电渣重熔渣系的热导率测定

本文应用非稳态热线法测定了电渣重熔用高氟二元渣(ANF-6)、低氟四元渣(20CaF_2-50Al_2O_3-20CaO-10MgO)、无氟三元渣(48CaO-48Al_2O_3-4MgO)在600℃和1000℃时的热导率。结果表明,上述三种渣系热导率随温度升高而增加,在600℃时,上述三种渣系的热导率分别为1.191,0.818,0.710W/m·K;在1000℃时,分别为1.483,0.981,0.804W/m·K。在同一温度下,渣系的热导率随渣中CaF_2含量减少及CaO、Al_2O_3含量增加而降低。     

电渣重熔铸铁渣系的选择

介绍铸铁重熔的一些实验结果,对提出的CaF_250%、CaO30％、AI_2O_310％、MgO_5、SiO_25％五元渣进行了熔点、粘度和电导的测定与讨论。多炉的重熔试验表明,该渣系对铸铁重熔有较好的适应性。     

电渣重熔用无氟渣系设计中的一些问题

根据电渣重熔过程渣池-渣壳间平衡关系的特点,以相图为工具,讨论了国外无氟渣系设计中的一些问题,指出无氟渣的理想组成首先应考虑所形成的共晶或同份化合物的组成。     

含CaF_2熔渣体系挥发率测定的研究

本文设计了用失重法测定熔渣挥发率的装置。在 1550℃和氩气氛下,研究了SiO_2MgO、CaO和 Al_2O_3 对 CaF_2 挥发率的影响。结果表明,SiO_2 影响最大,而CaO 影响最小.对含 CaO 和 Al_2O_3 的渣系,水份可提高挥发率。对实用 ANF-6和L_4 渣系的挥发率的测定表明:不含水时ANF-6较L_4 约大38％,掺水后L_4较ANF-6约大57％。     

CaF_2-CaO-Al_2O_3型电渣堆焊高铬铸铁烧结焊剂

研制出一种CaF_2-CaO-Al_2O_3型高铬铸铁电渣堆焊烧结焊剂,采用渣池稳定性、堆焊缺陷和脱渣性作为焊剂的工艺性能的评价指标.研究结果表明:当焊剂中CaO和Al_2O_3质量分数比例为1∶1,CaF_2质量分数为40%时,液态渣池电导率为3.304 5Ω~(-1)·cm~(-1),黏度为0.083Pa·s,表面张力为338.456N/m;电渣堆焊过程稳定,堆焊层成形良好,渣皮易脱落.所研制的焊剂与高铬铸铁焊丝匹配进行电渣堆焊,焊丝中合金元素Cr和C的过渡率分别达到91%和83%,堆焊层为初晶奥氏体+共晶组织组成的亚共晶高铬铸铁组织,硬度为50.9±1.5HRC,焊剂能够满足高铬铸铁电渣堆焊使用要求.     

利用合成渣对钢水脱氮的研究

试验研究了CaO-TiO_2-Al_2O_3,CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2 及CaO-B_2O_3-SiO_2渣系中TiO_2,Al_2O_3。及B_2O_3 含量对钢水脱氮率的影响。在三个渣系中,随着 TiO_2,Al_2O_3 及B_2O_3 含量的变化,脱氮率有一最大值,其脱氮率可达 55％—65％。钢和渣中氧位愈低,脱氮率愈高。增加渣中碳、铅及钢中铝的含量,可以提高合成渣脱氮效果。     

高钛低铝型高温合金电渣重熔渣系及工艺研究

高钛低铝型高温合金是用于现代航空、火箭发动机以及燃气轮机的重要合金材料,该合金在电渣重熔过程减少合金中钛的烧损和均匀控制钛含量分布是当时国内外尚未解决的技术难题。 通过实验研究,查清了该类型合金中钛烧损机理,发现钛烧损主要与渣中TiO_2含量有关,渣中Al_2O_3、TiO_2对钛有氧比作用,与钛平衡的是渣中Ti_3O_5,Ti_3O_5又会被大气氧化成TiO_2;减少钛烧损的关键在于化渣过程使渣中部分TiO_2还原为Ti_3O_5,并在重熔全过程保持一定量的Ti_3O_5。此外,发现MgO在渣中可提高Ti_3O_5和Al_2O_3的活度系数同时又能降低渣中TiO_2的活度系数,从而减少钛的烧损。研制出了该类型不同牌号合金电渣重熔相适应的CaF_2—Al_2O_3—MgO—TiO_2渣系。另一方面利用上述机理研     

B_2O_3-MgO-SiO_2系富硼渣活性的研究

研究了B_2O_3-MgO-SiO_2系富硼渣的活性与组成和结构的关系。在限定10％≤B_2O_3≤30％,10％≤SiO_2≤30％,MgO≤60％范围内,MgO的含量和熔体固化过程玻璃体的形成是影响富硼渣活性的关键因素。     

FeO和Al2O3质量分数对高炉初渣粘度的影响

以高铝烧结矿在高炉软熔滴落过程中形成的高炉初渣为主要研究对象,在实验室条件下采用分析纯试剂进行初渣的制备,分别探讨了CaO-SiO_2-MgO-Al_2O_3-FeO五元渣系中,FeO(5%~15%)及Al_2O_3(6%~15%)质量分数对初渣粘度和熔化性温度的影响规律。实验结果表明:在碱度(CaO/SiO_2)为2.0时,炉渣粘度随FeO质量分数的增加而减小,且FeO质量分数越多,炉渣的熔化性温度越低;当FeO质量分数为5%时,随着Al_2O_3质量分数的增大,炉渣粘度和熔化性温度都呈降低的趋势。     

添加剂对CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3系熔渣性质的影响

在CaO—SiO_2—Al_2O_3系碱度为0.38——0.9的范围内,测定了添加剂Na_2O、CaF_2和B_2O_3对其熔化温度、粘度、密度和表面张力的影响,添加剂的加入量为2～15％。文章中介绍了上述几个性质的测定方法及设备情况,对粘度和表面张力以及上述性质在固体保护渣中的作用进行了讨论。     

CrNiMoV钢电渣重熔过程中镁的控制

研究了电渣重熔过程中ＣｒＮｉＭｏＶ钢中镁含量的控制技术，结果表明：最佳的渣系为６２％ＣａｓＦ２－１０％Ａｌ２Ｏ－１２％ＣａＯ－１６％ＭｇＯ；脱氧剂加入量为１ｋｇ钢加入１．５ｇＣａＳｉ；采用较高镁含 电极和较主同的重熔电流有助于获得设计镁含量的重熔锭。     

变流四探针法测定炉渣电导率的研究

介绍了利用四探针组成的电极及DC—1新型电导仪测定炉渣电导率的装置和原理,根据对我国广泛应用的L_4(15％CaF_2-30％CaO-50％Al_2O_3-5％Mgo)渣在1230～1650℃所测熔态和固态的结果,求出了电导率与温度的经验式,为使测定结果能有较高的准确性和重现性,以KCl为标准溶液,讨论了电流频率、探针插入深度、溶液深度及电极二维偏心度等因素对测试结果的影响,并求得了电导池常数与探针插入深度及温度的关系式,此法简单而可靠。     

Activity coefficients of NiO and CoO in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slag and their application to the recycling of Ni-Co-Fe-based end-of-life superalloys via remelting

To design optimal pyrometallurgical processes for nickel and cobalt recycling, and more particularly for the end-of-life process of Ni–Co–Fe-based end-of-life (EoL) superalloys, knowledge of their activity coefficients in slags is essential. In this study, the activity coeffi-cients of NiO and CoO in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag, a candidate slag used for the EoL superalloy remelting process, were measured using gas/slag/metal equilibrium experiments. These activity coefficients were then used to consider the recycling efficiency of nickel and cobalt by remelting EoL superalloys using CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag. The activity coefficients of NiO and CoO in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag both show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law, with values that vary from 1 to 5 depending on the change in basicity. The activity coefficients of NiO and CoO peak in the slag with a composition near B = (%CaO)/(%SiO2) = 1, whereB is the basicity. We observed that controlling the slag composition at approximatelyB = 1 effectively reduces the cobalt and nickel oxidation losses and promotes the oxidation removal of iron during the remelting process of EoL superalloys.     

Effect of mold rotation on the bifilar electroslag remelting process

A novel electroslag furnace with a rotating mold was fabricated, and the effects of mold rotational speed on the electroslag remelting process were investigated. The results showed that the chemical element distribution in ingots became uniform and that their compact density increased when the mold rotational speed was increased from 0 to 28 r/min. These results were attributed to a reasonable mold speed, which resulted in a uniform temperature in the slag pool and scattered the metal droplets randomly in the metal pool. However, an excessive rotational speed caused deterioration of the solidification structure. When the mold rotational speeds was increased from 0 to 28 r/min, the size of Al₂O₃ inclusions in the electroslag ingot decreased from 4.4 to 1.9 μm. But the excessive mold rotational speed would decrease the ability of the electroslag remelting to remove the inclusions. The remelting speed gradually increased, which resulted in reduced power consumption with increasing mold rotational speed. This effect was attributed to accelerated heat exchange between the consumable electrode and the molten slag, which resulted from mold rotation. Nevertheless, when the rotational speed reached 28 r/min, the remelting speed did not change because of limitations of metal heat conduction. Mold rotation also improved the surface quality of the ingots by promoting a uniform temperature distribution in the slag pool.     

电渣重熔过程钢中氧含量预测及控制

为降低电渣钢锭中的总w_○O,建立了预测界面传质速率的同步反应热-动力学模型,对电渣重熔过程的氧传递行为与电磁-流动-传热-传质进行耦合分析,并提出钢液中w_○O的控制方法.结果表明,随重熔过程的进行,熔渣中w_○FeO和钢液中w_○O均升高,呈现重熔前期“脱氧”、后期“增氧”的现象,渣池-电极端部和渣池-金属熔滴界面是w_○O升高的主要位置.当电流为1200~1800A时,熔炼相同长度电极时的钢液中w_○O从82.4×10^-6降低到70.6×10^-6;采用惰性气体保护,使钢液中w_○O从78.7×10^-6降低到15.3×10^-6;使用70% CaF₂+30% Al₂O₃渣系控制钢液中w_○O的效果最佳,低w_○Al2O3的渣系有利于降低钢液中w_○O.     

Fluoride evaporation and crystallization behavior of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–(TiO2) slag for electroslag remelting of Ti-containing steels

To elucidate the behavior of slag films in an electroslag remelting process, the fluoride evaporation and crystallization of CaF₂–CaO–Al₂O₃–(TiO₂) slags were studied using the single hot thermocouple technique. The crystallization mechanism of TiO₂-bearing slag was identified based on kinetic analysis. The fluoride evaporation and incubation time of crystallization in TiO₂-free slag are found to considerably decrease with decreasing isothermal temperature down to 1503 K. Fish-bone and flower-like CaO crystals precipitate in TiO₂-free slag melt, which is accompanied by CaF₂ evaporation from slag melt above 1503 K. Below 1503 K, only near-spherical CaF₂ crystals form with an incubation time of less than 1 s, and the crystallization is completed within 1 s. The addition of 8.1wt% TiO₂ largely prevents the fluoride evaporation from slag melt and promotes the slag crystallization. TiO₂ addition leads to the precipitation of needle-like perovskite (CaTiO₃) crystals instead of CaO crystals in the slag. The crystallization of perovskite (CaTiO₃) occurs by bulk nucleation and diffusion-controlled one-dimensional growth.     

电极插入深度对电渣重熔过程影响的数模研究

以电渣重熔系统电极、渣池和钢锭为研究对象,利用有限元分析软件求得稳定电渣重熔过程电磁场和焦耳热场分布,并通过计算流体动力学软件模拟分析了耦合电磁场和焦耳热场的三维电渣重熔过程在不同电极插入深度下温度场、速度场和电磁场的变化.结果表明:当电极插入深度为15 mm时,渣池两侧的逆时针方向旋转涡流之间出现一个顺时针方向旋转涡流,其尺寸随着电极插入深度的增加而增加;电极插入深度每增加15 mm,湍流动能的降幅约为21%,而最大温度值的降幅约为1%.     

电渣重熔过程渣皮组织和成分变化与渣池的关联性

电渣重熔过程渣皮存在明显的分层现象。本文对生产过程渣皮进行取样分析，揭示不同位置渣皮分层的组织结构和成分分布。结合激冷层的生成机制，提出以激冷层成分反映渣池成分的设想。通过同一支电渣锭生产过程不同位置(高度)渣皮的激冷层成分测定，得到冶炼过程渣池成分的变化规律。     

T型导电结晶器电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的数值模拟

基于新开发的电渣重熔空心钢锭技术,建立了渣池和空心钢锭的三维准稳态数学模型.利用商业软件ANSYS模拟并得到了非导电和导电结晶器工况下,电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的电磁场、流场与温度场.计算结果表明:导电结晶器工况下,渣池的电流密度和焦耳热最大值均出现在T型结晶器的导电段部分,导电结晶器附近的熔池流动速度较快,渣池的温度场更为均匀,金属熔池形状更为浅平.导电结晶器在交换电极时持续保持渣池和金属熔池温度,能够避免渣池温度迅速下降而导致靠近结晶器壁的钢水迅速凝固而出现渣沟,可大大提高钢锭的凝固质量和表面质量.     

Comprehensive model for a slag bath in electroslag remelting process with a current-conductive mould

A mathematical model was developed to describe the interaction of multiple physical fields in a slag bath during electroslag remelting (ESR) process with a current-conductive mould. The distributions of current density, magnetic induction intensity, electromagnetic force, Joule heating, fluid flow and temperature were simulated. The model was verified by temperature measurements during remelting 12CrMoVG steel with a slag of 50wt%-70wt% CaF₂, 20wt%-30wt% CaO, 10wt%-20wt% Al₂O₃, and ≤ 10wt% SiO₂ in a 600 mm diameter current-conductive mould. There is a good agreement between the calculated temperature results and the measured data in the slag bath. The calculated results show that the maximum values of current density, electromagnetic force and Joule heating are in the region between the corner electrodes and the conductivity element. The characteristics of current density distribution, magnetic induction intensity, electromagnetic force, Joule heating, velocity patterns and temperature profiles in the slag bath during ESR process with current-conductive mould were analyzed.