Construction of chimeric inducible promoters by elicitors of rice fungal blast pathogen and their expression in transgenic rice

The promoter fragments of wheatGstA1 and potatoGst1 have been amplified by PCR, cloned and fused respectively to the minimal promoter sequence of rice actin gene (Act1)) and its 5′ untranslated leader sequence together withGUS. The constructs with 2 chimeric promoters (WGA and PGA) have been transferred into rice in order to analyze their inducibility patterns in transgenic rice plants. The results show that: WGA and PGA are both inducible by elicitors ofPyricularia oryzae in transgenic rice cells; the intron I of riceAct1 gene is important for the heterogenic expression of monocot and dicot promoter elements in rice; and theAct1 minimal promoter and its 5′ untranslated leader sequence produced low level background expression in rice.     

The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Magnaporthe grisea is the most destructive pathogen of rice worldwide and the principal model organism for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal disease of plants. Here, we report the draft sequence of the M. grisea genome. Analysis of the gene set provides an insight into the adaptations required by a fungus to cause disease. The genome encodes a large and diverse set of secreted proteins, including those defined by unusual carbohydrate-binding domains. This fungus also possesses an expanded family of G-protein-coupled receptors, several new virulence-associated genes and large suites of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Consistent with a role in fungal pathogenesis, the expression of several of these genes is upregulated during the early stages of infection-related development. The M. grisea genome has been subject to invasion and proliferation of active transposable elements, reflecting the clonal nature of this fungus imposed by widespread rice cultivation.     

Analysis of rice blast resistance genes by QTL mapping

Resistance to rice blast pathogen mostly shows a quantitative trait controlled by several minor genes. Its complexity and the mutable characteristic of rice blast isolates both hinder the development of the blast resistance research. The article here tried to explore the resistance gene distribution on rice chromosomes and the way of function. Totally 124 QTLs have been identified against 20 isolates using Cartographer software with a ZYQ8/JX17 DH population, which separately are at 100 loci of 72 marker intervals on 12 rice chromosomes. Of them, 16 QTLs were determined by the isolate HB-97-36-1. 82 QTLs (66.13%) are from the resistant parent alleles, ZYQ8, while 42 QTLs (33.87%) are from the susceptible parent alleles, JX17. In comparison of their positions on chromosome, most QTLs are clustered together and distributed nearby the major genes especially the regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10 and 12. Each QTL could account for the resistance variation between 3~2%-68.64%. And, a positional QTL might display the resistance to several different isolates with different contributions.     

黄山地区垂柳叶锈病病原及发生规律研究

掌握黄山地区垂柳叶锈病的发生状况、病原及发生规律，为有效监测和控制垂柳叶锈病提供理论依据。     

苗期低温锻炼对水稻叶片生理性状的影响

通过苗期亚低温的锻炼,研究水稻品种的诱导抗性.实验结果表明,与抗冷性弱的二九丰相比,抗冷性强的中冷8号通过亚低温锻炼,在叶绿素含量、叶片质膜透性、可溶性糖含量三个指标上表现出更强的抗低温能力.说明不同抗冷性的水稻品种具有不同的诱导抗性.     

Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans are abundant cell-surface molecules that consist of a protein core to which heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan chains are attached. The functions of these molecules have remained mostly underappreciated by developmental biologists; however, the actions of important signalling molecules, for example Wnt and Hedgehog, depend on them. To understand both the mechanisms by which ligands involved in development interact with their receptors and how morphogens pattern tissues, biologists need to consider the functions of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in signalling and developmental patterning.     

稻瘟病病菌的液体培养及滤液毒性测定

通过对吉林省近两年的部分稻瘟病菌进行液体培养,并对其中的10个生理小种进行毒性的测定和分析,认为稻瘟病菌提取液的毒性并不和浓度完全成正比关系,而是在某一范围内稻瘟病菌的毒性随着粗毒素的浓度的增加而增加.     

分子标记辅助选育含有抗稻瘟病基因和软米基因两系不育系水稻新品系

以"浦软粳S"为转育亲本,利用分子标记辅助常规育种技术成功培育出含有Pi9,Pita,Pib和Pigm稻瘟病抗性基因及软米基因(Wx~(mq)),同时表现柱头外露率高的两系不育系水稻新品系"2179S"."2179S"不育系茎秆粗壮,矮杆大穗,株高为63.8 cm,柱头外露率平均为60%.研究结果为今后培育具有稻瘟病抗性的优质两系杂交水稻新组合提供不育系亲本.     

Independent recruitment of a conserved developmental mechanism during leaf evolution

Vascular plants evolved in the Middle to Late Silurian period, about 420 million years ago. The fossil record indicates that these primitive plants had branched stems with sporangia but no leaves. Leaf-like lateral outgrowths subsequently evolved on at least two independent occasions. In extant plants, these events are represented by microphyllous leaves in lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts) and megaphyllous leaves in euphyllophytes (ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms). Our current understanding of how leaves develop is restricted to processes that operate during megaphyll formation. Because microphylls and megaphylls evolved independently, different mechanisms might be required for leaf formation. Here we show that this is not so. Gene expression data from a microphyllous lycophyte, phylogenetic analyses, and a cross-species complementation experiment all show that a common developmental mechanism can underpin both microphyll and megaphyll formation. We propose that this mechanism might have operated originally in the context of primitive plant apices to facilitate bifurcation. Recruitment of this pathway to form leaves occurred independently and in parallel in different plant lineages.     

三叶木通叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性及生物防治

为明确三叶木通叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性,从培养基种类、碳源、氮源、pH、温度和光照等方面对三叶木通叶斑病病原菌细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)的生物学特性进行了研究,并对其生物防治进行了初步探讨。结果表明:病原菌菌丝在PCA培养基,30℃,pH值为6,12h光照/12h黑暗的条件下生长较快;分生孢子在CA培养基,30℃,pH值为7,24h光照的条件下产孢量最大。该病原菌可利用多种碳源和氮源,菌丝的生长会受到硫酸铵和氯化铵的抑制。枯草芽孢杆菌SNUB16可显著拮抗三叶木通叶斑病病原菌的生长。     

A P-type ATPase required for rice blast disease and induction of host resistance

To cause diseases in plants, pathogenic microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to deliver proteins directly into plant cells, where they suppress plant defences and facilitate tissue invasion. How plant pathogenic fungi, which cause many of the world's most serious plant diseases, deliver proteins during plant infection is currently unknown. Here we report the characterization of a P-type ATPase-encoding gene, MgAPT2, in the economically important rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea, which is required for exocytosis during plant infection. Targeted gene replacement showed that MgAPT2 is required for both foliar and root infection by the fungus, and for the rapid induction of host defence responses in an incompatible reaction. DeltaMgapt2 mutants are impaired in the secretion of a range of extracellular enzymes and accumulate abnormal Golgi-like cisternae. However, the loss of MgAPT2 does not significantly affect hyphal growth or sporulation, indicating that the establishment of rice blast disease involves the use of MgApt2-dependent exocytotic processes that operate during plant infection.     

利用分子标记分析22种水稻10个抗稻瘟病基因的基因型

为了明确已克隆的部分稻瘟病抗性基因在上海市主栽水稻品种以及新培育的水稻品系中的分布,选取22份水稻为材料,利用分子标记检测技术,对10个已被克隆的抗稻瘟病基因进行基因型鉴定及分析.结果表明,22种水稻均含Pi36、Pi37、Pi-d2、Pib抗性基因,而Pi-kh、Pi9、Pi2、Pi-ta、Pikm抗性基因在22种水稻中分布各有不同,所有被测水稻中均不携带Pi25抗性基因.     

水稻剑叶蛋白质的双向电泳分析

以三系杂交稻不育系武金4A,保持系武金4B剑叶为材料,利用双向电泳技术,获得了孕穗期剑叶蛋白质双向电泳图谱。经考马斯亮兰染色,可辨别出蛋白质斑点数450个左右；经银染复染后,可辨别出约800个左右蛋白质点。蛋白质相对分子量约在14.0kDa～94.0kDa范围内,主要分布在14.0kDa～67.0kDa之间；等电点(pIs)约在3.5～9.5范围内,主要分布在5.0～7.0之间。     

南京地区竹叶锈病病原及发生规律研究

对南京地区竹叶锈病的病原及发生规律进行了研究。结果表明：南京地区竹叶锈病的病原主要有3种,分别为刚竹柄锈菌(Puccinia phyllostachydis)、长角柄锈菌(Puccinia longicornis)和竹夏孢锈菌(Uredo ignava)。刚竹柄锈菌和长角柄锈菌主要以冬孢子堆在竹叶越冬,二者的初侵染源主要是冬孢子堆下面的菌丝产生的夏孢子,此外,刚竹柄锈菌的初侵染源还包括少量能越冬的夏孢子堆。竹叶锈病的潜育期为10~15 d,夏孢子可造成多次侵染,6月及10月为侵染高峰期。竹叶锈病的发生未发现转主寄生现象。     

基于GA-LS-SVM的水稻叶片含氮率预测

采用水稻无土栽培方法人为控制含氮率,在水稻某特定生长期,同时测量水稻冠层反射率和叶片含氮率,建立了基于冠层反射率的水稻叶片氮含率的回归预测模型.通过分析不同氮环境下各冠层反射率光谱图,确定了与水稻含氮率相关性高的特征波段.针对最小二乘支持向量机(leastsquares support vector machines,LS-SVM)参数难定问题,采用遗传算法对LS-SVM参数进行优化.试验结果表明,传统人为选定参数的LS-SVM算法模型的平均回判精确率达到97.21%,预测平均误差率达到5.70%,遗传算法最小二乘支持向量机(genetic algorithm least squares support vec-tor machines,GA-LS-SVM)算法模型的平均回判精确率达到99.60%,预测平均误差率达到2.72%.GA-LS-SVM算法模型的回判及预测效果均明显优于人为选定参数的LS-SVM算法.     

小兴安岭典型集水区水文过程模拟研究

以GIS技术及数据库、计算机编程语言为基础,根据东北森林动态规律、年内积雪及冻土冻融特性规律,构建了分布式水文模型——NEHM,并采用NEHM模拟小兴安岭汤旺河流域典型集水区逐日径流过程,基于育林沟水文观测站2004年实测资料分别对比了生长季径流总量和日径流模拟结果.结果显示,生长季径流总量模拟值和真实值比较接近,日径流量模拟的效率系数(Ens)和相关系数(R2)均高于0.75.在此基础上,设置不同降水量情景,同时采用NEHM模拟了观测点所在栅格地表径流水量的变化.结果表明,通过NEHM模拟,能够体现出降雨变化对水文过程的影响.     

水稻叶片中可溶性蛋白质提取介质的比较

对影响紫外测定可溶性蛋白质含量的二个因素(叶绿素和石英砂)以及水稻叶片可溶性蛋白质的4种提取介质进行了比较分析,结果表明:叶绿素和石英砂对紫外测定可溶性蛋白质含量有明显影响,用0 1mol LpH6.8Tris HCl缓冲液提取的可溶性蛋白质得率最高。     

Optimal waveband identification for estimation of leaf area index of paddy rice

The objectives of the study were to select suitable wavebands for rice leaf area index （LAI） estimation using the data acquired over a whole growing season, and to test the efficiency of the selected wavebands by comparing them with feature positions of rice canopy spectra. In this study, the field experiment in 2002 growing season was conducted at the experimental farm of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Measurements of hyperspectral reflectance （350-2500 nm） and corresponding LAI were made for a paddy rice canopy throughout the growing season. And three methods were employed to identify the optimal wavebands for paddy rice LAI estimation： correlation coefficient-based method, vegetation index-based method, and stepwise regression method. This research selected 15 wavebands in the region of 350-2500 nm, which appeared to be the optimal wavebands for the paddy rice LAI estimation. Of the selected wavebands, the most frequently occurring wavebands were centered around 554, 675, 723, and 1633 rim. They were followed by 444, 524, 576, 594, 804, 849, 974, 1074, 1219, 1510, and 2194 rim. Most of them made physical sense and had their counterparts in spectral known feature positions, which indicates the promising potential of the 15 selected wavebands for the retrieval of paddy rice LAI.     

稻草、茭白鞘叶栽培凤尾菇试验研究

传统的凤尾菇栽培料主要成分是木屑,试验采用稻草、茭白鞘叶代替部分木屑栽培凤尾菇,用不同的栽培料配方栽培凤尾菇,共设置7个试验组,以传统培养料配方为对照组(CK)。通过对菌丝生长、子实体生长和产量等指标的考察,分析不同配方对凤尾菇生长的影响。结果表明:试验组中配料以木屑、稻草、茭白鞘叶以合适比例混合为基料时,凤尾菇产量最好,生物学效率最高为32.24%。