三种蝮蛇骨骼的比较研究

对陕西境内的三种蝮蛇：中介蝮Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｓ、秦岭蝮Ａ．ｑｉｎｌｉｎ－ｇｅｎｓｉｓ及日本蝮短尾亚种Ａ．ｂｌｏｍｈｏｆｆｉｂｒｅｖｉｃａｕｄｕｓ的头骨、椎骨、牙齿等进行了观察、测量、统计与比较．结果表明，三种蝮蛇的骨骼和牙齿均存在明显而稳定的差异，这些差异支持了将它们划分为三个独立种的观点．文中还就此三种蝮蛇的种间关系进行了讨论     

我国东北地区蝮蛇毒的初步研究

本工作的目的是测定蛇岛和盘石两地蝮蛇毒的半数致死剂量,最低溶血剂量和中枢神经毒性最小剂量以及抗蝮蛇毒血清中和力;同时也比较两地蛇毒的免疫电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶园盘电泳图谱的不同,为蛇伤防治提供基础数据,并为进一步研究东北地区蝮蛇毒成分提供参考。取得结果如下: (1) 经皮下、静脉和腹腔三种不同注射途径给小白鼠注射蛇毒,其LD50是:蛇岛蝮蛇毒分别为2.5,0.62和0.94毫克/公斤,盘石蝮蛇毒分别为12.25,1.60和0.31毫克/公斤。 (2)最低溶血剂量:蛇岛蝮蛇毒为1.8微克,盘石蝮蛇毒为1.2微克。 (3)中枢神经毒最小剂量:蛇岛为4.38毫克/公斤,盘石蝮蛇毒为0.052毫克/公斤。 (4)抗蝮蛇毒血清中和力:蛇岛为27.7,盘石为57.3。 (5)免疫电泳比较结果:盘石与浙江蝮蛇毒基本相似;蛇岛与浙江蝮蛇毒差别较明显。 (6)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶园盘电泳比较:三个地区产的蝮蛇毒存在明显差别。     

蝮蛇的利用与饲养

蝮蛇别名土公蛇,是我国各地均有分布的一种小型毒蛇,除食用外,有很高的医药价值.     

中国东北的蝮蛇分类问题

关于东北的蝮蛇分灰问题，有过多篇报道。有的主张统一一个种为蝮蛇Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ ｈａｌｙｓ＾〔１，６〕，亦有分亚种的＾〔２，３，４〕经过近十年的观察，发现东北的蝮蛇既不是一个统一的种，亦不仅是亚种关系，蛇岛上的蝮蛇也不是个独立种－蛇岛蝮。因为它们的形态、习性和分布均有不同，所以《辽宁动物志两栖类爬行类》中的蝮蛇分类，以及１９８２年所报的蛇岛蝮应改为短尾蝮Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ ｂｒｅｖｉａｃ     

中国蝮蛇的生态

蝮蛇Agkistrodon halys是我国分布最广、数量最多的一种毒蛇,其种下分类问题,颇多争沦。这场争论长达六十多年之久,主要是缺乏足够的根据以说服对方。为此,我们对全国各地的560条蝮蛇标本及Maki(1931)所搜集的资料进行了比较分析。根据鳞片数目、头型、色斑以及分布区域的不     

蛇岛蝮蛇的生态观察

我们从１９７３－１９８４年对辽宁蛇岛上的蝮蛇的生态习性进行了观察。蛇岛蝮蛇的活动规律、捕食特点、繁殖习性等都适应了蛇岛的特定环境，因而得以生存至今。     

蝮蛇毒抗肿瘤作用研究进展

蝮蛇毒是从蝮蛇毒腺中分泌出来的一种毒液,含有多种活性酶类及蛋白质,有着多样的生物活性和药理活性。在干扰血小板活性、抗菌、抗肿瘤方面都表现出很好的研究和利用前景。本文就蝮蛇毒素抗肿瘤机制研究现状、存在的问题和发展前景做简要概述。     

陕西蝮蛇的血清LDH同工酶研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(PAGE)研究了陕西蝮蛇三亚种的血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶。结果表明,蝮蛇短尾亚种仅有5条带,中介亚种和秦岭亚种各显6条带,其中,中介亚种LDH_5分化出一条亚带,秦岭亚种LDH_1与LDH_2间出现一染色稍深的同工酶带。三者间酶带的含量与分布亦有不同。可见,三者间在糖代谢的方式上存在着一定差异。这对应用LDH同工酶分析法解决蝮蛇分类问题提供了新的参考。     

暗夜猎手——蝮蛇

蝮蛇是蝮亚科蛇类的总称,它们锋利的管状毒牙能在瞬间将致命的毒液注入猎物体内,一招制敌.更让人叹为观止的是,蝮蛇在夜晚或洞穴内等仅有弱光甚至无光的环境中,仍然能准确识别并迅速锁定目标,进而发动迅猛的攻击.因此,在自然界的众多捕食者中,蝮蛇被誉为"暗夜猎手".     

陕西蝮蛇蛇毒的比较研究

对陕西分布的日本蝮蛇短尾亚种（Agkistrodon blomhoffii breuicaudus)，秦岭蝮（A.qinlingensis)及中介蝮（A.intermedius)的蛇毒进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳研究，结果表明，蝮蛇蛇毒电泳具有种的特异性，三种蛇毒泳图谱无论在带的数目，含量及分布特征方面均存在明显差异，三者之间应为种间关系。     

蝮蛇红细胞内外钠钾离子分布的研究

钾及纳不仅是维持细胞渗透压,调节酸碱平衡的重要离子,而且与神经肌肉的应激性有关,K~ 还是某些是的激活剂,它们在细胞内外液间的分布受细胞膜上钾钠泵的调节.前人研究表明;一些冬眠动物细胞内外液中 K~ ,Na~ 的数量及其分布比率,常受环境温度的影响,蝮蛇是一种有冬眠习性的经济动物,对它的研究既具有理论意义.又可为其饲养利用提供科学依据,为此笔者设计了一套测定蝮蛇红细胞内外 K~ ,Na~ 分布比值的方法,对它作了初步研究.     

陕西蝮蛇二亚种血液形态学观察

对陕西产蝮蛇二亚种──秦岭亚种（ＡｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎｈａｌｙｓｇｉｎｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＳｏｎｇ）和短尾亚种（Ａ．ｈ．ｂｒｅｖｉｃａｕｄｕｓＳｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒ）血液形态学作了研究，鉴识了各类血细胞形态，并在两亚种间作了比较．     

蛇蜕对小鼠早期炎症反应影响的初步研究

目的：探讨蛇蜕对小鼠早期炎症反应的影响,为蛇蜕的临床应用提供新的实验依据。方法：分别制备二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀模型、甲醛致小鼠足肿胀模型和醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高实验模型,观察蛇蜕对小鼠炎症反应的影响。结果：蛇蜕对多种早期炎症反应模型均有明显的抑制作用。结论：蛇蜕具有一定的抗炎活性。     

A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum

It has commonly been thought that snakes underwent progressive loss of their limbs by gradual diminution of their use. However, recent developmental and palaeontological discoveries suggest a more complex scenario of limb reduction, still poorly documented in the fossil record. Here we report a fossil snake with a sacrum supporting a pelvic girdle and robust, functional legs outside the ribcage. The new fossil, from the Upper Cretaceous period of Patagonia, fills an important gap in the evolutionary progression towards limblessness because other known fossil snakes with developed hindlimbs, the marine Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis, lack a sacral region. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the new fossil is the most primitive (basal) snake known and that all other limbed fossil snakes are closer to the more advanced macrostomatan snakes, a group including boas, pythons and colubroids. The new fossil retains several features associated with a subterranean or surface dwelling life that are also present in primitive extant snake lineages, supporting the hypothesis of a terrestrial rather than marine origin of snakes.     

A transitional snake from the Late Cretaceous period of North America

Snakes are the most diverse group of lizards, but their origins and early evolution remain poorly understood owing to a lack of transitional forms. Several major issues remain outstanding, such as whether snakes originated in a marine or terrestrial environment and how their unique feeding mechanism evolved. The Cretaceous Coniophis precedens was among the first Mesozoic snakes discovered, but until now only an isolated vertebra has been described and it has therefore been overlooked in discussions of snake evolution. Here we report on previously undescribed material from this ancient snake, including the maxilla, dentary and additional vertebrae. Coniophis is not an anilioid as previously thought a revised phylogenetic analysis of Ophidia shows that it instead represents the most primitive known snake. Accordingly, its morphology and ecology are critical to understanding snake evolution. Coniophis occurs in a continental floodplain environment, consistent with a terrestrial rather than a marine origin; furthermore, its small size and reduced neural spines indicate fossorial habits, suggesting that snakes evolved from burrowing lizards. The skull is intermediate between that of lizards and snakes. Hooked teeth and an intramandibular joint indicate that Coniophis fed on relatively large, soft-bodied prey. However, the maxilla is firmly united with the skull, indicating an akinetic rostrum. Coniophis therefore represents a transitional snake, combining a snake-like body and a lizard-like head. Subsequent to the evolution of a serpentine body and carnivory, snakes evolved a highly specialized, kinetic skull, which was followed by a major adaptive radiation in the Early Cretaceous period. This pattern suggests that the kinetic skull was a key innovation that permitted the diversification of snakes.     

Myotoxic activity of a Gln-49 phospholipase A_2 from Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussurensis snake venom

A novel myotoxic protein phospholipase A2(PLA2), denoted as Gln49-PLA2, has been isolated from snake venom of Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussurensis, which has weak lethal effect and apparent anticoagulant activity, but lacks the PLA2 and hemorrha-genic activity. Gln49-PLA2 obviously increases of plasma creatine-kinase (CK) upon intramuscular injection in mice, suggesting that it may induce a dose-dependent myonecrosis. Histological studies also reveal morphological changes in mouse skeletal muscles, including extensive myonecrosis, hemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration in the treated animals. The myotoxic ability induced by Gln49-PLA2 can be partially inhibited by heparin.     

The Pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes

The Madtsoiidae were medium sized to gigantic snakes with a fossil record extending from the mid-Cretaceous to the Pleistocene, and spanning Europe, Africa, Madagascar, South America and Australia. This widely distributed group survived for about 90 million years (70% of known ophidian history), and potentially provides important insights into the origin and early evolution of snakes. However, madtsoiids are known mostly from their vertebrae, and their skull morphology and phylogenetic affinities have been enigmatic. Here we report new Australian material of Wonambi, one of the last-surviving madtsoiids, that allows the first detailed assessment of madtsoiid cranial anatomy and relationships. Despite its recent age, which could have overlapped with human history in Australia, Wonambi is one of the most primitive snakes known--as basal as the Cretaceous forms Pachyrhachis and Dinilysia. None of these three primitive snake lineages shows features associated with burrowing, nor do any of the nearest lizard relatives of snakes (varanoids). These phylogenetic conclusions contradict the widely held 'subterranean' theory of snake origins, and instead imply that burrowing snakes (scolecophidians and anilioids) acquired their fossorial adaptations after the evolution of the snake body form and jaw apparatus in a large aquatic or (surface-active) terrestrial ancestor.     

浅谈武夷山蛇类的开发与利用

蛇的全身都是宝,利用价值极高,武夷山是蛇的王国,蛇类产品的开发利用走在全国的前列。要保护好蛇类,才能可持续利用。     

贵州省部分地区蛙、蛇体内曼氏裂头蚴感染情况的调查

了解贵州省野生青蛙和蛇类自然感染曼氏裂头蚴的情况。方法:从我省贵阳、安顺、惠水、织金及水城5个地区捕捉野生青蛙和蛇,进行解剖检查和镜下鉴定曼氏裂头蚴,并对数据进行分析。结果:贵州省野生青蛙裂头蚴的自然感染率为18.04%(882/4 888),感染强度为1~41条;野生蛇类的自然感染率为24.04%(25/104),感染强度为1~212条,其中,以乌梢蛇和王锦蛇的感染率较高。结论:蛙、蛇体内裂头蚴感染率高,与我省裂头蚴病不断发生密切相关。因此,加强健康教育,改变不良的生活方式和饮食习俗,保护野生蛙和蛇对预防裂头蚴病是十分重要的。