波利亚解题观的理性思考

近年来,在数学素质教育观下,人们深入研究并实践波利亚的解题思想。教学实践引发人们辩证地认识波利亚的解题观。本文旨在从元认知维度,剖析数学解题能力差异及其成因,从一个侧面深化波利亚的解题思想。     

Symbolic arithmetic knowledge without instruction

Symbolic arithmetic is fundamental to science, technology and economics, but its acquisition by children typically requires years of effort, instruction and drill. When adults perform mental arithmetic, they activate nonsymbolic, approximate number representations, and their performance suffers if this nonsymbolic system is impaired. Nonsymbolic number representations also allow adults, children, and even infants to add or subtract pairs of dot arrays and to compare the resulting sum or difference to a third array, provided that only approximate accuracy is required. Here we report that young children, who have mastered verbal counting and are on the threshold of arithmetic instruction, can build on their nonsymbolic number system to perform symbolic addition and subtraction. Children across a broad socio-economic spectrum solved symbolic problems involving approximate addition or subtraction of large numbers, both in a laboratory test and in a school setting. Aspects of symbolic arithmetic therefore lie within the reach of children who have learned no algorithms for manipulating numerical symbols. Our findings help to delimit the sources of children's difficulties learning symbolic arithmetic, and they suggest ways to enhance children's engagement with formal mathematics.     

在高等数学教学中培养学生数学兴趣的方法

伴随着计算机的广泛应用，数学科学已渗入到各行各业，成为一种普遍适用的体现能力的技术。为全面提高学生素质，数学教师的职责之一就是要着眼于学生的将来，注重学生的数学兴趣的培养．使他们在今后的工作中能通过各种途径和方法，长期坚持学数学、用数学，而再学数学。在高等数学教学中学生数学兴趣的培养主要可从挖掘教材中的数学美，使学生受到美的熏陶而爱上数学等五方面着手。     

Mathematica软件的绘图功能在高等数学教学中应用示例

Mathematica软件是专门进行数学计算的软件,其精华在于符号式运算处理与绘图,在高等数学教学中引入Mathematica软件的绘图功能进行辅助教学,有利于增强教学内容的直观性,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高学生解决问题的能力.     

Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain

Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a standardized measure of human intellectual capacity that takes into account a wide range of cognitive skills. IQ is generally considered to be stable across the lifespan, with scores at one time point used to predict educational achievement and employment prospects in later years. Neuroimaging allows us to test whether unexpected longitudinal fluctuations in measured IQ are related to brain development. Here we show that verbal and non-verbal IQ can rise or fall in the teenage years, with these changes in performance validated by their close correlation with changes in local brain structure. A combination of structural and functional imaging showed that verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by speech, whereas non-verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by finger movements. By using longitudinal assessments of the same individuals, we obviated the many sources of variation in brain structure that confound cross-sectional studies. This allowed us to dissociate neural markers for the two types of IQ and to show that general verbal and non-verbal abilities are closely linked to the sensorimotor skills involved in learning. More generally, our results emphasize the possibility that an individual's intellectual capacity relative to their peers can decrease or increase in the teenage years. This would be encouraging to those whose intellectual potential may improve, and would be a warning that early achievers may not maintain their potential.     

素质教育对师专学生的素质要求

阐述了在基础教育中推行素质教育对中小学教师的素质要求，给在校的师专数学教育专业学生提出素质要求和努力学习的方向，也为师专数学教育提供改革的依据和方向．     

大学生创新能力的培养策略研究——发挥青年教师优势 培养学生创新能力

目的 为培养大学生的创新能力提出一些方法和途径.方法 从一个青年教师的角度,并结合大学数学的教学实际,分析优势、制定策略.结果 大学数学作为高校的公共基础课,在培养大学生创新能力方面的重要作用不容忽视.结论 高校应充分发挥青年教师优势,培养学生创新能力.     

试论数学教育中创新意识的培养

新数学教学大纲中“创新意识的培养”已作为教学目的明确提出，该文根据心理学的研究，结合数学学科特点，从好奇心的呵护，敏锐观察力的培养，兴趣动机的激发，丰富想象力的养成，发展创造性思维，顽强意志的磨练，培养民主合作精神，启动成功激励机制等8个方面探讨了数学教育中创新意识的培养。     

物理教育如何满足培养21世纪人才的需要——一个帮助学生提高概念理解和问题解决能力的物理学习系统

近十几年的物理教育研究表明传统的教学方式不能够满足21世纪的人才培养的需要．新的教学方法和课程设置可以帮助学生开发多种量化表示法以使得学生不使用数学可以有效的推理物理过程；可以让学生学习使用象叙述、图解等表示法相关联的符号语言，由此培养学生解决复杂问题的能力，学习怎样学习，有效的以小组方式工作．本文将介绍这样一个学习系统的建立和基本特征．     

在探究性教学中对数学知识本质的新认识

传统的数学教学使学生认为数学是确定的 ,而非探究的 ,不能反映数学知识的本质。而在探究精神下 :数学知识是可误的 (或者说可错的 ) ;数学知识通过非线性过程创造得出 ,在此过程中 ,假设概括起着关键作用 ;数学知识的产生是发生在实践共同体中的一个社会过程。以新的认识观去重新设计数学教学、阐明事实 ,学生将会对数学产生新的认识。     

数学教学中的"模式"意识的构建

论述了传授数学知识就是传授数学模式与数学思维模式，模式辨认在解题的作用，建构模式是数学教学的实质，在数学模式建构教学中应注意的几个问题，数学思维模式的意义及其主要表现，优化学生的数学思维模式是社会发展对数学提出的要求．     

Improved auditory spatial tuning in blind humans.

Despite reports of improved auditory discrimination capabilities in blind humans and visually deprived animals, there is no general agreement as to the nature or pervasiveness of such compensatory sensory enhancements. Neuroimaging studies have pointed out differences in cerebral organization between blind and sighted humans, but the relationship between these altered cortical activation patterns and auditory sensory acuity remains unclear. Here we compare behavioural and electrophysiological indices of spatial tuning within central and peripheral auditory space in congenitally blind and normally sighted but blindfolded adults to test the hypothesis (raised by earlier studies of the effects of auditory deprivation on visual processing) that the effects of visual deprivation might be more pronounced for processing peripheral sounds. We find that blind participants displayed localization abilities that were superior to those of sighted controls, but only when attending to sounds in peripheral auditory space. Electrophysiological recordings obtained at the same time revealed sharper tuning of early spatial attention mechanisms in the blind subjects. Differences in the scalp distribution of brain electrical activity between the two groups suggest a compensatory reorganization of brain areas in the blind that may contribute to the improved spatial resolution for peripheral sound sources.     

用模糊数学评估教学质量的一种方法

用模糊数学方法建立评估指标体系、建立数学模型、评估教学质量,具有很多优越性.     

Mathematica软件在高校数学教学中的应用

指出数学教学改革的发展应该使用计算机软件来解决诸多的数学问题；使用Mathematica软件解决高等数学中函数的绘制图像、求函数的导数、不定积分和定积分等等，以提高高等数学教学的效果和学生学习高等数学的兴趣和效率。     

Fuzzy控制器在均压灭火工程中的应用

本文主要是应用模糊数学及模糊控制理论,构造了一个适用于煤矿安全控制领域的模糊控制器.它摆脱了数学模型的束缚,为矿井复杂控制系统的实现提供了一条新途径.     

少数民族地区遗传学实验教学改革初探

为紧跟以提高学生创新意识和创新能力为目标的遗传学实验教学改革步伐,文章基于喀什师范学院遗传学实验教学现状,从师资队伍建设、实验教学内容完善、实验室开放、实验教学方法和手段改革、课程考核等方面提出了一些改革思路和措施,以期培养学生的动手操作、科学思考和创新能力,提高教学质量。     

中学生数学学习策略及其相关实证研究

采用中学生数学学习策略、学习效能感与学习焦虑等量表,对吉安市377名初中生和高中生进行测查,结果表明,中学生元认知策略、资源策略与学习策略总分中等偏上,资源策略水平最低;中学生数学学习策略的发展和运用存在明显特征;中学生数学学习策略水平与数学学习成绩、学习效能感存在显著正相关,与学习焦虑各因子及总分存在显著负相关。     

把握新大纲重塑数学观

通过对新旧数学教学大纲规定的教学目的的对比分析,认为要更好把握新大纲,中学数学教师应持有拟经验的、易谬的、动态的数学观.     

高等代数方法在数学分析中的应用

对高等代数方法在数学分析中的应用作了探讨，初步揭示大学数学系各专业的两门重要的基础课数学分析与高等代数之间密切的联系。     

高等数学教学艺术初探

高等数学是一种艺术,高等数学教学也是一种艺术,是科学与艺术的对立统一。高等数学教学艺术是熟练掌握教学原则和教学方法的升华,是教学共性与个性的有机结合,也是高等数学教学的规律性与教师独创性的完满结合,是高等数学教学的求真求实的和谐统一,是选择与协调的艺术。