Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Frangibility Based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System

The eco-environmental frangibility is studied by choosing the factors of land use class change and vegetation cover rate, and the equation of eco-environmental frangibility and its evaluation system are established based on remote sensing （RS） and geographic information system technology （GIS）. Four different years of TM images are selected to calculate land use change grads and vegetation cover rate, and the relationship between the two factors and eco-environment frangibility index are build, taking Fuzhou as an example. The character of times change and space distribution of eco-environment frangibility are described. The result indicates the area of eco-environment frangibility increased 2.6% in Fuzhou during twelve years, and expands from the region between infield and forest land to forest land in space distribution.     

Using Fuzzy Relations and GIS Method to Evaluate Debris Flow Hazard

The study area, located in the southeast of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway, is a part of Palongzangbu River basin where mountain hazards take place frequently. On the ground of field surveying, historical data and previous research, a total of 31 debris flow gullies are identified in the study area and 5 factors are chosen as main parameters for evaluating the hazard of debris flows in this study. Spatial analyst functions of geographic information system （GIS） are utilized to produce debris flow inventory and parameter maps. All data are built into a spatial database for evaluating debris flow hazard. Integrated with GIS techniques,the fuzzy relation method is used to calculate the strength of relationship between debris flow inventory and parameters of the database. With this methodology,a hazard map of debris flows is produced. According to this map,6.6% of the study area is classified as very high hazard, 7.3% as high hazard,8.4% as moderate hazard,32. 1% as low hazard and 45.6% as very low hazard or non-hazard areas. After validating the results, this methodology is ultimately confirmed to be available.     

Criterions and Measures of Route Selection of Shallowly Embedded Long.Distance Oil and Gas Pipeline in Mountain Areas

According to the engineering investigation of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, the criterions and measures of route selection are drawn as follows： the flat landform is the first choice in route alignment. The foot of mountain is the first choice when the route passes by the valley. The route should pass by but the shady and deposited slope and not in sunny and erosive slope as possible as it can. The pipeline should be vertical to contour climbing and descending the mountain except steep slope. Tunnel can be used in crossing foothill. Perpendicularly traversing the river is better than beveling; the worst choice is to put the pipeline along the river. Bypass is the best choice in karsts area. The order of route selection should be pre-choosing, investigation, optimization and adjustment.     

Self－organization criticality of debris flow rheology

Based on the viewpoint of stress and strain serf-organization criticality of debris flow mass, this paper probes into inter-nonlinear action between different factors in the thixotropic liquefaction system of loose clastic soil on slope to make clastic soil in slope develop naturally towards critical stress status, and slope debris flow finally occurs under trigging by rainstorm. Also according to observation and analysis of self-organization criticality of sediment runoff system of viscous debris flow surges in ravines and power relation between magnitude and frequency of debris flows,this paper expounds similarity of the self-organized structure of debris flow mass. The self-organized critical system is a weak chaotic system. Debris flow occurrences can be predicted accordingly by means of observation at certain time scale and analysis of self-organization criticality of magnitude, frequency and time interval of debris flows.     

Experimental Research of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Struck by Debris Flow in Mountain Areas of Western China

It＇s very important to simulate impact load of debris flow effectively and to investigate dynamic response of architectures under dynamic impact of debris flow, which are necessary to design disaster mitigation construction. Firstly, reinforced concrete domestic architectures in mountain areas of western China had been chosen as main architecture style. The bearing load style and the destructed shape of reinforced flamed construction impacted by discontinuous viscous debris flow were studied systematically. Secondly, Jiangjia Ravine debris flow valley in Yunnan Province, China had been chosen as research region. Utilizing based data from fieldwork and practical survey, the authors simulated and calculated theoretically impact force of discontinuous viscous debris flow. Thirdly, an impact data collecting system （IMHE IDCS） was designed and developed to fulfill designed simulation experiments. Finally, a series of impact test of researched structure models had been fulfilled. During experiment, the destructed shape and course of models were observed and the dynamic displacement data and main natural frequency data of models were collected and analyzed.     

Systematic Design and Coordination Acts of Ecological Security in Upper Yangtze River in China

In this paper, systematic design and act of eco-security is discussed as a focal point of conflict and unrest. The situation of ecosystem, the schematic framework of eco-security design, the main acts of ecosystem improvement, major difficulties and challenges have also been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to formulate the systematic framework of eco-security maintenance, to highlight systematic idea or philosophy of ecological rehabilitation and eco-security. A three-dimensional schematic model is applied to design the security of ecosystem. It was concluded that: 1) maintaining ecological security requires far better and sophisticated resource management skill and ecological improvement measures, and is also a continuing and multifaceted task. It cannot be permanently accomplished by a single action and program; 2) at present, technical system and policy and law system dimensions of ecological security are not enough even in short; 3) development of ecological industries is beneficial to local economic development and ecosystem protection.     

Transport of Yellow Sand in Stratified Flow over an Isolated Mountain Ridge

The transport of yellow sand over mountain regions in the presence of internal gravity waves has been investigated numerically. The motion of yellow sand particles has been simulated in a Lagrangian frame of reference by solving the time-dependent Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. An implicit time integration in a fitted body grid arrangement was used to simulate the stratified flow over an isolated ideally bell-shaped mountain. The transport and deposition of particles of various sizes, and of the altitudes where particles were released have been analyzed. Particular attention was given to transport patterns of different sized particles in various atmospheric conditions. The results show that the particle size and the re-lease altitude are both important factors in determining the trajectories of the particles. Small particles tend to be transported a long distance over the mountains, whereas heavier particles settle down around the re-lease source. Due to the existence of an internal gravity wave, the particle release altitude affects the trajec-tory of the particles. The analysis and results provide a very useful tool for the study of atmospheric flow and transport of pollutants over real topographies.     

The hydrological linkage of mountains and plains in the arid region of northwest China

Mountain regions supply a large amount of fresh water for the people in arid and semiarid regions, however, there is great uncertainty of the water quantification from mountains to lower areas. In order to assess the hydrological significance of mountains and the hydrological linkage of mountains and plains, the measured and simulated hydrological data of the arid region in northwest China were used in the present research which followed a catchment-based approach. Firstly, the Heihe River Basin, a well-documented area, was selected as a specific watershed to reveal the hydrological relationship between highlands (mountains) and lowlands (plains); and then, the significance and disproportion of mountain runoff of 8 river basins as cases in the arid region of northwest China were analyzed and compared following the above analysis. The results of the study showed that the proportion of mountain runoff in total basinal runoff (PMR) of most rivers is above 50%. The PMR are between 50%-95% in the rivers originated in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains where the aqueous vapor is relatively sufficient. And that, almost all the flow of the rivers originating from the Qilian Mountains, the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains come from mountain regions. Also the PMR gradually increases from west to east in northwest China. The hydrological significance and disproportion of mountains water in the arid region of northwest China were given a systematic and thorough assessment, and the results could give potential guides for the scientific utilization of water resources in these regional areas for relieving the more and more serious shortage of water resources due to climate warming and population expansion.     

突变理论在山地生态环境脆弱性分析评价中的应用初探

突变理论创立于二十世纪七十年代，广泛应用于“软”、“硬”科学领域．根据山地环境中出现的突变现象及山地生态环境的特点，初次将突变理论应用于山地生态环境脆弱性分析与评价中，建立了山地生态环境灾害致因突变模型．在分析山地环境的自然、社会与经济状况，并建立山地生态环境稳定性评价体系的基础上，运用突变理论中的归一公式，求取山地生态环境的稳定度，从而判断该生态环境的脆弱度，并对此方法做出了评价。     

山地城市震后建筑物倒塌瓦砾阻塞量预测模型

为了对山地城市震后交通系统路段单元通行可靠性进行合理评估,需要建立适合于山地城市震后建筑物倒塌瓦砾阻塞量预测模型。在现有建筑物倒塌瓦砾阻塞量预测模型的基础上,通过对山地城市沿街建筑物及道路特点的考察和对模型影响因素显著性分析,结合山地沿街建筑的特点考虑退台、外挑、高差、斜坡等因素的影响,对现有模型进行修正,扩充了模型的适用性及合理性。修正后的模型不仅适用于山地城市,也适用于平原城市震后路段单元通行可靠性的预测和评估。     

四川省山区城镇山洪灾害特征分析

四川省山区城镇山洪灾害分为溪河洪水、泥石流、溪河洪水 泥石流与溪河洪水 泥石流 滑坡四种类型.通过对近50年四川省受山洪灾害危害的典型山区城镇进行调查,从灾害的爆发频率、威胁人口、死亡人口及财产损失四个方面进行相关性分析得出:总体上山洪灾害爆发频率越低,造成的威胁区内人员死亡概率和人均财产损失越大.各类山洪灾害的特征不同:溪河洪水爆发频率高,造成人员伤亡较小,财产损失较大;泥石流的爆发频率低,人员伤亡大,财产损失较大;泥石流 溪河洪水的综合灾害爆发频次低,人员伤亡和财产损失相对较大;泥石流 滑坡 溪河洪水的综合灾害爆发频次最低,威胁人口最多,造成人员伤亡和财产损失都很大.     

Ecological Footprint and Ecological Security Evaluation in the Upper Min River Basin

On the basis of the ecological footprint (EF) model, this paper studied the ecological security in the Upper Min River Basin ecosystem. The result shows that with 2. 038 2hm^2 per capita ecological capacity (0.422 2hm^2 higher than per capita EF), and 165 825hm^2 ecology surplus, the ecosystem in Upper Min River is generally secure at present. But the arable land is overweighed and omens an ecosecurity crisis. Meanwhile, problems such as low forest coverage rate, severe loss of water and soil, enlargement of aridvalley area, frequent occurrence of mountain hazards and degradation of pastures have been major threats to the eco-security of this region. The calculation result of ten thousand-yuan (RMB) GDP shows that the use of natural resources is extensive, and there will be a rapid increase tendency of EF in the future. In order to maintain the present eco-security, the ways of use natural resources must be improved in the Upper Min River Basin.     

基于RS-GIS梵净山植被分布规律的研究

随着气候环境的变化,植被类型的分布与其生长环境也受到了严重的影响,以梵净山自然保护区为例,通过GIS空间分析功能定量分析了梵净山自然保护区植被分布情况,并结合相关环境数据对影响梵净山的植被分布进行统计分析,通过分析不同植被类型与气温、降水、海拔、坡度和坡向5个环境因子的关系,结果显示,坡度是影响梵净山植被类型分布格局的主要因素,并得出了梵净山各植被类型的最优发育环境区间,通过揭示植被与环境的相互关系及影响,将有助于梵净山自然保护区的管理与植被保护。     

山区公路危险路段（点）鉴别方法探讨

针对目前山区公路危险路段（点）的鉴别方法较少的情况,在分析山区公路交通事故与道路条件之间的关系及现有事故多发路段鉴别方法的基础上,提出了当量事故数鉴别指数非定长分段法,对山区公路危险路段（点）进行鉴别。最后选取云南省昆明至石林高速公路进行了实例验证,验证结果表明,该鉴别方法合理有效,为道路安全审计提供了理论和技术支持。     

山地植物群落数量分类和排序研究进展

在区域至全球尺度上,水热条件是决定植物种、生活型或植被类型分布的主导因素,而在景观及更小的尺度上,区域环境因子则主导着植被的分布格局。数量分类和排序是研究群落生态关系的重要数量方法,它为客观、准确地揭示植被、植物群落及植被与环境之间的生态关系提供了合理、有效的途径。笔者从群落分布格局和物种多样性格局的角度出发,综述了我国山地植物群落数量分类和排序的相关研究,阐述了采用数量分类和排序方法研究山地植被与环境因子关系的必要性,并探讨了我国山地植物群落数量分类和排序研究的发展趋势以及亟待解决的一些问题。     

来沙条件对山区河流推移质输沙的影响

为研究山区河流推移质输沙规律,在西南山区吊嘎河进行推移质运动野外观测和人工加沙试验。观测发现,推移质输沙与水流条件并不存在一个特定的关系,山区河流推移质输沙明显受到来沙量、来沙强度、级配等条件的影响。在同样的水流条件下,推移质输沙率在汛前和第一次洪水后可能相差数百到上千倍,推移质输沙率-水流强度关系呈顺时针"绳套型"。试验表明,粒径较小的推移质颗粒(D<20mm)运动主要决定于来沙条件,而粗颗粒泥沙的运动则主要依赖于水流条件。