Experimental Research of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Struck by Debris Flow in Mountain Areas of Western China

It＇s very important to simulate impact load of debris flow effectively and to investigate dynamic response of architectures under dynamic impact of debris flow, which are necessary to design disaster mitigation construction. Firstly, reinforced concrete domestic architectures in mountain areas of western China had been chosen as main architecture style. The bearing load style and the destructed shape of reinforced flamed construction impacted by discontinuous viscous debris flow were studied systematically. Secondly, Jiangjia Ravine debris flow valley in Yunnan Province, China had been chosen as research region. Utilizing based data from fieldwork and practical survey, the authors simulated and calculated theoretically impact force of discontinuous viscous debris flow. Thirdly, an impact data collecting system （IMHE IDCS） was designed and developed to fulfill designed simulation experiments. Finally, a series of impact test of researched structure models had been fulfilled. During experiment, the destructed shape and course of models were observed and the dynamic displacement data and main natural frequency data of models were collected and analyzed.     

Mixed Model for Silt-Laden Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flows

The kinetic theory of molecular gases was used to derive the governing equations for dense solid-liquid two-phase flows from a microscopic flow characteristics viewpoint by multiplying the Boltzmann equation for each phase by property parameters and integrating over the velocity space. The particle collision term was derived from microscopic terms by comparison with dilute two-phase flow but with consideration of the collisions between particles for dense two-phase flow conditions and by assuming that the particle-phase velocity distribution obeys the Maxwell equations. Appropriate terms from the dilute two-phase governing equations were combined with the dense particle collision term to develop the governing equations for dense solid-liquid turbulent flows. The SIMPLEC algorithm and a staggered grid system were used to solve the discretized two-phase governing equations with a Reynolds averaged turbulence model. Dense solid-liquid turbulent two-phase flows were simulated for flow in a duct. The simulation results agree well with experimental data.     

Self－organization criticality of debris flow rheology

Based on the viewpoint of stress and strain serf-organization criticality of debris flow mass, this paper probes into inter-nonlinear action between different factors in the thixotropic liquefaction system of loose clastic soil on slope to make clastic soil in slope develop naturally towards critical stress status, and slope debris flow finally occurs under trigging by rainstorm. Also according to observation and analysis of self-organization criticality of sediment runoff system of viscous debris flow surges in ravines and power relation between magnitude and frequency of debris flows,this paper expounds similarity of the self-organized structure of debris flow mass. The self-organized critical system is a weak chaotic system. Debris flow occurrences can be predicted accordingly by means of observation at certain time scale and analysis of self-organization criticality of magnitude, frequency and time interval of debris flows.     

Theoretical model of particle orientation distribution function in a cylindrical particle suspension subject to turbulent shear flow

The equation for the orientation probability function of slender cylindrical particles suspended in planar turbulent flows was investigated. After ensemble averaging, the equations for the mean and fluctuating probability function were derived. The equation for the fluctuating probability function appearing in the equation of mean probability function was solved by using the method of characteristics analysis. The orientational dispersion terms due to the random motion of cylindrical particles in the equation of mean probability function are related to the mean probability function and the Lagrangian fluid velocity correlations. The evolution of the mean probability function was described by a modified orientation?space?convection equation, where the dispersion terms account for the randomizing effect of the turbulence.     

Using Fuzzy Relations and GIS Method to Evaluate Debris Flow Hazard

The study area, located in the southeast of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway, is a part of Palongzangbu River basin where mountain hazards take place frequently. On the ground of field surveying, historical data and previous research, a total of 31 debris flow gullies are identified in the study area and 5 factors are chosen as main parameters for evaluating the hazard of debris flows in this study. Spatial analyst functions of geographic information system （GIS） are utilized to produce debris flow inventory and parameter maps. All data are built into a spatial database for evaluating debris flow hazard. Integrated with GIS techniques,the fuzzy relation method is used to calculate the strength of relationship between debris flow inventory and parameters of the database. With this methodology,a hazard map of debris flows is produced. According to this map,6.6% of the study area is classified as very high hazard, 7.3% as high hazard,8.4% as moderate hazard,32. 1% as low hazard and 45.6% as very low hazard or non-hazard areas. After validating the results, this methodology is ultimately confirmed to be available.     

Regional Prediction of Impending Debris Flow Based on Doppler Weather Radar

Debris flow prediction is one of the important means to reduce the loss caused by debris flow. This paper built a regional prediction model of impending debris flow based on regional environmental background （including topography, geology, land use, and etc.）, rainfall and debris flow data. A system of regional prediction of impending debris flow was set up on ArcGIS 9.0 platform according to the model. The system used forecast precipitation data of Doppler weather radar and observational precipitation data as its input data. It could provide a prediction about the possibility of debris flow one to three hours before it happened, and was put into use in Liangshan Meteorological Observatory in Sichuan province in the monsoon of 2006.     

Distribution Regularity of Debris Flow and Its Hazard in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River and Other Rivers of Southwestern China

In the upper reaches of Yangtze River and other rivers of southwestern China, the debris flows develop and lead to most serious disasters because of the various landforms, complex geological structures and abundant rainfall. The distribution of debris flows has regularity in the regions with different landform, geological structure, and precipitation. The regularities of distribution of debris flows are as following： （1） distributed in transition belts of different morphologic regions; （2） distributed in the area with strong stream trenching; （3） distributed along fracture zones and seismic belts： （4） distributed in the area with abundant precipitation; （5） distribution of debris flow is azonal. The activity of abundant debris flows not only brings harm to Towns, Villages and Farmlands, Main Lines of Communication, Water-Power Engineering, Stream Channels etc., but also induces strong water and soil loss. According to the present status of debris flow prevention, the problems in disasters mitigation and soil conservancy are found out, and the key works are brought up for the future disasters prevention and soil conservancy.     

Synthetic seismograms of ground motion near earthquake fault using simulated Green’s function method

Seismograms near source fault were synthesized using the hybrid empirical Green＇s function method where the discretely simulated seismic waveforms are used for Green＇s functions instead of the observed waveforms of small earthquakes. The Green＇s function seismic waveforms for small earthquake were calculated by solving wave equation using the pseudo-spectral method with the staggered grid real FFT strategy under a detailed 2-D velocity structure in Kobe region. Magnitude and seismic moment of simulated Green＇s function waveforms were firstly determined by using the relationship between fault length and corner frequency of source spectrum. The simulated Green＇s function waveforms were employed to synthesize seismograms of strong ground motion near the earthquake fault. The synthetic seismograms of the target earthquake were performed based on the model with multiple source rupture processes. The results suggest that synthesized seismograms coincide well with observed seismic waveforms of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. The simulated Green＇s function method is very useful for prediction of the strong ground motion in region without observed seismic waveforms. The present technique spreads application field of the empirical Green＇s function method.     

Vorticity Measurements Using a 6-Sensor Hot-Wire Probe in a Tangentially Fired Furnace

Vorticity, which represents the rotation of a fluid element, is an important characteristic of turbulence. Various methods have been used to measure vorticity. A hot-wire/hot-film anemometer (HWA) was used here to measure the vorticity in turbulent flows. The velocity components and their partial derivatives were simultaneously measured with a new 6-sensor hot-wire (HW) probe assuming ideal yaw and pitch factors with Jorgensen's expression and Taylor's hypothesis to analyze the data. The accurate 6-sensor hot-wire probe results for the velocity field were used to determine the velocity gradients and, therefore, the vorticity vector field. The data was measured in an isothermal model of a tangentially fired furnace. The experimental results in the tangentially fired furnace agree with numerical results.     

Influence of Thermal Flow Field of Cooling Tower on Recirculation Ratio of a Direct Air-Cooled System for a Power Plant

In order to get thermal flow field of direct air-cooled system, the hot water was supplied to the model of direct air-cooled condenser（ACC）. The particle image velocimetery （PIV） experiments were carried out to get thermal flow field of a ACC under different conditions in low velocity wind tunnel, at the same time, the recirculation ratio at cooling tower was measured, so the relationship between flow field characteristics and recirculation ratio of cooling tower can be discussed. From the results we can see that the flow field configuration around cooling tower has great effects on average recirculation ratio under cooling tower. The eddy formed around cooling tower is a key reason that recirculation produces. The eddy intensity relates to velocity magnitude and direction angle, and the configuration of eddy lies on the geometry size of cooling tower. So changing the flow field configuration around cooling tower reasonably can decrease recirculation ratio under cooling tower, and heat dispel effect of ACC can also be improved.     

气液两相流中液相局部速度测量实验

针对气液两相流中液相局部速度测量的问题,设计了一种电导探针和与其相配合的电导检测仪表,并将示踪物质的注入装置和探针合为一体,在气水泡状流流型中进行冷态实验,利用互相关技术对实验数据进行处理,获得液相速度,并进行了实验结果和误差分析。结果表明,通过一定的数据处理技术,此测量系统可以得到满意的测量结果。此外,由于电导探针能够适应多工况的变化,而且可以进行多点测量,因此可用于各种实验并具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于Boltzmann模型方程的平板Couette流计算

将基于Boltzmann模型方程的气体运动论统一算法推广应用于Couette槽道流计算,发展可用于槽道流问题的气体运动论边界条件数学模型及数值处理方法,研究建立模拟不同Knudsen数二维低速槽道流动问题的气体运动论数值算法,通过将近连续流到高稀薄区Couette剪切流计算结果与基于微观分子统计模拟的类DSMC值、基于宏观流体力学滑移Navier-Stokes解和线化Boltzmann近似解比较分析,显示出该文发展的介观Boltzmann简化速度分布函数方程数值算法对不同尺度槽道流问题具有很强的模拟能力。     

两相物质组成对泥石流固相流速特征的影响

固相颗粒流速是研究泥石流冲击力和防治结构荷载取值的关键问题。本文基于水槽模型试验,采用粒子图像测试技术提取了黏性泥石流表面固相颗粒流速,基于两相流模型探讨了浆体黏度、固相体积浓度与颗粒粒径对泥石流固相粗颗粒流速特征的影响。结果表明：泥石流龙头现象随浆体黏度与固相体积浓度增大而减弱;固液相相对运动随浆体黏度增加而减弱,大黏度与小粒径组合条件下消失;固相颗粒流速随浆体黏度与固相体积浓度呈正相关,与颗粒粒径呈负相关。两相物质组成影响固相颗粒间的摩擦力与/或碰撞力、浆体施加的粘滞阻力、拖曳力与虚拟质量力,其对流速的影响还需进一步深入研究。     

康定雅拉河无名沟崩滑坡面泥石流峰值流速流量的沿程变化特征

在分析崩滑坡面泥石流的基本特征和其峰值流速流量一般规律的基础上 ,以康定雅拉河无名沟 1 995年的百年一遇泥石流为研究示范 ,在了解该流域的基本特征 ,分析该次泥石流的形成、容重、颗粒组成等基本特性的基础上 ,用弯道超高的理论和用古乡沟泥石流建立的流速计算公式 ,计算测量断面的流速及泥石流峰值流速沿程变化。用形态调查法分析计算不同断面的泥石流流量 ,并分析其沿程变化。通过分析可知崩滑坡面泥石流峰值流速与流量在整个流通过程是逐步变化的 ,在靠近物源区 ,流量随着物源的加入逐步增加 ,而流速随着能量的消耗逐渐减少 ;在靠近堆积区由于坡降的减小 ,流速与流量呈减小的趋势。崩滑坡面泥石流峰值流速泥石流流速也有一个相对的匀速段 ,但这个匀速段的长度较短。崩滑坡面泥石流峰值流量过程的沿程变化曲线接近于正态分布。此类泥石流防治中的拦挡措施要注意充分利用其在坡降减小的过程中流速和流量迅速降低的特征 ;而其排导措施要注意到此类泥石流的高阻力特征 ,注意保证排导槽的足够坡度。     

粘性泥石流弯道超高在流速计算中的应用

泥石流的流速是泥石流运动学研究的主要内容之一 ,也是泥石流工程防治必备的基本参数。前人已提出若干计算模式 ,计算值的误差因缺少验证的手段无法分析。作者提出的弯道超高现象用于泥石流流速的计算 ,一方面提供了一种以泥石流现象为基础的流速计算方法 ,另一方面也提供了一种泥石流流速的验证方法。该文应用物体作离心圆周运动的物理学基本原理和方程 ,推出泥石流弯道运动的速度与弯道曲率半径的关系 ;同时分析出泥石流弯道超高的本质原因为泥石流凹岸与凸岸的速度差产生的动能差所致 ,即可建立动能与超高势能的平衡方程。联立方程即可分别求出凹岸和凸岸的泥石流流速 ,流速由凹岸向凸岸逐渐增加 ,取其平均值即为泥石流的平均流速。以滇东北蒋家沟一支沟大凹子沟 1994年 6月 16日的一场泥石流的弯道超高测量分析为例验证 ,获得初步成功。结合其他参数的测量可计算流量并分析泥石流的加速或减速的运动过程。     

正庚烷-苯甲醇部分互溶系统的过量体积和液-液平衡

测定了正庚烷-苯甲醇部分互溶系统在308～325K范围内的过量体积V_m~E,根据V_m~E的不连续性确定了该系统的液-液平衡数据,与文献值一致。用UNIQUAC和流体混合物的双格子模型对液-液平衡数据进行了关联,得到满意的结果。     

龙川县米贝村1#泥石流灾害特征与运动过程

受区域气流影响,广东省龙川县在2019年6月10~13日出现持续强降雨天气,累计降雨量超过260mm,从而引起全县发生大量滑坡、泥石流灾害。本文以米贝村1#泥石流为研究对象,在野外调查认识基础上,结合Fluent数值分析对这类低山丘陵区的小型泥石流灾害运动特征展开研究。研究发现:米贝村1#泥石流受沟床粗糙度、纵坡降、流向等因素影响,其流速具有动态变化特征,总体表现为先增大再减小的发展趋势,泥石流物质的变化对其运动速度有一定影响。在整个过程中最大流速可达9.77m/s,平均速度为3.31m/s,与实际调查结果相符。研究成果不仅可直接为米贝村重在区灾后工程防治提供指导,对于东南沿海相似地区的降雨型滑坡-泥石流灾害的研究具有借鉴作用。     

基于树木年代学的冰川型泥石流灾害历史重建方法-以西藏天摩沟为例

藏东南帕隆藏布流域冰川型泥石流规模大、数量多。天摩沟是帕隆藏布左岸一级支流,最近20年多次爆发冰川型泥石流,重复堵江并形成长1.5 km左右的堰塞湖。冰川型泥石流事件爆发时间和规模的确定对山区泥石流防灾减灾意义重大。本文基于树木年代学方法,通过分析树木年轮损伤组织、生长抑制和释放动态,重建天摩沟60年来的泥石流事件的时空分布;从树木生长扰动强度等方面探讨泥石流的流动范围和沟道溯源侵蚀过程;并通过Wit指数进一步分析泥石流发生时间和日降雨及气温之间的关系。结果表明天摩沟在1965、1970、1976、2007、2010和2018年爆发过泥石流,与2007年以来的有记录的泥石流事件吻合,印证了通过年轮损伤组织、生长抑制和释放等参数重建泥石流事件的可行性;Wit指数的变化表明树木年轮的生长释放和抑制滞后于泥石流事件1-3年,并与泥石流规模成正相关。     

风沙流中风速脉动的实验测量

在风洞中测量了四种风速条件下净风与挟沙风的速度脉动，发现沙粒运动削弱了平均流速而增加了脉动流速，并且不改变流速脉动的分布规律，挟沙风的脉动速度不再像净风那样随高度增加而单调减小，而是在床面附近变化不大，接着出现极大值，随后依高度增大又趋于减小；也不像净风那样随平均风速的增大而减小，而是先增大后减小，存在极大值。     

180°弯道水槽表面流速分布研究

自然界中河流多是弯曲的,弯道水流结构分析是水力学及河流动力学最重要的课题之一,对河道管理和河流开发利用也有着重要意义.基于粒子跟踪测速(particle track velocimetry,PTV)技术对180°弯道水槽不同流量下的水流表面流速进行测量与分析.试验结果表明:除进口断面,凹岸侧表面纵向流速均大于凸岸侧表面纵向流速,中心线上的表面纵向流速沿程变化相对较小;水流进入弯道后,凸岸的水流开始向凹岸方向运动从而产生横向流速,当水流流过弯顶后,由凸岸向凹岸的横向运动逐渐消失.对比两个流量的流速分布结果,较小流量下表面水流的"顶冲点"发生在弯顶前,较大流量下表面水流的"顶冲点"发生在弯顶后,较小流量下的凸岸侧水流更容易向凹岸方向运动.