乙酸异戊酯合成实验的改进

采用强酸型阳离子交换树脂催化合成乙酸异戊酯，或不用催化剂直接用醋酐与异戊醇反应合成乙酸异戊酯．结果表明，两种改进方法均具有反应条件温和、反应时间短、后处理工艺简单、无腐蚀性、不污染环境及产率高等优点，有利于实验教材的改革。     

四氯化锡催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

四氯化锡能够代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂．研究了利用五水四氯化锡催化，由马来酸酐与异戊醇反应合成马来酸二异戊酯，讨论了其影响因素，当马来酸酐、异戊醇和四氯化锡的物质的量比为1：4：0．086，回流分水60min，酯收率达96．7％，并且催化合成了马来酸二正丁酯，马来酸二异丁酯和马来酸二正戊酯．     

硫酸氢钠催化合成羧酸异戊酯

利用－－水硫酸氢钠催化合成了甲酸异戊酯、乙酸异戊酯、丙酸异戊酯、丁酸异戊酯、异丁酸异戊酯和异戊酸异戊酯，研究了此催化剂的重复使用性能，本法在操作方便，反应温和、高纯度和高收率的优点。     

氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

探讨了用氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯的反应条件，结果表明，当马来酸酐与异戊醇的摩尔比为０．１０．２６时，以甲苯为溶剂，反应时间１ｈ，收率达９６％     

氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯

探讨了用氨基磺酸催化合成马来酸二异戊酯的反应条件，结果表明，当马来酸酐与异戊醇的摩尔比为０．１：０．２６时，以甲苯为溶剂，反应时间１ｈ，收率达９６％。     

三氯化铁催化合成丙酸异戊酯

以三氯化铁催化合成丙酸异戊酯 ,在异戊醇 :丙酸 (摩尔比 ) =1.2∶1 0 ,温度 (13 9± 2 )℃ ,时间 2 5h ,三氯化铁用量为1 83 % (物料总量 ) ,丙酸异戊酯的收率在 90 %以上 ,并且三氯化铁可多次利用     

微波催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

在微波作用下，以冰乙酸和异戊醇为原料合成乙醇异戊酯。并以正交实验对反应条件进行了优化。结果显示，微波催化对酯化反应具有明显的效果，该反应可被加速60倍以上。     

氯化铁催化合成乙酸异戊酯新工艺研究

本文研究了氯化铁催化合成乙酸异戊酯的工艺条件，在优化条件下乙酸异戊酯 的收率为95％。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成肉桂酸异戊酯

肉桂酸异戊酯是一种重要的高级香料,具有可可香味,广泛用于食品和日用化工等领域.合成肉桂酸异戊酯的传统方法是以硫酸为催化剂直接酯化生产肉桂酸异戊酯,硫酸同时具有酯化、脱水和氧化作用,产生一系列副反应,后处理繁杂,产品质量差,收率低,污染环境,同时硫酸对设备具有严重腐蚀,使产品成本升高.因此,国内外都在探索代替浓硫酸的新型催化剂.笔者将对甲苯磺酸用于催化合成肉桂酸异戊酯,取得较满意结果.     

Ti(SO4)2催化合成苯甲酸异戊酯绿色新工艺

研究了应用Ti(SO4)2催化合成苯甲酸异戊酯的绿色新工艺，结果表明，Ti(S04)2在该反应中具有很好的催化性能，并得到了合成苯甲酸异戊酯的新工艺条件是：催化剂用量为苯甲酸质量的10．0％；醇酸摩尔比为3：1；反应在回流温度下进行3h，苯甲酸的酯化率可达98．85％，纯度在99．o％以上。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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