钛合金化过程对钢液洁净度的影响

重点考察了Ti合金化过程中影响Ti收得率的主要因素,并对比分析了Ti合金化前后夹杂物的物相变化及夹杂物的去除效果.控制氧活度a[O]<350×10-6,Al、Ti合金加入时间间隔大于3 min,可以保证Ti收得率>85%;当a[O]>350×10-6时,需控制Al、Ti合金加入时间间隔为5 min以上.相同a[O]和[Al]s情况下,延长Al、Ti加入时间间隔可以有效提高Ti收得率.RH处理过程中,钢包内当量直径>200μm的Al2O3夹杂物在5 min内基本可以上浮去除,但相同尺寸的A-Ti-O复合夹杂的去除时间要比Al2O3长1～2 min.Ti合金加入后,Al2O3夹杂物周围会形成Al-Ti-O的复合夹杂,这些夹杂物的形成降低Ti的收得率.     

帘线钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出

为了充分了解帘线钢中夹杂物,对钢液凝固过程析出夹杂物进行了分析. 结果发现:Al2O3夹杂物在凝固过程中先析出,且Al2O3夹杂物长大的限制性环节为[Al]在钢液中的扩散;当凝固分数为0.44时SiO2开始析出,且SiO2长大的限制性环节为[O]在钢液中的扩散;析出夹杂物的半径随着冷却强度的增大而减小;当冷却速度为100 K·min-1时,凝固末期析出Al2O3夹杂物的半径为2.5 μm,析出复合Al2O3-SiO2夹杂物的半径为4.7 μm;随着凝固的进行,夹杂物中SiO2含量增加,Al2O3含量下降.     

RH纯循环对Ti-IF钢洁净度的影响

利用金属原位分析仪定量分析了过程Al系夹杂的数量,并用一种深度侵蚀的方法观察了夹杂物的三维真实形貌.对过程全氧（T.O）、[N]含量变化进行了跟踪.通过延长RH合金化后的纯循环时间对过程洁净度进行了评价.结果表明：RH在合金化后保持8～10 min的纯循环时间T.O可降低到30×10-6以下;废钢加入会极大影响钢液的洁净度,合金化完毕后应避免废钢加入;加Al 5min后夹杂物数量达到最大,为7.02mm-2,主要为大型的团簇状夹杂,经过纯循环后,夹杂物数量、尺寸均有较大的降低.     

IF钢生产过程非金属夹杂物行为研究

对首钢京唐生产IF钢的同一浇次前2炉的RH精炼、镇静和中间包浇铸过程进行了系统取样,并利用Aspex自动扫描电子显微镜分析统计了钢中夹杂物的成分、尺寸等信息.研究发现,Al2O3-TixO复合夹杂物在Ti合金化和二次氧化的情况下都会生成,并随着精炼的进行逐渐转变为Al2O3,这与热力学计算的结果一致;而Al2O3可以作为Al2O3-TixO的形核核心,形成Al2O3-TixO包裹Al2O3的夹杂物,并且在Al2O3-TixO转变为Al2O3的过程中会导致钢滴进入夹杂物内部,从而形成Al2O3包裹钢滴的夹杂物.     

Al--Ca复合合金钢水脱氧机理的研究

通过Al-Ca复合合金钢水脱氧的平衡热力学计算,确定了钢液的氧的质量分数在3×10-6~1×10-4条件下,1600℃时的Al-Ca复合合金脱氧产物的稳定区域图.以此为基础,假定钙的收得率为100%,预测了钢液在Al-Ca复合合金Ca/Al质量比为5,加入量为M kg;Al-Ca复合合金Ca/Al质量比为0.2,加入量为M kg;Al-Ca复合合金Ca/Al质量比为0.2,加入量为0.2M kg三种不同脱氧制度下夹杂物的演变历程.结果表明,在Ca/Al=5,复合合金加入量使初始钢液中的[Ca]为0.01%,[Al]为0.002%时,夹杂物在钢液精炼过程中的演变历程为:12CaO·7Al2O3(l)/CaO·Al2O3(l)→CaO(s)→12CaO·7Al2O3(l)/CaO·Al2O3(l)→CaO(s)→12CaO·7Al2O3(l)/CaO·Al2O3(l),并确定了固态和液态脱氧产物在脱氧过程中交替形成为最理想的Al-Ca复合合金脱氧制度,可为钢铁企业脱氧剂的选择和应用提供参考和借鉴.     

IF钢中含Ti夹杂物的衍变规律

系统研究了Ti-IF钢冶炼过程和铸坯中含Ti夹杂物的组成、分布与微观形貌,揭示了含Ti夹杂物的衍变规律.热力学分析和实验结果表明:在IF钢冶炼过程中无TiN生成,含Ti夹杂物的存在形式是以TiO₂为主的钛氧化物结合其他氧化物的复合夹杂:而在连铸凝固过程中,由于钢液温度降低和元素的偏析作用,TiN夹杂以异质形核的方式生成.IF钢铸坯中非金属夹杂物主要是大尺寸Al₂O₃颗粒和存在中间过渡层的TiN—Al₂TiO₅-Al₂O₃复合夹杂物,其形核长大过程是[Al]、[Ti]和[O]先在细小的Al₂O₃颗粒上反应生成一层Al₂TiO₅,然后TiN在Al₂TiO₅表面形核长大.根据连铸过程和铸坯中含钛夹杂物的研究得出,Ti-IF钢铸坯中TiN夹杂难以去除,但是可以使其变性以实现对钢中含钛夹杂物的控制.     

气瓶钢精炼过程中的MgO·Al_2O_3夹杂物

研究了EAF-LF-VD-CC流程冶炼气瓶钢30CrMo时精炼过程中含MgO.Al2O3夹杂物的生成和转化,对夹杂物进行了三维分析观察.研究结果表明:LF精炼30min后夹杂物中Mg含量减小,Ca含量增加,MgO.Al2O3夹杂物消失.LF精炼后期Mg含量变化不大,Ca含量减小,未出现MgO.Al2O3夹杂物;VD精炼过程中夹杂物中的Mg含量增加,Ca含量变化不大,重新生成了MgO.Al2O3夹杂物;精炼过程中MgO.Al2O3夹杂物可以向复合夹杂物转变的,但为防止精炼后期MgO.Al2O3夹杂物重新生成必须保证钢液中具有一定的钙含量.     

齿轮钢氧含量及夹杂物控制技术研究

利用热力学软件计算了齿轮钢氧含量与夹杂物成分控制、夹杂物转变条件.结果表明,20CrMoH钢中具有较高塑性的非金属夹杂物成分(质量分数)为:SiO2 0%～10%、Al2O3 22%～55%、CaO 42%～60%、MgO 5%～10%,与之平衡的钢液中铝的质量分数大于0.020%,钙的质量分数大于0.7×10-6,a[O]为0.0005%左右;选择组成为CaO>40%、Al2O3≤37%、MgO10%、(%CaO+%MgO)/%SiO2为10、SiO2含量尽量低的渣系,钢中Al2 O3、MgO.Al2 O3夹杂物可转变为低熔点的钙铝酸盐.试验发现LF和RH精炼结束时钢液T[O]含量均随炉渣碱度增加而降低,采用高Al2O3含量的炉渣对降低T[O]含量有利;精炼过程钢液中夹杂物按"Al2O3系夹杂物→MgO--Al2O3系夹杂物→CaO--MgO--Al2O3系夹杂物"顺序发生转变,其中MgO--Al2 O3系夹杂物向CaO--MgO--Al2 O3系夹杂物的转变是由外向内逐步进行的,转变速度相对较慢;降低T[O]含量有利于生成较低熔点的CaO--MgO--Al2O3系夹杂物.     

1873K下钢液中Ti-Al复合脱氧热力学分析及夹杂物生成

对1873K下钢液中Ti-Al-O系复合夹杂物的形成进行了理论和实验研究. 理论计算和实验结果表明,钢液中Ti-Al-O系的Al-O基本趋于平衡,钢液中自由氧由Al含量控制. Ti-Al-O系复合夹杂物的形成主要由a_(Ti)/a_(Al)值确定. 根据热力学数据计算得出了Ti-Al-O系复合夹杂物(Al_2O_3-Ti_3O_5-Ti_2O_3)的稳定区域;随着a_(Ti)/a_(Al)的增加,夹杂物逐步由Al_2O_3转变为Ti_3O_5夹杂物. 当钢液中自由氧含量较高时容易生成Ti3O5夹杂物. 计算结果和观察到的实验结果一致.     

高品质GCr15轴承钢二次精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律

采用FE-SEM/EDS研究了转炉流程生产的GCr15轴承钢LF、RH精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律,分析了其演变机理。结果表明:钢中复合夹杂物的演变规律可归纳为:Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→(CaO-MgO-Al2O3-(CaS))复合氧化物夹杂和Al2O3→(Al2O3-MnS)→(Al2O3-MnS-Ti(C,N))复合氧硫碳氮物夹杂2种方式。LF精炼过程脱硫作用明显,钢中的硫化物夹杂数量大幅减少。LF精炼初期钢中主要是MnS、Al2O3、TiN的单相夹杂物。LF精炼结束后钢中的夹杂物演变为Al2O3为核心外包氧化物及MnS、TiN、Ti(C,N)、CaS的复合夹杂物。精炼渣中的CaO和耐火材料中的MgO经还原后与钢中溶解氧反应导致LF精炼结束时D类夹杂物增加。RH及软吹处理进一步强化了去除钢中的硫化物,但D类及其与A、T类复合的夹杂物含量增加。在LF阶段,夹杂物尺寸主要集中在1~3μm范围内,到RH阶段,夹杂物尺寸则主要集中分布在小于1μm的粒度范围。最大夹杂物尺寸由10.79μm降到5.68μm,单位面积夹杂个数由372个/mm2降到258个/mm2。RH及软吹处理有效地降低了钢中大于3μm的夹杂物。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that