中国农村人口出行距离分布模型

为研究农村人口日常出行距离分布特征,通过实地问卷调查获得农村样本人口出行数据库,结合统计理论,推导出农村人口出行距离分布函数模型,在分析分布函数参数对模型影响的基础上,使用不同省份的两地区农村人口出行数据,对模型进行实证研究和参数误差分析。结果表明:农村人口出行距离分布模型绝对误差小于0.10,具有很强的通用性和实用性;不同地区在使用该模型时,可依据本地情况调整函数取值范围,对中短距离出行较多的地区,出行距离累计分布在10 km以内时可适当增大,增大程度控制在0.10以内;而中长距离出行较多的地区,出行距离累计分布在20 km以内时,可减小0.05~0.10。     

考虑车内拥挤状态的公交弹性发车间隔优化

为提高常规公交的出行服务质量，建立了考虑车内拥挤状态的公交弹性发车间隔优化模型.通过量化车内拥挤状态，给出各拥挤状态下的乘车成本;建立了线路各区间的拥挤状态转移函数.考虑乘客的车内拥挤状态感知，建立站点乘客随时间的上下车数量的度量模型;构建乘客出行成本度量模型，以乘客出行成本与车辆运营亏损之和最小化为目标函数，建立了公交弹性发车间隔优化模型;并设计遗传算法对模型进行求解.结果表明:优化模型能够有效降低出行成本.模型对等待成本有着“补短板”效果，对乘车成本有着“削峰”效果，即通过增加乘客到站量小站点的等待成本，降低乘客到站量大站点的等待成本，削弱乘车成本峰值的手段，达到总成本最低的效果.     

宜春市公交需求发展预测研究

公共交通需求分析预测是公交网络规划的重要组成部分,合理的公交需求预测是公交网络优化的基础,公共交通基础设施的发展与建设是以满足城市居民的日常工作生活出行为基本出发点,因而以现状公交基础设施、公交客流分布和城市发展规划为基础,对宜春市公交需求发展做出合理的预测,是宜春市公交线网优化方案科学制定的基础保障。针对公交网络优化这一实际情况,提出了用四阶段法预测未来特征年公交需求预测的方法。通过分析公交出行od,得出公交出行发生量和吸引量;建立各小区基准年的公交发生量、吸引量与人口、岗位之间的函数关系,结合宜春市公交网络优化实例来验证模型的实用性。     

最大熵模型在公共交通分布预测中的应用

探讨了在无现状起讫点矩阵(O-D矩阵)的情况下如何应用最大熵模型较好地描述公交出行分布。利用公交定位技术和收费系统的有效信息,以乘客公交出行距离分布为约束条件,将对应状态数最多的出行分布视为预测的出行分布,以乘客的微观行为来反映公交分布的宏观状态。提出改进后熵模型的参数标定方法;并通过实例分析与佐佐木模型的预测结果进行比较,结果表明改进后的最大熵模型适用性较强,在公共交通分布预测中有很好的应用前景。     

基于综合交通运输体系的公路网络配流

通过对国内外公路网交通量预测方法的分析,指出了传统方法的弊端;基于综合交通运输体系的特点,从用户出行需求的角度出发,对综合交通运输体系进行了体系的界定和网络定义分析;采用层次分析法,提出了基于用户出行需求的方式吸引函数,建立了综合交通运输体系网络交通分配模型,给出了交通量分配的流程,并结合实例验证．新方法从理论上实现了基于综合交通运输体系的公路网络配流．     

基于改进断裂点理论的机场吸引范围界定

合理界定机场吸引范围,是构建坚固民航运输网络的关键环节。现有的机场吸引范围界定方法,很少考虑与其衔接的地面交通网络,以及旅客出行偏好的影响。为提高机场吸引范围的实用性,本文以城市断裂点理论为基础,对其中的重要参数予以改进。首先,以综合交通运输为背景,指出发达的公路和铁路运输网络对民用机场具有很大的竞争与促进作用,并提出以地面交通出行时间为量化标准的吸引范围界定方法。然后,为分析旅客出行偏好的行为机理,针对于与机场衔接的地面交通网络来建立离散选择模型。其次,将研究区域的机场所在城市看作是一个整体,运用专家评价法和熵权法综合确定机场的吸引规模,并通过机场吞吐量与城市对外出行总量针对机场规模进行修正。最后,通过算例验证改进模型的实际可操作性,为确定多机场系统吸引范围界定提供新的思路和方法。     

基于GIS的公交乘客出行路径选择模型

公交乘客出行路径选择模型是公交乘客信息系统的关键技术。本文通过对公交乘客出行心理的研究,结合地理信息系统（GIS）的特点,提出了以换乘次数最少为首要目标、出行距离最短为第二目标的基本GIS的公交乘客出行路径选择模型。为提高路径搜索效率,模型中提出了GIS方向估价函数的概念。在南京市实际公交网络上的试算结果表明该模型实用、高效。     

高峰期轨道交通廊道出行均衡模型及算法

为了指导城市轨道交通运营、规划及管理,在考虑轨道车厢内拥挤和早到与晚到成本的情况下,通过建立轨道交通廊道中的出行动态均衡模型,研究了模型算法以及出行时间价值对乘客出行分布的影响.如果乘客通过权衡拥挤成本与延误成本,选择最佳轨道班次使得个人出行总成本最小,那么会达到出行成本的用户均衡状态.基于Frank-Wolfe算法迭代计算轨道交通廊道中用户出行时间分布均衡解.结果 表明,均衡状态时,不同讫点的乘客连续分布在不同班次之间,人数分别在各自误时成本最小的车次上达到峰值;晚到成本增大到一定程度时,没有乘客选择晚到的班次;减少单位早到误时成本时,乘客只权衡拥挤成本来选择班次.研究结果不仅对轨道交通管理有一定理论意义,也对个人出行选择行为有一定的实践指导意义.     

基于NL模型的北京公共交通票价对出行方式影响研究

利用SP(stated preference)调查挖掘了更多乘客选择出行方式时关注的因素,对比研究了MNL(multinomial logit)与NL(nest logit)模型机理,构建了更具适用性的交通方式选择NL模型,以北京市为例验证了模型的可靠性。应用模型分别探究了常规公交及地铁票价变化对乘客交通方式选择的影响。结果表明,随着常规公交票价的增加,0~10 km范围内常规公交出行者向私家车转移,10 km以上则会选择地铁出行;而随着地铁票价的增加,地铁出行方式的分担率明显下降,并导致公共交通分担率的下降。通过探究公共交通票价变化对乘客出行方式选择的影响,为北京市公共交通票价调整提出合理建议。     

基于IC卡信息的公交客流Origin-destination反推方法

公交客流起止点(origin-destination,OD)矩阵是公交线路调整和优化的重要依据,通过公交IC(integrated-circuit)卡信息获得的数据研究了公交出行的特征.以公交站点上下客人数为约束条件提出了综合考虑了公交乘客上下车概率与公交站点产生吸引因素的反推模型,实例分析表明该方法能显著提高反推的精度,反推结果更具可靠性.     

盾构机密封舱渣土非线性本构模型参数识别

根据密封舱改性渣土的三轴压缩实验数据,建立了基于优化方法的Duncan-Chang双曲线本构模型参数反演方法。为了解决参数识别反问题解的不稳定性问题,在Gauss-Newton优化迭代算法的基础上,提出了正则化参数反演方法。实际应用结果表明,所提出的反演方法具有较快的收敛速度和较强的鲁棒性,预测的实验模型变形与实验值吻合较好。     

Preparation of Al<Subscript>72</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>8</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>8</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>6</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>3</Subscript>Y<Subscript>3</Subscript> amorphous powders and bulk materials

Amorphous Al₇₂Ni₈Ti₈Zr₆Nb₃Y₃ powders were successfully fabricated by mechanical alloying. The microstructure, glass-forming ability, and crystallization behavior of amorphous Al₇₂Ni₈Ti₈Zr₆Nb₃Y₃ powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The isothermal crystallization kinetics was analyzed by the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation. In the results, the supercooled liquid region of the amorphous alloy is as high as 81 K, as determined by non-isothermal DSC curves. The activation energy for crystallization is as high as 312.6 kJ·mol?1 obtained by Kissinger and Ozawa analyses. The values of Avrami exponent (n) imply that the crystallization is dominated by interface-controlled three-dimensional growth in the early stage and the end stage and by diffusion-controlled two- or three-dimensional growth in the middle stage. In addition, the amorphous Al₇₂Ni₈Ti₈Zr₆Nb₃Y₃ powders were sintered under 2 GPa at temperatures of 673 K and 723 K. The results show that the Vickers hardness of the compacted powders is as high as Hv 1215.     

Kinetic parameters of oscillating reaction of amino acid- BrO3^——Mn^2＋-H2SO4-acetone system

In the previous papers[1—3], the oscillating reactionusing amino acids as organic substrates was studied. Inorder to obtain information about the kinetic parameters ofoscillating reaction of amino acids in amino acid- BrO3 - ?Mn2 -H2SO4-acetone sy…     

Electrochemical properties of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.3</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> cells

Spinel compounds LiNi_0.5Mn_1.3Ti_0.2O₄ (LNMTO) and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) were synthesized by different methods. The particle sizes of LNMTO and LTO are 0.5–2 and 0.5–0.8 μm, respectively. The LNMTO/LTO cell exhibits better electrochemical properties at both a low current rate of 0.2C and a high current rate of 1C. When the specific capacity was determined based on the mass of the LNMTO cathode, the LNMTO/LTO cell delivered 137 mA·h·g⁻¹ at 0.2C and 118.2 mA·h·g⁻¹ at 1C, and the corresponding capacity retentions after 30 cycles are 88.5% and 92.4%, respectively.     

Acid etching process for fabrication of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8＋x stack

We adopted a new method, acid etching process, to fabricate the intrinsic Josephson junctions based on the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 x single crystals. By soaking the crystals into the dilute hydrochloric acid, we fabricated a junction stack successfully, and meantime made the surrounding area insulated. A certain concentration of hydrochloric acid was used to maintain the roughness of the modified layer. The cur-rent-voltage characteristic was achieved through the four terminal measurement. We could control the junctions' number by changing the concentration and the soaking time. We also found that the thick-ness of the stack was equal to the average height of the insulation layer. Such a simple, convenient and controllable fabrication method with a high yield might widen the applications of the intrinsic Joseph-son junctions.     

基于遗传算法的带附加气室空气悬架多目标优化

以带附加气室的空气弹簧悬架为研究对象,按照物理模型建立带附加气室空气弹簧的数学模型,考虑到空气弹簧刚度的非线性,将该模型以空气弹簧非线性力的形式直接引入到1/4车辆模型。以提高车辆平顺性、行驶安全性及操纵稳定性的综合性能为目标,以附加气室容积为优化变量,设计带附加气室空气悬架的多目标优化模型;考虑到悬架性能各指标量在量纲与量级上的差异,对各指标量进行统一化处理,并采用线性加权和法将多目标函数转化为单目标评价函数。在MAT-LAB/Simulink中搭建系统仿真模型,采用遗传优化算法对典型工况下的最优附加气室容积进行寻优。优化结果表明,优化附加气室容积能有效提高悬架的综合性能,降低车身加速度、悬架动行程,但轮胎动载荷有所增加。     

Rolling-induced microstructure change in Zr_（65）Al_（7.5）Ni_（10）Cu_（12.5）Ag_5 bulk metallic glass

The microstructures and free-volume evolutions of as-cast and pre-annealed Zr65Al7.5Ni10Cu12.5Ag5 bulk metallic glasses during rolling deformation have been investigated. No phase transformation is detected in the as-cast/rolled specimen. However,the structural stability of the glass against plastic deformation is worse after pre-annealing,indicated by nanocrystallization in preannealed/rolled specimens with large deformation degrees. Moreover,with increasing deformation degree,the free-volume content in a pre-annealed/rolled specimen increases at a lower average rate than that in an as-cast/rolled specimen.     

Synthesis, Characterization and Calorimetry of Ni（C4H8N2O3）2Cl2

A coordination complex was synthesized from NiCl2 and dipeptide glycylglycine（GG）. It was characterized by element analysis, NMR and TG methods, and then was determined to be Ni（C4HsN2O3）2Cl2. Using an isoperibolic reaction calorimeter, the standard molar enthalpy of formation of Ni（GG）2Cl2（solid） has been determined to be -（1 674.66±2.02） kJ · mol^-1 at 298.15 K.     

Work toughening effect in Zr_（41）Ti_（14）Cu_（12.5）Ni_（10）Be_（22.5） bulk metallic glass

Work hardening is a well-known phenomenon occurring in crystalline metals during deformation,which has been widely used to increase the strength of metals although their ductility is usually reduced simultaneously. Here we report that the plastic strain of Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (at.%) bulk metallic glasses has been increased from 0.3% for the as-cast sample to 2.5%-8.0% for samples that have experienced pre-deformation under constrained conditions. The pre-deformed glassy alloys possess more free volume and abundant introduced shear bands,which are believed to promote the activation of shear bands in post-deformation and result in an increase in plasticity. The orientation of the pre-introduced shear bands relative to the loading direction will affect the deformation behavior of pre-deformed samples. The present results show that pre-deformation of this glassy alloy will result in work toughening. This work toughening effect can be removed by isothermal annealing at a sub-Tg (glass transition) temperature,which causes annihilation of free volume and healing of shear bands.     

Mutagenesis of Ser24 of Cytochrome b559 α Subunit Affects PSII Acitivies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

In order to study the functions of cytochrome b559 (Cyt b559) in photosystem two (PSII) activity, mutant S24F of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was constructed using site directed mutagenesis, in which Serine24 (Ser24) locating downstream of Histidine23 (His23) in α subunit of Cyt b559 was replaced by Phenylalanine (Phe). Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that mutant S24F could be grown photoautotrophically or photoheterotrophically. However, their growth rate was slower either on HSM or TAP medium than that of the control; Analysis of PSII activity revealed that its oxygen evolution was about 71% of wild type (WT); The Photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) of S24F was reduced 0.23 compared with WT; S24F was more sensitive to strong light irradiance than the wild type; Furthermore, SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting analysis indicated that the expression levels of α subunit of Cyt b559, LHCII and PsbO of S24F were a little less than those of the wild type. Overall, these data suggests that Ser24 plays a significant role in making Cyt b559 structure maintain PSII complex activity of oxygen evolution although it is not directly bound to heme group.