the second harmonic and from 193.6 to 170.8 kHz for the third harmonic. We presume that, according to the echolocation call features,Myotis frater probably forages the insects on the ground of complex environments.     

根田鼠身体大小生长发育规律研究

在实验室条件下,利用根田鼠1~70日龄体长、尾长、后足长、耳长以及毛长等身体生长发育的主要参数,分析其身体大小生长发育的基本规律,目的在于揭示根田鼠的次级生产过程。结果表明,根田鼠1~70日龄身体上述指标随发育时间呈多项式方式增长,决定系数(R2)均>0.9。各指标在33日龄后保持稳定,表明此阶段是根田鼠性器官发育的起始点。     

云岭牛HMGA2基因InDel多态及其与生长性状的关联分析

为了探索高迁移率蛋白2(high mobility group AT-hook 2,HMGA2)基因插入缺失(InDel)多态与云岭牛体尺性状的关联性,以356头云岭牛为实验对象,采用多聚酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Sanger测序的方法检测HMGA2基因的遗传变异,并利用SPSS软件对其InDel多态性与云岭牛体尺性状进行了关联分析.结果发现,在HMGA2基因的ARS-UCD1.2 5:47872723位点存在15 bp缺失,并根据缺失的类型,分为野生型(II)、杂合型(ID)、突变型(DD)(I:insertion,D:deletion),这3种不同的基因型所对应的个体,在腹围性状方面存在显著差异,而在其他的体尺性状上则不存在显著差异.因此,可以把HMGA2基因此位点InDel多态作为云岭牛腹围性状选择的候选分子标记,应用于肉牛新品种的标记辅助培育.     

膝角毒隐翅虫属和隐毒隐翅虫属相互关系的研究(鞘翅目:隐翅虫科,毒隐翅虫亚科)

作者对毒隐翅虫亚科,膝角毒隐翅虫属的分类研究中,发现膝角毒隐翅虫属Ochthephilum与相关属隐毒隐翅虫属Cryptobium的相互关系不太明确.为澄清它们之间的关系,我们查阅了大量国内外相关文献并检视了本实验室标本.结果表明膝角毒隐翅虫属为隐毒隐翅虫属首异名,即膝角毒隐翅虫属为有效名.澄清了两属的关系.