低合金高速钢回火过程的透射电镜研究

高速钢回火过程中组织变化十分复杂,本文用透射电子显微镜对低合金高速钢W3Mo2Cr4V的回火过程进行了研究。结果表明:该钢560℃回火时主要析出MC型和M_3C型碳化物,其中MC呈盘状,M_3C呈微细粒状,钢中加入硅,显著抑制了合金渗碳体的形成,并加速其向MC和M_7C_3碳化物的转变。     

耐冲击工具钢5Cr8MoVSi热处理过程中组织结构的变化

对5Cr8MoVSi钢热处理工艺研究表明，经840℃退火，碳化物类型以M23C6为主，并有少量的MC和M7C3.淬火组织中剩余碳化物以MC和M7C3为主，M23C6型碳化物在淬火加热时大部分溶解．该钢随淬火加热温度升高，淬火马氏体由板条状和针状马氏体混合组织过渡到以板条状马氏体为主．在沉淀硬化的回火温度(485℃)下，淬火针状马氏体仍显示出原马氏体针；而淬火板条状马氏体的板条状方向性几乎被完全切断，显微组织呈均匀化．该钢在1000～1050℃淬火时，残余奥氏体量为10．7％～12．3％，经485℃一次回火时，残余奥氏体量减少不大，因此，应进行二次或三次回火．淬回火HRC硬度最高为58～60．     

亚温淬火及回火工艺对E550级船板钢组织和性能的影响

以E550级超高强度船板钢为研究对象,采用SEM,TEM分析和力学性能测试等手段,研究了亚温淬火时宽回火温度范围内微观组织和力学性能的演变规律.研究结果表明,试验钢在820℃淬火后由板条马氏体和18.8%体积分数的准多边形铁素体组成.随回火温度升高,马氏体板条逐渐分解转变为回火屈氏体和回火索氏体,其中Fe_3C由薄片状转变为球状,并不断粗化;铁素体板条的位错密度下降,最终再结晶成为等轴晶粒.上述变化导致材料强度下降,伸长率和低温韧性提高.试验钢经820℃淬火和440~600℃的宽温度范围回火后具有优异的强韧性,力学性能与调质处理(930℃淬火和600~670℃回火)的试验钢相当,可显著节省热处理工艺成本.     

过共晶超高铬铸铁合金的组织与性能

研究了过共晶超高铬铸铁的组织和热处理工艺对其性能的影响,过共晶超高铬铸铁的铸态组织由初生碳化物M7C3 共晶(M7C3 M23C6) 马氏体 残余奥氏体组成,其中初生碳化物(M7C3)为六方形长秆状.在1050℃淬火的条件下,低温回火时,材料的硬度、冲击韧性的变化不大,回火温度提高到450℃后,材料的硬度显著升高,相应的冲击韧性下降;回火温度继续上升,材料的硬度下降,冲击韧性升高.     

多类型碳化物钢DSA的热处理组织结构及硬度

研究表明，DSA钢中的碳化物有5种类型，即M6C、M3C、M23C6、M7C3及MC(VC)．820℃退火碳化物平均尺寸为0．91μm，860℃淬火剩余碳化物平均尺寸为0．23μm．淬火硬度HRC65-66，180～300℃回火硬度HRC59～62．该钢是一种多类型碳化物冷作模具钢，易溶解的碳化物可提高较低淬火温度时的奥氏体固溶度，提高淬火硬度．未溶解的碳化物可阻碍奥氏体晶粒长大，使淬火温度加宽．回火时析出不同类型碳化物可提高抗回火性．     

12SiMoVNb钢中碳化物的分析

前言近年来,随着石油化工和化学工业的迅速发展,氢对金属材料的破坏作用引起了广泛的重视.而钢的抗氢腐蚀性能与钢中碳化物的类型有直接的关系.本文拟找出在鞍钢钢研所研制的抗氢钢“12 SiMoVNb”中碳化物的类型及数量与热处理工艺之间的关系,以便能获得最佳综合抗氢性能的热处理工艺.经总结两批试样的实验结果,确定了钢中碳化物主要以M_4 C_3〔(V_(0.62)Mo_(0.38))_4 C_3〕和M C〔(Nb_(0.71)Mo_(0.29))C〕的形式存在.并证实了在回火温度达到650°C时M_4 C_3大量析出、Fe_3 C则完全分解,MC的含量和热处理工艺无关.     

3Cr14不锈钢表面激光熔覆S390粉末高速钢涂层的组织及回火转变特征

采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术在3Cr14不锈钢基体上熔覆一层3mm厚的S390粉末高速钢涂层,并对熔覆后的试样进行560℃×1h×3次回火热处理.分析了熔覆层热处理前后的微观组织与析出相以及熔覆层硬度的变化规律及压痕情况.结果表明:S390熔覆层组织为淬火马氏体+残余奥氏体+黑色组织+共晶莱氏体+网状碳化物,有少量的颗粒状M_3C型碳化物在晶内析出,晶界网状碳化物以VC、V_2C为主;熔合线处形成10μm的平面晶区,然后由细晶区、柱状晶区,向熔覆层中部的等轴晶过渡;回火后,部分网状碳化物被打断,M_3C型碳化物大量回熔,有细小颗粒状的富V元素的MC、M_2C类型碳化物在晶内析出;热处理后熔覆层显微硬度提高约200HV,洛氏硬度压痕周围发现明显塑性变形区,熔覆层脆性得以改善.     

Al对淬回火H11钢力学性能和碳化物的影响

研究了Al质量分数为0.77％及不含Al的H11钢在不同淬回火处理工艺下的硬度和冲击功的变化规律,并对两种钢原始退火态、1060℃淬火、1060℃淬火+510℃回火、1060℃淬火+560℃回火和1060℃淬火+600℃回火处理后的试样进行碳化物萃取,同时借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了Al对H11钢中碳化物形态及类型的影响.结果表明:(1)Al能提高H11钢的冲击韧性和回火硬度,但会使淬火硬度有所降低.(2)Al可以促进H11钢淬火过程中碳化物的溶解和元素的均匀分布.(3)Al会阻碍H11钢回火过程中碳化物的析出和聚集,这种作用在560℃以下回火时更加显著.(4)Al可以使H11钢回火时的(Fe,Cr)2C、MoC、Cr7C3类碳化物更加稳定,抑制(Fe,Cr)3C、Mo2C和Cr23C6类碳化物的析出,这是因为Al可以阻碍H11钢中碳及合金元素在回火过程中的聚集.     

热处理工艺对NM600耐磨钢板组织性能的影响

为了提高NM600耐磨钢应用于恶劣工况下的耐磨性能,通过正交试验研究各热处理参数,包括淬火温度、淬火保温时间、回火温度、回火保温时间等,对于试验钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,回火温度是抗拉强度、屈服强度、冲击功、布氏硬度最主要的影响因素。随着回火温度升高,伸长率先小幅上升再缓慢下降,抗拉强度、屈服强度、冲击功和布氏硬度均呈下降趋势。试验钢热处理后的微观组织主要是板条马氏体、还有少量的残余奥氏体和碳化物。确定了最佳热处理工艺为:在860℃淬火保温30 min,200℃回火保温60 min。所获得的最优工艺性能为:抗拉强度1 956.2 MPa、屈服强度1 566.7 MPa、伸长率12.7%、-20℃冲击功19.2 J、布氏硬度576.5 HB。     

热处理工艺对38CrMoAlA钢组织与性能的影响

 通过热处理工艺试验研究了38CrMoAlA钢不同淬火温度、冷却方式和回火温度对38CrMoAlA钢微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,在900—1000℃淬火温度范围内,淬火温度对该钢的力学性能影响不大。不同的冷却方式因淬火介质的冷却强度不同,导致淬火后的组织不同,从而影响该钢的力学性能。回火温度对该钢的力学性能的影响较为显著,100—400℃范围内回火表现出回火脆性,在620℃回火能得到较好的强韧配合。该钢采用940℃,1h,油冷620℃,5h,油冷的热处理工艺时,可获得适宜的力学性能。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.