多花木兰根系抗拉特性及边坡稳定性分析

以护坡典型植物多花木兰根系为对象进行室内抗拉试验;在假定滑动面平行于坡面的前提下,推导生态护坡中坡体稳定系数的计算公式;研究不同坡度下根系的抗拉力、抗拉强度、弹性模量及边坡的稳定性.研究表明:多花木兰根系抗拉力随着直径的增大呈幂函数增加;根系抗拉强度为21.15~76.08MPa,随着直径的增加呈幂函数减小;坡度越大,同一直径根系的抗拉力与抗拉强度越大.多花木兰根系弹性模量为0.64~2.33GPa,随着直径的增加其弹性模量逐渐减小;根系直径为1.2~2.2mm时,弹性模量减小的幅度大,其他区间减小的幅度较小.坡体的稳定系数与根系的抗拉力呈正相关关系,与边坡的坡度呈负相关关系,并受根的生长方向和密度、植物的种植密度以及原状土的性质等影响.坡体的稳定系数随根系直径的增加呈线性增加.     

不同立地条件下荆条根系分布规律

根系分布特征有着特殊的生态意义,它反映出植物适应和改造环境的功能.采用土钻法对北京市门头沟区常见的灌木-荆条的根系特征进行调查和研究.结果表明,不同立地条件下的荆条根系分布特征具有明显的差异,不同径级(d≤1 mm/d＞1 mm)的根系生物量随土壤深度呈指数减少;不同立地条件下根系密度的垂直分布,均表现为从土壤表层到深层逐次递减,在各土层中,0-60cm土层中分布的根系密度所占的比重最大;而根系密度的垂直分布,也均表现为随着距离树干的距离增大逐次递减,0-40cm土层中分布的根系密度所占的比重最大.阴坡立地上的根系密度和生物量均小于阳坡立地,≤1mm的根系分布深度要大于＞1mm根系,有利于刺槐对深层土壤中水分、养分的吸收,适应干旱环境.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区中间锦鸡儿的生长特征

在黄土丘陵沟壑区选取4种典型的梁峁沟坡生境(即丘顶、阳坡、阴坡、沟底),研究土壤水分特征和中间锦鸡儿的生长特征.结果表明:4个生境土壤含水量分别为阴坡11.2%,沟底7.31%,丘顶7.14%,阳坡4.66%,显著性分析表明,阴坡含水量显著高于其它生境,阳坡显著低于其它生境,丘顶和沟底含水量差异不显著;土壤水分可利用性由难到易依次为阴坡阳坡丘顶沟底.中间锦鸡儿的地上生物量和总生物量均表现为阳坡最大、丘顶和阴坡次之、沟底最小;不同生境中间锦鸡儿生物量资源分配差异显著,表现为阳坡叶生物量分配最大,沟底茎生物量分配最大,丘顶根生物量分配最大;中间锦鸡儿的根系可塑性强,阳坡根系入土最深,丘顶根系水平分布最广,阴坡根系的垂直和水平生长能力均较强.生长特征分析结果表明:中间锦鸡儿在阳坡的生长优于其它生境,由于根系发达能在以砒砂岩为基质的阴坡生长良好.     

夹竹桃根系力学性能的实验研究

以护坡典型植物夹竹桃根系为对象进行室内抗拉试验,研究了根系直径与抗拉力和抗拉强度之间的关系。试验结果表明,单根夹竹桃极限抗拉力随着直径增大不断增大,根茎的抗拉强度随着直径的增大不断减小;根据数据采集时间和根系应变之间的关系,计算出根系弹性模量;证实夹竹桃根系与土体形成根土复合体能够改善土体的强度和变形特征,共同承担外界荷载,有效提高边坡土体抗冲刷和抗侵蚀能力。     

夹竹桃根系力学性能研究

以护坡典型植物夹竹桃根系为对象进行室内抗拉试验,研究了根系直径与抗拉力和抗拉强度之间的关系。试验结果表明,单根夹竹桃极限抗拉力随着直径增大不断增大,根茎的抗拉强度随着直径的增大不断减小。根据数据采集时间和根系应变之间的关系,计算出根系弹性模量。证实夹竹桃根系与土体形成根土复合体能够改善土体的强度和变形特征,共同承担外界荷载,有效提高边坡土体抗冲刷和抗侵蚀能力。     

生态护坡中桉树根系的固土效果试验研究

目的研究生态护坡中植物根系在土体中的加固方法和原理。方法通过土样的含水量测定试验、直剪试验和现场抗拉试验,建立了桉树林地土壤含水量与抗剪强度指标以及根系直径与根系最大抗拉强度和最大抗拉力之间的关系。结果土体抗剪强度参数值均随着土壤含水量的增加而减小,根系最大抗拉强度随着根系直径的增加呈现增加的趋势,最大抗拉力随着根系直径的增加呈现出减小的趋势,而植被根系的最大抗拉拔力与根土之间的静摩擦系数、根的直径、埋深和根周围土体的重度有关。结论根系最大抗拉强度与根系直径两者之间符合指数函数关系,最大抗拉力与根系直径两者之间符合正相关关系,植被根系越粗埋深越大,周围土体越密实则其最大抗拉力就越大。     

夹竹桃根系拉拔力学试验及计算模型研究

通过原位拉拔试验测定长江上中游地区温暖湿润气候条件下,龄期为1、2和3 a的夹竹桃的整株拉拔力,分析拉拔力与株高、植株质量、地径、根系质量等生长参数之间的相关关系。为探究根系的分布情况及力学特性,采用整株挖掘法提取不同龄期的夹竹桃完整根系,对其根系质量分布进行统计,然后进行室内单根拉伸试验,探究夹竹桃根系抗拉力和抗拉强度与其根系直径的关系。研究结果表明：夹竹桃根系的整株最大拉拔力随龄期的增加而增加,与株高、植株质量、地径、根系质量均存在正相关关系;夹竹桃根系抗拉强度随直径增大而减小,而抗拉力随直径增大而增大;夹竹桃根系的根系质量随龄期的增加而增加,但根系质量集中于[0～10) cm的埋深范围内。通过理论推导,建立考虑根-土界面摩阻特征的根土复合体拉拔力学模型并给出了模型参数确定方法及模型适用范围。由该模型得到的夹竹桃根系的拉拔力计算值与夹竹桃拉拔力实际值相符,验证了模型的合理性,可为实际工程生态护坡效应评价提供理论参考。     

绒毛白蜡营养器官中Na^＋、K^＋、Cl^-的分布

为研究白蜡的抗盐生理机制，对盐渍生境下1—3年生绒毛白蜡（F．velutina）不同营养器官中盐离子的分布进行了分析。研究结果显示，不同器官中Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-含量存在显著差异。根系，Na^＋、K^＋含量最高，Na^＋平均达0．72％，K^＋平均达13．95％；叶片，Cl^-含量最高，平均达1．04％；Na^＋、Cl^-含量均随树龄的增大而减少，K^＋含量随树龄的增大而增加。结果表明绒毛白蜡的高耐盐特性受营养器官中盐离子分布规律支持，并且绒毛白蜡能够随着树龄增长，逐步适应盐渍生境，耐盐能力逐步提高。     

护坡植物根系分布特征及抗拉强度研究

为研究植物根系固土护坡的力学机理,以芦竹(Arundo donax)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)和早熟禾(Poa annua)为研究对象,对它们的根系分布特征及抗拉特性进行研究。结果表明,在根系分布特征方面,随着土层深度的增加,3种植物的根系数量逐渐减小,并且大部分集中在土层的上表面。数据拟合表明,采用幂函数模型能较好反映根系的空间分布;在根系抗拉特性方面,3种植物根系均表现出一定的抗拉能力,根系抗拉力与根径呈幂函数正相关关系,随根径增大而增大,3种植物按根系抗拉力由大到小依次排列为:芦竹、狗牙根、早熟禾;根系抗拉强度与根径呈幂函数负相关关系,随根径增大而减小。     

香根草根系在公路边坡土体中的分布特征

模拟实际公路边坡坡度和土质条件,制作模型试验箱,并种植了根系发达的生态护坡植物——香根草.通过全断面开挖法,研究了在模型箱中生长了两年的香根草根系在边坡土体中的分布特征.结果表明:在贫瘠土壤条件下,两年生香根草的根系垂直向下生长,最大根长达1m多,其根系生物量沿土层剖面深度呈二项式函数关系减少;根系直径约为0.8~1.4mm,且根径1mm的根系居多,最粗者可达2.2mm;香根草根系的分布范围随土层深度呈先增大后减小的趋势,其分布规律可以用Gauss曲线来描述;沿土层剖面自上而下,根系密度分布规律服从Logistic曲线关系;香根草的大部分根系偏向坡脚方向生长,坡脚方向生长的根系粗长且密集,而坡顶方向生长的根系则细短且稀疏.以上对根系形态分布规律的研究可为进一步分析植物根系与土体间的相互作用机理、防治边坡水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害提供理论基础.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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