慢性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆功能及海马和前额叶皮层BDNF表达的影响

采用多因素慢性应激动物模型,通过Morris水迷宫测试小鼠空间学习记忆能力;采用免疫组织化学方法检测脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）在海马和前额叶皮层的表达．结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组小鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显下降（P〈0．01）;应激组小鼠海马CA1区、齿状回和前额叶皮层BDNF表达明显下降（P〈0．01）;停止应激后一周,应激组小鼠BDNF在各脑区的表达有一定恢复,但与对照组相比,仍有显著性差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）．结果表明,慢性应激导致小鼠空间学习记忆功能的损伤可能与BDNF表达的下调密切相关．     

慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及星形胶质细胞的变化

目的:研究酒精致大鼠学习记忆障碍与星形胶质细胞变化的关系。方法:将24只雄性Wister大鼠随机均分成对照组和酒精中毒组,酒精中毒组大鼠隔日胃内注入含酒精(2.5g/kg)的蒸馏水2ml共90d,对照组则注入不含酒精的蒸馏水2ml。然后采用Morris水迷宫和免疫组织化学技术,分析大鼠学习记忆能力的变化和额叶皮层、海马星形胶质细胞的改变。结果:酒精中毒组大鼠Morris水迷宫潜伏期明显延长,额叶皮层和海马的星形胶质细胞数目反应性增生。结论:酒精致大鼠学习记忆能力障碍与星形胶质细胞的改变有关。     

淫羊藿黄酮对APP转基因小鼠学习记忆及β-amyloid生成的影响

观察不同月龄APP(amyloid precursor protein)转基因模型小鼠学习记忆功能的改变,以及中药有效部位淫羊藿黄酮对10月龄转基因小鼠学习记忆功能和脑内APP、BACE的表达及β-淀粉样肽(β-amyloid,Aβ)生成及含量的影响.用药组小鼠自4月龄开始灌胃给予淫羊藿黄酮小(0.03 g·kg-1/d)、大剂量(0.1 g·kg-1/d)6个月至10月龄,正常对照组、转基因阴性对照组及模型组以同样方式灌胃给予蒸馏水.应用Morris水迷宫和物体识别方法测试小鼠学习记忆能力,应用免疫组化学及Western Blot方法分别检测海马CA1区及皮层中APP、BACE的表达,采用双抗体夹心ELISA试剂盒测定海马中不溶性Aβ1-42含量.研究结果表明,APP转基因小鼠在4月龄即出现学习记忆能力障碍,在水迷宫实验中,比转基因阴性对照组小鼠潜伏期延长28%(p<0.05).增龄至10月龄,APP转基因小鼠学习记忆能力明显下降,水迷宫潜伏期及游泳距离与转基因阴性对照组的差异分别加大为40%(p<0.01)和35%(p<0.05),物体识别实验中分辨指数的差异为61%(p<0.05).与正常对照组及转基因阴性对照组相比,10月龄转基因模型小鼠海马CA1区及皮层中APP和BACE的表达明显增加,海马中Aβ1-42的含量明显升高.淫羊藿黄酮大剂量可明显改善10月龄APP转基因小鼠Morris水迷宫作业成绩,提高模型鼠物体识别能力,明显减少APP转基因模型小鼠海马和皮层APP及BACE的表达,降低海马Aβ1-42的含量.提示淫羊藿黄酮能改善APP转基因模型小鼠学习记忆能力和减少Aβ经由淀粉源途径生成及含量,对防治AD等神经退行性疾病具有良好的应用前景.     

慢性氟中毒致学习记忆损伤的脑内突触机制

探讨了慢性氟中毒致学习记忆损伤的脑内机制.选用初断乳雄性SD大鼠192只,随机分为4组:1个对照组,饮用自来水;3个分别饮用15,30和60 mg/L Na F溶液的染氟组.染氟期为18月.每3月用开场行为和Morris水迷宫法检测大鼠的学习记忆行为;分别在染氟中期(9月)和染氟结束后(18月)分2批断头处死大鼠,进行脑海马突触体膜流动性和海马CA3区突触后致密蛋白-95(PSD-95)表达水平等检测.结果表明:慢性氟中毒致大鼠自发活动和探究行为显著或极显著抑制,空间学习记忆能力显著下降;脑海马突触膜流动性、PSD-95表达水平均显著下降.提示慢性氟中毒致脑海马突触体膜流动性和突触后致密蛋白-95表达水平的改变可能是慢性氟中毒致学习记忆损伤的脑内突触机制之一.     

β—淀粉样蛋白对大鼠学习记忆的效果

通过检测大鼠学习记忆行为等方法 ,探讨了 β_淀粉样蛋白对大鼠学习记忆的影响 .结果显示 β_AP组大鼠在新异环境中自发活动和探究行为减少 ,Y -迷宫分辨学习记忆减退 ,同时海马SOD活性降低、MDA含量明显增加 ,与对照组比较 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) .结果表明 β_淀粉样蛋白可引起海马内自由基累积和脂质过氧化损伤 ,导致大鼠学习记忆能力明显减退     

β-淀粉样蛋白对大鼠学习记忆的影响

通过检测大鼠学习记忆行为等方法,探讨了β-淀粉样蛋白对大鼠学习记忆的影响.结果显示β-AP组大鼠在新异环境中自发活动和探究行为减少,Y-迷宫分辨学习记忆减退,同时海马SOD活性降低、MDA含量明显增加,与对照组比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05).结果表明β-淀粉样蛋白可引起海马内自由基累积和脂质过氧化损伤,导致大鼠学习记忆能力明显减退.     

枳菊解郁汤对抑郁模型小鼠空间学习记忆及脑内bFGF的影响

目的：探讨枳菊解郁汤对抑郁模型小鼠空间学习记忆的影响及其机制。方法：采用多因素慢性不可预知应激源建立抑郁动物模型,并给予动物不同剂量枳菊解郁汤。通过Morris水迷宫实验,检测各组小鼠空间学习记忆能力的变化;采用免疫组织化学方法检测碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）在脑内的表达。结果：抑郁模型组小鼠空间学习记忆能力明显下降（P〈0．05）;bFGF在前脑皮层和海马CA1,CA3及DG区的表达明显降低（P〈0．05）;与模型组小鼠相比,枳菊解郁汤中剂量组空间学习记忆能力明显增强（P〈0．05）;bFGF在海马的CA1、CA3和DG区及前脑皮层的表达明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论：枳菊解郁汤的抗抑郁作用可能与海马和前脑皮层bFGF表达的上调有关。     

额叶皮层损伤对大鼠基底前脑胆硷能神经元的影响

为探讨前额叶皮层局限性损伤对大鼠学习、记忆功能及基底前脑胆硷能神经元的影响。用外科手术造成大鼠 1侧前额叶皮层局限性损伤后不同时间 ,用Y型迷宫检测学习、记忆功能 ,用组织化学技术检测基底前脑含乙酰胆硷酯酶 (AchE)活性神经元。结果为前额叶皮层损伤后 1周 ,动物学习、记忆功能有所障碍 ,损伤同侧的基底前脑胆硷能神经元有所减少 ,但均无统计学意义。损伤后 2、3、4周 ,动物学习、记忆障碍明显 ,损伤同侧基底前脑胆硷能神经元明显减少 (P <0 .0 5) ,且两者变化相平行。结论为单侧前额叶皮质局限性损伤不仅可引起动物学习、记忆功能障碍 ,且可引起同侧基底前脑胆硷能神经元丢失 ,两者发展且相平行 ,提示基底前脑胆硷能神经元逆行性变性在动物额叶皮层损伤引起的学习、记忆障碍中起作用。     

糖尿病认知功能障碍海马组织蛋白水平研究

糖尿病患者常伴有思维、记忆等认知功能的障碍,而与记忆功能密切相关的海马组织也会发生结构和功能的病理性变化.海马神经元的生理状态受到多条信号通路的调控,其损伤也影响信号通路中关键蛋白的表达水平.对于糖尿病患者,海马组织中此类蛋白表达的异常程度,极大反映了患者认知功能发生障碍的可能性.就糖尿病认知功能障碍海马组织中的上述关键蛋白展开讨论,为糖尿病认知障碍寻找脑内检测标志物奠定理论基础.     

bFGF对慢性应激小鼠学习记忆及海马Ach含量的影响

目的探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(Basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)对慢性应激模型小鼠学习记忆的影响及海马内Ach含量的变化.方法利用不确定应激方法建立慢性应激动物模型,共4周;应激第15天开始每日应激前腹腔注射bFGF,持续15 d;应用跳台法和避暗法观察bFGF对慢性应激小鼠学习记忆的作用;碱羟胺比色法检测乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量.结果 bFGF组小鼠学习记忆能力提高,海马Ach含量增高.结论 bFGF通过增加海马内胆碱能功能,改善慢性应激小鼠学习记忆能力.     

基于大脑不同区域的阿尔茨海默症基因表达数据分析

提出了采用Tukey双权函数作为FastICA(Fast Independent Component Analysis)方法的非线性函数,对阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)多个脑区域基因表达数据进行显著基因提取,揭示其基因表达调控关系.针对传统聚类方法基于全局聚类且只能将某个基因聚类到某一类的缺陷,改进的FastICA方法能够对基因表达数据进行快速有效的双向聚类,能够满足同一个基因可能参与不同信号传导通路的生物特性.同时考虑到人脑中海马区、内嗅皮质区、颞中回及视觉皮层区均与学习与记忆功能密切相关,将算法对多个脑区域进行基因表达调控综合分析.结果表明,大量炎症反应是AD致病的重要因素之一.     

大脑中动脉阻塞模型大鼠不同脑区脑c-fos和HSP70基因的调节

采用 DNA-RNA分子杂交技术研究了大脑中动脉阻塞模型大鼠不同脑区即刻早期反应基因 c-fos和热休克蛋白基因 HSP70的表达。实验结果表明 ,局灶性脑缺血可诱导 c-fos和 HSP70的表达 ;因不同脑区对缺血的敏感度不同 ,c-fos和 HSP70的表达程度及表达时间亦不尽相同 ,c-fos主要在海马和皮层中表达 ,而 HSP70则主要出现在皮层和文体区。结果提示 :c-fos的表达与各脑区的损伤程度有关 ,是脑损伤的早期反应指标之一 ;HSP70则是一种与缺血耐受性有关的保护性蛋白。     

Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons

Working memory represents the ability of the brain to hold externally or internally driven information for relatively short periods of time. Persistent neuronal activity is the elementary process underlying working memory but its cellular basis remains unknown. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that persistent activity is based on synaptic reverberations in recurrent circuits. The entorhinal cortex in the parahippocampal region is crucially involved in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of long-term memory traces for which working memory operations are essential. Here we show that individual neurons from layer V of the entorhinal cortex-which link the hippocampus to extensive cortical regions-respond to consecutive stimuli with graded changes in firing frequency that remain stable after each stimulus presentation. In addition, the sustained levels of firing frequency can be either increased or decreased in an input-specific manner. This firing behaviour displays robustness to distractors; it is linked to cholinergic muscarinic receptor activation, and relies on activity-dependent changes of a Ca2+-sensitive cationic current. Such an intrinsic neuronal ability to generate graded persistent activity constitutes an elementary mechanism for working memory.     

工作记忆编码腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位信号的相位同步分析

研究比较大鼠在静息状态下和工作记忆编码阶段腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位相位同步的变化,分析相位在工作记忆任务相关信息处理中的作用机制。研究数据为6只SD大鼠静息状态和执行Y迷宫空间工作记忆任务时采集的腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层的局部场电位信号,计算两个脑区局部场电位信号之间的加权相位滞后指数值。研究结果表明,与静息状态相比,在工作记忆编码阶段,腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层之间的相位同步性在theta频段选择性地显著增加。腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层theta频段的相位同步是工作记忆编码阶段任务信息处理的一个作用机制。     

Cholinergic-rich brain transplants reverse alcohol-induced memory deficits

Alcohol-induced memory impairment in man has been attributed to deficiencies in subcortical noradrenergic and cholinergic systems, as well as to damage in midbrain structures. Korsakoff's psychosis, a disease in which alcohol poisoning causes apparently irreversible memory defects, is characterized by lesions in cholinergic and noradrenergic nuclei and by a decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the content of noradrenaline (NA) in forebrain areas such as cerebral cortex and hippocampus, innervated by these nuclei. Prolonged intake of ethanol in rodents similarly produces signs of noradrenergic and cholinergic deafferentation in the cortex and hippocampus, as well as persistent memory deficits. To test whether alcohol-induced memory impairments depend on cholinergic deafferentation, we transplanted cholinergic-rich fetal basal forebrain cell suspensions into the cortex and hippocampus of alcohol-treated rats. The substantial and persistent memory losses produced in our rats by ethanol intake were associated with an impairment of cholinergic function, and were reversed by cholinergic-rich transplants into cortex and hippocampus.     

Hippocampal remapping and grid realignment in entorhinal cortex

A fundamental property of many associative memory networks is the ability to decorrelate overlapping input patterns before information is stored. In the hippocampus, this neuronal pattern separation is expressed as the tendency of ensembles of place cells to undergo extensive 'remapping' in response to changes in the sensory or motivational inputs to the hippocampus. Remapping is expressed under some conditions as a change of firing rates in the presence of a stable place code ('rate remapping'), and under other conditions as a complete reorganization of the hippocampal place code in which both place and rate of firing take statistically independent values ('global remapping'). Here we show that the nature of hippocampal remapping can be predicted by ensemble dynamics in place-selective grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex, one synapse upstream of the hippocampus. Whereas rate remapping is associated with stable grid fields, global remapping is always accompanied by a coordinate shift in the firing vertices of the grid cells. Grid fields of co-localized medial entorhinal cortex cells move and rotate in concert during this realignment. In contrast to the multiple environment-specific representations coded by place cells in the hippocampus, local ensembles of grid cells thus maintain a constant spatial phase structure, allowing position to be represented and updated by the same translation mechanism in all environments encountered by the animal.     

Hippocampus-independent phase precession in entorhinal grid cells

Theta-phase precession in hippocampal place cells is one of the best-studied experimental models of temporal coding in the brain. Theta-phase precession is a change in spike timing in which the place cell fires at progressively earlier phases of the extracellular theta rhythm as the animal crosses the spatially restricted firing field of the neuron. Within individual theta cycles, this phase advance results in a compressed replication of the firing sequence of consecutively activated place cells along the animal's trajectory, at a timescale short enough to enable spike-time-dependent plasticity between neurons in different parts of the sequence. The neuronal circuitry required for phase precession has not yet been established. The fact that phase precession can be seen in hippocampal output stuctures such as the prefrontal cortex suggests either that efferent structures inherit the precession from the hippocampus or that it is generated locally in those structures. Here we show that phase precession is expressed independently of the hippocampus in spatially modulated grid cells in layer II of medial entorhinal cortex, one synapse upstream of the hippocampus. Phase precession is apparent in nearly all principal cells in layer II but only sparsely in layer III. The precession in layer II is not blocked by inactivation of the hippocampus, suggesting that the phase advance is generated in the grid cell network. The results point to possible mechanisms for grid formation and raise the possibility that hippocampal phase precession is inherited from entorhinal cortex.