Co/Al_2O_3催化剂在Fischer—Topsch合成中的结构敏感性及其对产品分布的影响

Co/Al_2O_3催化剂在Fischer—Tropsch合成中的活性和选择性随着金属负载量、制备方法及予处理条件的不同而变化。这种变化和分散度之间的依赖关系以及补偿效应的存在都说明:Co/Al_2O_3催化剂在Fischer—Tropsch合成中是个结构敏感性的催化体系。催化活性随分散度的变化主要是由于在催化剂表面上活性中心配位数分布及CO吸附性质的变化所造成的,而平均碳链长度主要由链生长速率和链终止速率来决定。当催化剂的表面活性中心有着较高的配位数排列及较强的吸附性能时将会产生高的活性,而链生长速率较高且链终止速率较低时将会得到高分子量的产品。     

Effects of the steel gene product on mouse primordial germ cells in culture.

Mutations at the steel (sl) and dominant white spotting (W) loci in the mouse affect primordial germ cells (PGC), melanoblasts and haemopoietic stem cells. The W gene encodes a cell-surface receptor of the tyrosine kinase family, the proto-oncogene c-kit. In situ analysis has shown c-kit messenger RNA expression in PGC in the early genital ridges. The Sl gene encodes the ligand for this receptor, a peptide growth factor, called here stem cell factor (SCF). SCF mRNA is expressed in many regions of the early mouse embryo, including the areas of migration of these cell types. It is important now to identify the role of the Sl-W interaction in the development of these migratory embryonic stem cell populations. Using an in vitro assay system, we show that SCF increases both the overall numbers and colony sizes of migratory PGC isolated from wild-type mouse embryos, and cultured on irradiated feeder layers of STO cells (a mouse embryonic fibroblast line). In the absence of feeder cells, SCF causes a large increase in the initial survival and apparent motility of PGC in culture. But labelling with bromodeoxyuridine shows that SCF is not, by itself, a mitogen for PGC. SCF does not exert a chemotropic effect on PGC in in vitro assays. These results suggest that SCF in vivo is an essential requirement for PGC survival. This demonstrates the control of the early germ-line population by a specific trophic factor.     

糠醛在碳纳米管修饰电极上的电化学行为

采用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺分散碳纳米管（CNT）,制备碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极．运用循环伏安法和Tafel曲线法,研究了糠醛在碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为．实验结果表明：在浓度为0．1mol／L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液（pH6．8）中,碳纳米管修饰电极对糠醛具有良好的催化作用．在扫速为50-1000mV／s的范围内,糠醛的还原峰电流与扫速的平方根成良好的线性关系,表明糠醛在碳纳米管修饰电极上的氧化还原过程是受扩散控制的．在pH值为4-10的范围内,随着pH值的增大,糠醛的还原峰电位逐渐负移．通过Tafel曲线、峰电位与pH值的线性关系,计算得到电化学过程中参加反应的电子数为2,质子数为1,电极反应的电子转移系数为0．644．     

Reversal of the net dinitrogen gas flux in coastal marine sediments

The flux of nitrogen from land and atmosphere to estuaries and the coastal ocean has increased substantially in recent decades. The observed increase in nitrogen loading is caused by population growth, urbanization, expanding water and sewer infrastructure, fossil fuel combustion and synthetic fertilizer consumption. Most of the nitrogen is removed by denitrification in the sediments of estuaries and the continental shelf, leading to a reduction in both cultural eutrophication and nitrogen pollution of the open ocean. Nitrogen fixation, however, is thought to be a negligible process in sub-tidal heterotrophic marine systems. Here we report sediment core data from Narragansett Bay, USA, which demonstrate that heterotrophic marine sediments can switch from being a net sink to being a net source of nitrogen. Mesocosm and core incubation experiments, together with a historic data set of mean annual chlorophyll production, support the idea that a climate-induced decrease in primary production has led to a decrease in organic matter deposition to the benthos and the observed reversal of the net sediment nitrogen flux. Our results suggest that some estuaries may no longer remove nitrogen from the water column. Instead, nitrogen could be exported to the continental shelf and the open ocean and could shift the effect of anthropogenic nitrogen loading beyond the immediate coastal zone.     

Deep sub-seafloor prokaryotes stimulated at interfaces over geological time

The sub-seafloor biosphere is the largest prokaryotic habitat on Earth but also a habitat with the lowest metabolic rates. Modelled activity rates are very low, indicating that most prokaryotes may be inactive or have extraordinarily slow metabolism. Here we present results from two Pacific Ocean sites, margin and open ocean, both of which have deep, subsurface stimulation of prokaryotic processes associated with geochemical and/or sedimentary interfaces. At 90 m depth in the margin site, stimulation was such that prokaryote numbers were higher (about 13-fold) and activity rates higher than or similar to near-surface values. Analysis of high-molecular-mass DNA confirmed the presence of viable prokaryotes and showed changes in biodiversity with depth that were coupled to geochemistry, including a marked community change at the 90-m interface. At the open ocean site, increases in numbers of prokaryotes at depth were more restricted but also corresponded to increased activity; however, this time they were associated with repeating layers of diatom-rich sediments (about 9 Myr old). These results show that deep sedimentary prokaryotes can have high activity, have changing diversity associated with interfaces and are active over geological timescales.     

用数学形态学识别核态沸腾中的汽化核心密度

运用数学形态学提出了一种识别核态沸腾中高热流密度下汽化核心密度的算法．分析了在核态沸腾中,当气泡成长时,由于气泡底部的微液层蒸发,使气泡底部壁面处的温度低于其周围的温度,致使在反映加热壁面温度分布的红外图像中,灰度明显低于其周围像素灰度的像素组成的像素团,即对应于沸腾过程中的汽化核心的位置．该方法避免了气泡合并对汽化核心密度识别造成的困难,可以从红外图像中识别出这些像素团,其数量等于汽化核心的数量,对不同热流密度下的汽化核心密度进行了计算．     

Demographic compensation and tipping points in climate-induced range shifts

To persist, species are expected to shift their geographical ranges polewards or to higher elevations as the Earth's climate warms. However, although many species' ranges have shifted in historical times, many others have not, or have shifted only at the high-latitude or high-elevation limits, leading to range expansions rather than contractions. Given these idiosyncratic responses to climate warming, and their varied implications for species' vulnerability to climate change, a critical task is to understand why some species have not shifted their ranges, particularly at the equatorial or low-elevation limits, and whether such resilience will last as warming continues. Here we show that compensatory changes in demographic rates are buffering southern populations of two North American tundra plants against the negative effects of a warming climate, slowing their northward range shifts, but that this buffering is unlikely to continue indefinitely. Southern populations of both species showed lower survival and recruitment but higher growth of individual plants, possibly owing to longer, warmer growing seasons. Because of these and other compensatory changes, the population growth rates of southern populations are not at present lower than those of northern ones. However, continued warming may yet prove detrimental, as most demographic rates that improved in moderately warmer years declined in the warmest years, with the potential to drive future population declines. Our results emphasize the need for long-term, range-wide measurement of all population processes to detect demographic compensation and to identify nonlinear responses that may lead to sudden range shifts as climatic tipping points are exceeded.     

基于位置关联性打分方程的人类转录因子结合位点的预测(英文)

转录因子结合位点的识别是阐明基因转录调控机制的重要环节,准确的转录因子结合位点的预测算法将有助于人们识别转录因子的目标基因,进而研究转录因子结合位点在上游调控区中的位置对转录调控的影响.然而,目前存在的预测转录因子结合位点的算法所得结果的特异性普遍较低,因此有必要提出一种新的有效的预测转录因子结合位点的算法.本文利用JASPAR数据库上的数据,在深入分析转录因子结合位点生物学特征的基础上,构建了考虑位点保守性和伪计数的位置关联性打分方程.预测结果表明,在最佳阈值之下,该算法对转录因子结合位点的假阳率低于0.01%.     

靖海湾三疣梭子蟹增殖放流资源量贡献率的调查研究

利用扫海面积法对2010—2012年靖海湾三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)本底资源量和放流后资源增加量进行估算,分析了放流种群和自然种群的比例及放流苗种的阶段性成活率.调查结果表明:2010—2012年,靖海湾三疣梭子蟹放流后10 d左右,海域中三疣梭子蟹资源量分别达到342.9万只、285.67万只和571.5万只;放流种群占总资源量比例分别为62.5%、85.0%和92.5%;放流苗种的阶段成活率分别为34.3%、37.0%和31.2%.     

基于模糊逻辑控制的VoIP抖动缓冲控制算法

抖动缓冲区大小是影响基于IP的语音传输(voice over internet protocol,VoIP)语音质量的重要因素之一.为减小缓冲区时延与丢包,提高VoIP的语音质量,提出一种基于模糊逻辑控制的自适应抖动缓冲控制算法.通过监测语音包缓冲时延的长、短时变化,并制定了缓冲时延与缓冲区调节值之间的模糊控制规则,自适应调节缓冲区大小,在避免丢包的前提下,使缓冲时延最小化.仿真结果表明,该算法能有效降低VoIP的缓冲时延,相比传统的抖动缓冲自适应算法,所取得的平均缓冲时延更小,在网络突发前后收敛速度更快,具有较强的稳定性和跟踪性,可以适用于各种复杂网络环境的VoIP通信中.     

Regulation of AMPA receptor lateral movements

An essential feature in the modulation of the efficacy of synaptic transmission is rapid changes in the number of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors at post-synaptic sites on neurons. Regulation of receptor endo- and exocytosis has been shown to be involved in this process. Whether regulated lateral diffusion of receptors in the plasma membrane also participates in receptor exchange to and from post-synaptic sites remains unknown. We analysed the lateral mobility of native AMPA receptors containing the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 in rat cultured hippocampal neurons, using single-particle tracking and video microscopy. Here we show that AMPA receptors alternate within seconds between rapid diffusive and stationary behaviour. During maturation of neurons, stationary periods increase in frequency and length, often in spatial correlation with synaptic sites. Raising intracellular calcium, a central element in synaptic plasticity, triggers rapid receptor immobilization and local accumulation on the neuronal surface. We suggest that calcium influx prevents AMPA receptors from diffusing, and that lateral receptor diffusion to and from synaptic sites acts in the rapid and controlled regulation of receptor numbers at synapses.     

CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis

Macrophages, which are abundant in the tumour microenvironment, enhance malignancy. At metastatic sites, a distinct population of metastasis-associated macrophages promotes the extravasation, seeding and persistent growth of tumour cells. Here we define the origin of these macrophages by showing that Gr1-positive inflammatory monocytes are preferentially recruited to pulmonary metastases but not to primary mammary tumours in mice. This process also occurs for human inflammatory monocytes in pulmonary metastases of human breast cancer cells. The recruitment of these inflammatory monocytes, which express CCR2 (the receptor for chemokine CCL2), as well as the subsequent recruitment of metastasis-associated macrophages and their interaction with metastasizing tumour cells, is dependent on CCL2 synthesized by both the tumour and the stroma. Inhibition of CCL2-CCR2 signalling blocks the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, inhibits metastasis in vivo and prolongs the survival of tumour-bearing mice. Depletion of tumour-cell-derived CCL2 also inhibits metastatic seeding. Inflammatory monocytes promote the extravasation of tumour cells in a process that requires monocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor. CCL2 expression and macrophage infiltration are correlated with poor prognosis and metastatic disease in human breast cancer. Our data provide the mechanistic link between these two clinical associations and indicate new therapeutic targets for treating metastatic breast cancer.     

贫困人口对易地扶贫搬迁的满意度评价及影响因素研究——以西藏易地扶贫搬迁为例

 贫困人口满意度评价可反映易地扶贫搬迁实施的效果,关系到扶贫攻坚任务的顺利进行。基于西藏1739户易地扶贫搬迁农户的调研数据,运用有序Logit模型研究了贫困人口对易地扶贫搬迁政策的满意度及影响因素,并分析了各因素的边际效应。结果表明：是否征求意见、住房改善、收入增加、生活水平提高、与当地村民关系等变量对贫困人口的满意度评价存在显著的正向影响。因而扶贫搬迁中提升易地搬迁农户的住房条件、拓展收入渠道、提高生活水平、提升农户参与度有利于搬迁户更好地融入搬迁社区,有助于易地搬迁目标的实现。     

复杂供应链网络资源传输数据自动调度方法

为了解决传统方法实时性较差、公平性极低、容易造成复杂供应链网络崩溃,以及无法有效调度拥塞情况下数据,导致调度性能下降的问题。研究了一种新的复杂供应链网络资源传输数据自动调度方法。分析了传输数据过程中出现数据包乱序现象的原因,发现在复杂供应链网络出现拥塞的情况下,拥塞部分和网络路由部分会出现很大的改变。针对拥塞部分进行调度时,对数据传输过程中拥塞状态下数据调度问题进行描述。结合公平性考虑,通过粒子群算法进行求解。针对路由部分进行调度时,考虑带宽预测与前向传输时延。对各子路径接收端成功接收数据包数量进行预测,依据子路径往返时延,完成对子路径的排序,按照顺序调度数据传输。在出现丢包情况时,通过最大ssthresh优先法对丢包重传路径进行选择。结果表明:所提方法可动态自适应调度不同路径的传输数据,分配比率相对稳定;接收缓存空闲空间变化较少,乱序数据包数量明显降低,拥塞窗口数量最低;公平性因子值明显低于其他方法。可见所提方法调度性能优,可达到复杂供应链网络资源传输数据调度要求。     

21世纪广东贫困山区城市化问题的探讨--梅州城市化进程的个案研究

地区发展的不均衡性是广东城市化发展的一个重要特征．加速贫困山区城市化进程是广东实现现代化的战略任务．广东贫困山区尽管城市化水平低，但仍具有较强的城市化潜能．人口异地城市化是贫困山区人口实现城市化的另一方式，也是广东贫困山区城市化的一个重要特征．文章在以梅州城市化进程的个案研究基础上，探讨了21世纪广东贫困山区城市化进程中的发展动力问题和人口异地城市化的影响．     

Survival variability and population density in fish populations

To understand the processes that regulate the abundance and persistence of wild populations is a fundamental goal of ecology and a prerequisite for the management of living resources. Variable abundance data, however, make the demonstration of regulation processes challenging. A previously overlooked aspect in understanding how populations are regulated is the possibility that the pattern of variability--its strength as a function of population size--may be more than 'noise', thus revealing much about the characteristics of population regulation. Here we show that patterns in survival variability do provide evidence of regulation through density. Using a large, global compilation of marine, anadromous and freshwater fisheries data, we examine the relationship between the variability of survival and population abundance. The interannual variability in progeny survival increases at low adult abundance in an inversely density-dependent fashion. This pattern is consistent with models in which density dependence enters after the larval stage. The findings are compatible with very simple forms of density dependence: even a linear increase of juvenile mortality with adult density adequately explains the results. The model predictions explain why populations with strong regulation may experience large increases in variability at low densities. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between survival variability and the strength of density dependence has important consequences for fisheries management and recovery, and population persistence or extinction.     

机场选址对候鸟影响评价研究-以大连为例

在机场建设及运营过程中,不可避免地会对周围环境产生一定的影响,尤其是对候鸟迁徙、栖息等活动造成的生态损失更为明显。目前有关此类研究多为在机场运营时如何驱赶鸟类,较少考虑在机场建设选址初期如何规避对鸟类的影响。针对这一问题,根据候鸟的迁徙规律,通过对大连现有机场及迁建机场周边候鸟的调查,建立了评价指标体系,开展了机场建设选址的不同方案对候鸟迁徒影响的评价对比研究。结果显示,大连扩建机场选址对候鸟种群影响的评价分值为11.33,海上机场选址为8.87,相对减少了21%,说明海上机场方案对候鸟迁徙的影响小于扩建现有机场方案,因而从减少对鸟类影响角度出发应为首选。本文思路和评价方法可为机场选址论证提供借鉴。     

New 'phantom' dinoflagellate is the causative agent of major estuarine fish kills.

A worldwide increase in toxic phytoplankton blooms over the past 20 years has coincided with increasing reports of fish diseases and deaths of unknown cause. Among estuaries that have been repeatedly associated with unexplained fish kills on the western Atlantic Coast are the Pamlico and Neuse Estuaries of the southeastern United States. Here we describe a new toxic dinoflagellate with 'phantom-like' behaviour that has been identified as the causative agent of a significant portion of the fish kills in these estuaries, and which may also be active in other geographic regions. The alga requires live finfish or their fresh excreta for excystment and release of a potent toxin. Low cell densities cause neurotoxic signs and fish death, followed by rapid algal encystment and dormancy unless live fish are added. This dinoflagellate was abundant in the water during major fish kills in local estuaries, but only while fish were dying; within several hours of death where carcasses were still present, the flagellated vegetative algal population had encysted and settled back to the sediments. Isolates from each event were highly lethal to finfish and shellfish in laboratory bioassays. Given its broad temperature and salinity tolerance, and its stimulation by phosphate enrichment, this toxic phytoplankter may be a widespread but undetected source of fish mortality in nutrient-enriched estuaries.     

基于随机 SEIR 模型比较不同筛查频率的核酸筛查效果

为了比较西安疫情期间两种核酸筛查频率的清零效果,提出了改进的随机 SEIR 模型,使用这种模型模拟疫 情的变化过程,然后分析比较一天一次核酸和三天一次核酸两者的清零效果;该模型加入了核酸筛查效果,建立了 考虑核酸筛查的随机 SEIR 模型,然后根据每日社区(不含隔离管控区域)新增患者人数使用线性回归对参数进行 求解,利用小批量随机梯度下降法和余弦调节器对参数的求解过程优化,最后利用参数和模型模拟疫情的发展变 化;对比模型一天一次核酸筛查阳性数量和实际数量,发现两者数量基本一致,所以该随机 SEIR 模型能够较好地 模拟疫情的变化;使用该随机 SEIR 模型模拟一天一次核酸筛查和三天一次核酸筛查,并且计算一天一次核酸筛查 和三天一次核酸筛查的核酸检测成本以及患者(仅计算核酸筛查发现和发病人群)的治疗费用,结果发现社区一天 一次核酸筛查比三天一次核酸筛查拥有更好的清零效果,而且一天一次核酸筛查的成本更低。     

Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition

Most terrestrial carbon sequestration at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere occurs in seasonal, montane forest ecosystems. Winter respiratory carbon dioxide losses from these ecosystems are high, and over half of the carbon assimilated by photosynthesis in the summer can be lost the following winter. The amount of winter carbon dioxide loss is potentially susceptible to changes in the depth of the snowpack; a shallower snowpack has less insulation potential, causing colder soil temperatures and potentially lower soil respiration rates. Recent climate analyses have shown widespread declines in the winter snowpack of mountain ecosystems in the western USA and Europe that are coupled to positive temperature anomalies. Here we study the effect of changes in snow cover on soil carbon cycling within the context of natural climate variation. We use a six-year record of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in a subalpine forest to show that years with a reduced winter snowpack are accompanied by significantly lower rates of soil respiration. Furthermore, we show that the cause of the high sensitivity of soil respiration rate to changes in snow depth is a unique soil microbial community that exhibits exponential growth and high rates of substrate utilization at the cold temperatures that exist beneath the snow. Our observations suggest that a warmer climate may change soil carbon sequestration rates in forest ecosystems owing to changes in the depth of the insulating snow cover.