面向对象的城市绿地信息提取方法研究

在比较传统的城市绿地提取方法的基础上,采用了面向对象的图像分类技术,对QuickBird卫星图像进行上海市区绿地信息提取实验,得到了令人满意的结果,总体分类精度达到84.4%,较传统的监督分类方法提高了24.4%,具有明显的优越性和应用前景.     

面向对象的多层次规则分类地物遥感信息提取方法试验分析研究

监测土地覆盖变化是目前高分辨率遥感的重要应用领域，城市覆盖地物变更速度快、地物类型复杂，使用传统方法提取监测难度较大。针对此问题，选择云南省大理白族自治州上官镇为研究区，以GF-2 PMS遥感影像为数据源；采用面向对象的方法对研究区进行最优分割尺度分割，选取最优特征组合用于构建模糊分类规则，分层次进行地物提取，最终获得研究区地物类型分布图。运用混淆矩阵方法进行精度评价，面向对象的多层次规则分类法提取分类效果良好，分类总体精度达79.95%,Kappa系数为0.74。与基于像元的分类方法和单一尺度下面向对象的提取分类法相比，面向对象的多层次规则分类法精度明显提高，说明本方法运用于复杂地物提取分类具有较好可行性。     

一种新的面向对象城市建筑物信息提取方法研究

为了提高城市建筑物信息提取精度,改进了常规的面向对象方法,以广州市白云区榕溪街区为研究区,针对其下垫面结构复杂的特性,采用多尺度分割和规则数据库结合的方法自动提取建筑物信息,并通过样本区进行了精度验证,将提取的结果与传统分类方法所得到的结果相互比较.研究结果表明:多尺度分割与构建知识库的方法对于建筑用地信息提取更为有效,与实际值更接近,总体分类精度达到87.01%,Kappa系数为0.87,为面向对象分类方法在城市建筑物信息提取的应用提供了新思路.     

基于面向对象的多尺度山地城市土地覆盖信息提取——以重庆市大学城城区为例

以重庆市大学城区的Quick Bird高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,基于多尺度分割算法获得内部异质性较小的对象,构建典型地物影像特征库,实现不同地类特征的针对性描述,采用级联方式综合最邻近分类算法和模糊分类算法优点,实现山地城市土地覆盖信息的面向对象提取,并把提取结果与传统监督分类方法进行对比分析;结果表明:综合使用地物的光谱、纹理、几何等特征的面向对象分类法提取结果稳定性好,分类效率高;面向对象分类能够有效避免"椒盐"噪声,分类结果具有很好的区域性和连贯性;面向对象分类法对于山地城市中光谱特征特别相近或相同的耕地和草地、建筑用地和道路的分类,精度分别提高了28.67%、9.24%、10.38%和8.79%,有效地克服了同谱异物和同物异谱现象;根据对比分析结果得知,面向对象分类法在山地城市土地覆盖信息提取中具有较高的可行性和一定的应用价值,同时由于研究区域的复杂性和研究对象的普适性,算法研究成果可以推广应用到其他山地城市区域。     

基于决策树模型的面向对象方法的遥感湿地信息提取

以宁夏回族自治区中卫市与腾格里沙漠边缘及其毗邻区域为研究区,运用基于决策树模型的面向对象方法,对图像融合后15m分辨率的Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像进行湿地信息提取研究,并与基于对象的最大似然法的分类结果进行比较,结果表明,基于决策树模型的面向对象法相比于基于对象的最大似然法的湿地分类总体精度提高了18.45%,Kappa系数提高了0.17,分类结果精度显著提高。     

基于Landsat TM影像的山地冰川信息提取技术研究

以老虎沟冰川为例,在分析Landsat TM图像特征及其相互关系的基础上,研究多种冰川信息提取方法.结果表明,Otsu自动阈值法可有效降低主观因素影响,Slope等多元信息的融合有利于提高分类精度和降低斑点噪声,基于图像多尺度分割的面向对象法综合利用了图像光谱、纹理等特征,比基于像元的分类法总体精度最大提高2.47%,错分率最大降低2.50%,可显著抑制 “椒盐”和“毛刺”效应.     

SAM和决策树结合的Hyperion数据分类方法

在地面实测波谱分析的基础上，采用决策树对波谱角（SAM）分类方法进行改进，自动地进行波谱角阂值选择，提出一种新的基于SAM和决策树相结合的综合分类模型。该模型用于云南鹤庆地区土地覆被信息提取，并与最大似然分类法（MIC）的分类结果进行比较。结果表明，就每一类型而言，SAM结合决策树分类的分类精度较高；最大似然法监督分类总体精度为79．4％，SAM结合决策树分类的综合分类模型总体精度为88．5％，比监督分类精度高9．9％。     

基于高分遥感的一种新的面向对象城市建筑物信息提取的方法研究

摘要:[目的]为了提高城市建筑物信息提取精度,本文在前人研究的基础上,针对下垫面结构复杂的城市区,提出了多尺度分割和规则数据库结合的面向对象方法,对城市区建筑物信息进行提取。[方法]该方法首先采用Full Lambda-Schedule算法对QuickBird多波段和全波段数据融合数据进行尺度分割,获取尺度分割结果;再根据光谱特征、形状特征、几何特征和纹理特征等指标建立规则知识库,利用规则数据库对尺度分割结果进行建筑物信息的提取。以广州市白云区为研究区,利用尺度分割和规则数据库结合的方法提取建筑物信息,提取结果与其它分类结果进行了比较。[结果和结论]结果表明:基于规则的面向对象的分类方法可以有效地避免传统的基于像素分类时出现的椒盐现象,避免一些错分、漏分的情况分类（如:道路和阴影）,结果更加符合人类的思维方式,与实际值更接近,总体分类精度达到87.0154%,Kappa系数为0.8714,比一般面向对象分类方法更适合作为城市建筑物专题数据库更新的有效方法。     

应用RF和SVM的城镇土地利用面向对象分类

中尺度城镇土地资源空间信息提取是资源环境监测的重要内容。以鄂州、黄冈区域城镇为案例,基于Landsat 8数据,使用面向对象方法提取地类光谱、纹理、几何和地形特征,并应用RF和SVM算法实施城镇土地利用分类。结果表明,合理尺度分割能够增强用地类型可识别性,提升解译效率; RF和SVM算法很好地模拟了地类对象属性特征地物类别间的模式规则,RF分类模型总体精度达89. 18%,Kappa系数为86. 33%,SVM模型总体精度为88. 03%,Kappa系数为81. 60%,整体而言RF分类结果优于SVM。该方案兼具可操作性、准确性,对大中尺度的土地资源信息提取适用性良好。     

基于面向对象的热带林分类方法研究

【目的】为了加强热带林资源的保护,采用遥感技术对热带林植被进行分类研究。【方法】基于SPOT6高分辨率遥感影像,采用ESP多尺度分割评价模型与专家知识结合的方法确定最优分割尺度参数,在分割的基础上充分挖掘目标地物的光谱、形状及纹理信息,合理选择分类特征组合,建立分类规则,构建了一套基于面向对象的热带林多尺度分类方法。【结果】与单一尺度的分类方法相比,该方法分类精度有明显提高,分类总体精度达到84.46%,并且缩短了传统目视确定最优分割参数的时间,提高了分割效率和精度。【结论】基于面向对象的多尺度分类方法能够实现高精度的热带林植被信息提取,可为遥感分类技术在热带林的应用提供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to