不同耦合方式下钙离子振荡的同步研究

通过一类钙离子振荡的生物数学模型,讨论在链式耦合与环式耦合情况下生物细胞的同步问题.通过数值模拟其时间历程、同步差随耦合强度的变化以及空间相图,进一步说明链式耦合所需的耦合强度值要大于环式耦合所需要的耦合强度值.     

Redox freezing and melting in the Earth's deep mantle resulting from carbon-iron redox coupling

Very low seismic velocity anomalies in the Earth's mantle may reflect small amounts of melt present in the peridotite matrix, and the onset of melting in the Earth's upper mantle is likely to be triggered by the presence of small amounts of carbonate. Such carbonates stem from subducted oceanic lithosphere in part buried to depths below the 660-kilometre discontinuity and remixed into the mantle. Here we demonstrate that carbonate-induced melting may occur in deeply subducted lithosphere at near-adiabatic temperatures in the Earth's transition zone and lower mantle. We show experimentally that these carbonatite melts are unstable when infiltrating ambient mantle and are reduced to immobile diamond when recycled at depths greater than ～250?kilometres, where mantle redox conditions are determined by the presence of an (Fe,Ni) metal phase. This 'redox freezing' process leads to diamond-enriched mantle domains in which the Fe(0), resulting from Fe(2+) disproportionation in perovskites and garnet, is consumed but the Fe(3+) preserved. When such carbon-enriched mantle heterogeneities become part of the upwelling mantle, diamond will inevitably react with the Fe(3+) leading to true carbonatite redox melting at ～660 and ～250 kilometres depth to form deep-seated melts in the Earth's mantle.     

Experimental earth tidal models in considering nearly diurnal free wobble of the Earth＇s liquid core

Based on the 28 series of the high precision and high minute sampling tidal gravity observations at 20 stations in Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) network, the resonant parameters of the Earth‘s nearly diurnal free wobble (including the eigenperiods, resonant strengths and quality factots) are precisely determined. The discrepancy of the eigenperiod between observed and theoretical values is studied, the important conclusion that the real dynamic ellipticity of the liquid core is about 5% larger than the one under the static equilibrium assumption is approved by using our gravity technique. The experimental Earth‘s tidal gravity models with considering the nearly diurnal free wobble of the Earth‘s liquid core are constructed in this study. The numerical results show that the difference among three experimental models is less than 0.1%, and the largest discrepancy compared to those widely used nowdays given by Dehant (1999) and Mathews (2001) is only about 0.4%. It can provide with the most recent real experimental tidal gravity models for the global study of the Earth‘s tides, geodesy and space techniques and so on.     

Efficient disruption of small asteroids by Earth's atmosphere

Accurate modelling of the interaction between the atmosphere and an incoming bolide is a complex task, but crucial to determining the fraction of small asteroids that actually hit the Earth's surface. Most semi-analytical approaches have simplified the problem by considering the impactor as a strengthless liquid-like object ('pancake' models), but recently a more realistic model has been developed that calculates motion, aerodynamic loading and ablation for each separate particle or fragment in a disrupted impactor. Here we report the results of a large number of simulations in which we use both models to develop a statistical picture of atmosphere-bolide interaction for iron and stony objects with initial diameters up to approximately 1 km. We show that the separated-fragments model predicts the total atmospheric disruption of much larger stony bodies than previously thought. In addition, our data set of >1,000 simulated impacts, combined with the known pre-atmospheric flux of asteroids with diameters less than 1 km, elucidates the flux of small bolides at the Earth's surface. We estimate that bodies >220 m in diameter will impact every 170,000 years.     

车辆相互作用对连续梁车桥耦合振动影响分析

为研究多车辆过桥时车辆间相互作用与桥梁结构的耦合振动响应规律,文章利用Ansys软件及其APDL语言,编制出基于Ansys单一环境下的车桥耦合振动分析模块,并通过与有关文献对比验证该模块的正确性.利用该方法对多车道连续梁桥在各复杂行驶工况下的车桥耦合振动响应进行分析计算,总结挠度、弯矩冲击系数的变化规律.研究表明,不同...     

Texturing of the Earth's inner core by Maxwell stresses.

Elastic anisotropy in the Earth's inner core has been attributed to a preferred lattice orientation, which may be acquired during solidification of the inner core or developed subsequent to solidification as a result of plastic deformation. But solidification texturing alone cannot explain the observed depth dependence of anisotropy, and previous suggestions for possible deformation processes have all relied on radial flow, which is inhibited by thermal and chemical stratification. Here we investigate the development of anisotropy as the inner core deforms plastically under the influence of electromagnetic (Maxwell) shear stresses. We estimate the flow caused by a representative magnetic field using polycrystal plasticity simulations for epsilon-iron, where the imposed deformation is accommodated by basal and prismatic slip. We find that individual grains in an initially random polycrystal become preferentially oriented with their c axes parallel to the equatorial plane. This pattern is accentuated if deformation is accompanied by recrystallization. Using the single-crystal elastic properties of epsilon-iron at core pressure and temperature, we average over the simulated orientation distribution to obtain a pattern of elastic anisotropy which is similar to that observed seismologically.     

螺旋桨尾流-自由叶轮耦合作用的数值模拟

为了探讨螺旋桨尾流与自由叶轮的耦合作用,使用SST(剪应力输运)湍流模型对螺旋桨-自由叶轮流场进行数值模拟.使用切割体网格划分方式对流场域进行网格划分,使用滑移网格方法实现螺旋桨和自由叶轮的运动.分析了自由叶轮对螺旋桨尾涡的切割作用,对自由叶轮桨叶上受到的脉动压力和应力分布进行分析.数值模拟的结果表明:自由叶轮桨叶表面上的压力具有明显的周期性,这一周期性和螺旋桨推力脉动的周期性相一致;在近导边处,叶背上脉动压力的幅值大于叶面上,而在其他位置,叶面上的脉动压力幅值大于叶背上,叶背上的脉动压力的幅值由导边向随边减少;在不考虑重力的情况下,自由叶轮上的应力分布与自由叶轮表面压力分布一致,而在考虑重力的情况下,应力分布发生改变且应力值增大.     

光波从自由空间向亚波长波导结构的耦合研究

在光学集成中,自由空间中光波耦合进入波导是很重要的.利用纳米天线共振,自由空间中的光波能够耦合进入波导.在天线下方添加反射层反射透过光波,提高入射光波的利用率,从而增加耦合效率.利用3维时域有限差分(3D-FDTD)方法模拟光波与金属结构的相互作用,优化结构参数.结果发现添加反射层能够提高光波的耦合效率,最大达27.8 %.     

Accelerated hydration of the Earth's deep crust induced by stress perturbations

The metamorphic cycle associated with the formation of mountain belts produces a lower crust containing little or no free fluid. The introduction of external fluids to dry and impermeable volumes of the Earth's crust is thus a prerequisite for the retrogressive metamorphism later observed in such regimes. Such metamorphism can cause significant changes in the crust's physical properties, including its density, rheology and elastic properties. On a large scale, the introduction of fluids requires the presence of high-permeability channels, such as faults or fractures, which are the result of external tectonic stresses. But extensive interaction between externally derived fluids and the fractured rock requires efficient mass transport away from the initial fractures into the rock itself, and this transport often occurs over distances much longer than expected from grain-boundary diffusion. Here we present both field observations and a simple network model that demonstrate how the transport of fluids into initially dry rock can be accelerated by perturbations in the local stress field caused by reactions with fluids. We also show that the morphology of reaction fronts separating 'dry' from 'wet' rocks depends on the anisotropy of the external stress field.     

碘代甲烷多光子激发色散荧光谱

采用色散荧光光谱方法,对308 nm强激光作用下CH3I分子的激发解离过程进行了实验研究.首先对所得色散荧光谱进行了归属,由此确定了主要的荧光产物粒子;依据荧光信号强度随入射激光能量的变化关系,研究了各碎片粒子的产生、激发及荧光跃迁过程,确定了对应的反应通道.所得结果对其他多原子分子的激发解离研究具有参考价值.     

Rapid magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetosphere mediated by whistler waves

Magnetic reconnection has a crucial role in a variety of plasma environments in providing a mechanism for the fast release of stored magnetic energy. During reconnection the plasma forms a 'magnetic nozzle', like the nozzle of a hose, and the rate is controlled by how fast plasma can flow out of the nozzle. But the traditional picture of reconnection has been unable to explain satisfactorily the short timescales associated with the energy release, because the flow is mediated by heavy ions with a slow resultant velocity. Recent theoretical work has suggested that the energy release is instead mediated by electrons in waves called 'whistlers', which move much faster for a given perturbation of the magnetic field because of their smaller mass. Moreover, the whistler velocity and associated plasma velocity both increase as the 'nozzle' becomes narrower. A narrower nozzle therefore no longer reduces the total plasma flow-the outflow is independent of the size of the nozzle. Here we report observations demonstrating that reconnection in the magnetosphere is driven by whistlers, in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.     

Development of anisotropic structure in the Earth's lower mantle by solid-state convection

Seismological observations reveal highly anisotropic patches at the bottom of the Earth's lower mantle, whereas the bulk of the mantle has been observed to be largely isotropic. These patches have been interpreted to correspond to areas where subduction has taken place in the past or to areas where mantle plumes are upwelling, but the underlying cause for the anisotropy is unknown-both shape-preferred orientation of elastically heterogeneous materials and lattice-preferred orientation of a homogeneous material have been proposed. Both of these mechanisms imply that large-strain deformation occurs within the anisotropic regions, but the geodynamic implications of the mechanisms differ. Shape-preferred orientation would imply the presence of large elastic (and hence chemical) heterogeneity whereas lattice-preferred orientation requires deformation at high stresses. Here we show, on the basis of numerical modelling incorporating mineral physics of elasticity and development of lattice-preferred orientation, that slab deformation in the deep lower mantle can account for the presence of strong anisotropy in the circum-Pacific region. In this model-where development of the mineral fabric (the alignment of mineral grains) is caused solely by solid-state deformation of chemically homogeneous mantle material-anisotropy is caused by large-strain deformation at high stresses, due to the collision of subducted slabs with the core-mantle boundary.     

Laser--Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils

Unlike the familiar Phanerozoic history of life, evolution during the earlier and much longer Precambrian segment of geological time centred on prokaryotic microbes. Because such microorganisms are minute, are preserved incompletely in geological materials, and have simple morphologies that can be mimicked by nonbiological mineral microstructures, discriminating between true microbial fossils and microscopic pseudofossil 'lookalikes' can be difficult. Thus, valid identification of fossil microbes, which is essential to understanding the prokaryote-dominated, Precambrian 85% of life's history, can require more than traditional palaeontology that is focused on morphology. By combining optically discernible morphology with analyses of chemical composition, laser--Raman spectroscopic imagery of individual microscopic fossils provides a means by which to address this need. Here we apply this technique to exceptionally ancient fossil microbe-like objects, including the oldest such specimens reported from the geological record, and show that the results obtained substantiate the biological origin of the earliest cellular fossils known.     

Analysis of three-dimensional vortexes below the free surface in a continuous casting mold

To study fluctuations of the free surface of liquid steel in the mold, two different models with the same casting conditions but different thicknesses were employed to analyze the hydrodynamic behavior at the top of the mold. The first model was a standard thickness slab, and the second had a thickness three times wider. It is found with the second model that above the plane formed by the steel jets, it is possible to observe four three-dimensional vortexes that interact with the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and mold walls. By using a biphasic model to simulate the interface between the liquid and air inside the mold, the flow asymmetry and the fluctuations of the free surface can be clearly observed.     

Melting in the Earth's deep upper mantle caused by carbon dioxide

The onset of partial melting beneath mid-ocean ridges governs the cycling of highly incompatible elements from the mantle to the crust, the flux of key volatiles (such as CO2, He and Ar) and the rheological properties of the upper mantle. Geophysical observations indicate that melting beneath ridges begins at depths approaching 300 km, but the cause of this melting has remained unclear. Here we determine the solidus of carbonated peridotite from 3 to 10 GPa and demonstrate that melting beneath ridges may occur at depths up to 330 km, producing 0.03-0.3% carbonatite liquid. We argue that these melts promote recrystallization and realignment of the mineral matrix, which may explain the geophysical observations. Extraction of incipient carbonatite melts from deep within the oceanic mantle produces an abundant source of metasomatic fluids and a vast mantle residue depleted in highly incompatible elements and fractionated in key parent-daughter elements. We infer that carbon, helium, argon and highly incompatible heat-producing elements (such as uranium, thorium and potassium) are efficiently scavenged from depths of approximately 200-330 km in the upper mantle.     

Melting of the Earth's inner core

The Earth's magnetic field is generated by a dynamo in the liquid iron core, which convects in response to cooling of the overlying rocky mantle. The core freezes from the innermost surface outward, growing the solid inner core and releasing light elements that drive compositional convection. Mantle convection extracts heat from the core at a rate that has enormous lateral variations. Here we use geodynamo simulations to show that these variations are transferred to the inner-core boundary and can be large enough to cause heat to flow into the inner core. If this were to occur in the Earth, it would cause localized melting. Melting releases heavy liquid that could form the variable-composition layer suggested by an anomaly in seismic velocity in the 150 kilometres immediately above the inner-core boundary. This provides a very simple explanation of the existence of this layer, which otherwise requires additional assumptions such as locking of the inner core to the mantle, translation from its geopotential centre or convection with temperature equal to the solidus but with composition varying from the outer to the inner core. The predominantly narrow downwellings associated with freezing and broad upwellings associated with melting mean that the area of melting could be quite large despite the average dominance of freezing necessary to keep the dynamo going. Localized melting and freezing also provides a strong mechanism for creating seismic anomalies in the inner core itself, much stronger than the effects of variations in heat flow so far considered.     

Excitation of annual polar motion by atmosphere and ocean

The quantitative result of annual polar motion excitation by the ocean is presented for the first time. The atmospheric excitation amounts to more than double of the oceanic excitation. The sum of atmospheric and oceanic excitations approximates more to the observed annual polar motion excitation, compared with atmospheric excitation only. This suggests that the atmosphere and ocean are the main excitation sources of annual polar motion.     

超高斯啁啾脉冲中里德堡钾原子的相干激发

采用含时多态展开方法(TDML),对超高斯频率啁啾的激光场中的里德堡钾原子布居数相干迁移进行了计算研究,结果表明:在合适的激光参数下,采用超高斯啁啾脉冲可以实现布居数在量子态间的有效跃迁.通过对该体系动态Rabi频率的分析,得出:实现布居数囚禁的关键不在于具体Rabi频率的大小,而在于实现Rabi频率的适时跳转.