丙氨酸甘氨酸混合三、四肽构象稳定性的快速预测

使用特殊氢方法预测丙氨酸甘氨酸混合三肽和四肽分子共111个构象的相对稳定性,并与B3LYP/6-31G^＊方法的相对能量比较,得到了满意的结果.在所有111个构象中,特殊氢方法相对能量与B3LYP/6-31G^＊方法相对能量偏差绝对值大于2.0 kcal/mol的只有3个,偏差在1.0～2.0 kcal/mol之间的有18个,其余均小于1.0 kcal/mol.本文结果表明特殊氢原子在决定多肽构象稳定性方面的内秉重要性.     

植物miRNAs前体的生物信息分析

miRNAs前体（pre-miRNAs）是产生成熟miRNAs的基因表达产物，能形成较为稳定的发卡环结构，具有较低的最小折叠自由能（minimal folding free cnergy，MFE）。在对植物pre-miRNAs长度、不同碱基含量、MFE、熵分析基础上，重点比较不同RNAs序列之间MFE与其长度的比值（MFEL）。结果表明MFEL是区分植物pre-miRNAs的一个很有效的参数：pre-miRNAs的MFEL值平均为-45．98kcal／mol，明显低于mRNAs（-23．08kcal／mol），tRNAs（-22．13kcal／mol）和rRNAs（-16．83kcal／mol）。使用MFEL参数可提高预测植物miRNAs基因的效率。     

β-环糊精紫杉醇包合物超分子结构的密度泛函理论研究

本文研究了β-环糊精包裹紫杉醇形成的超分子包合物。用密度泛函（DFT）PBE方法对超分子包合物进行结构优化得到稳定几何结构,分析结构表明β-环糊精与紫杉醇通过O—H…O、C—H…O和C-Ч…π氢键的相互作用,形成稳定的包合物。稳定包合物的结合能为-30．93keal／mol。     

Encumbering the intramolecular π donation by using a bridge: A strategy for designing metal-free compounds to hydrogen activation

On the basis of the FLP (frustrated Lewis pair) principle, a new strategy has been proposed to construct the “frustration” in designing metal-free hydrogen activation compounds, by using FMO (frontier molecular orbital) analyses and quantum mechanics calculations. Unlike the known FLPs which use bulky substituents to prevent them from forming stable Lewis acid/base complexes, the new approach encumbers the intramolecular π donation from the electron donor to the acceptor (e.g. in BH₂NH₂) by using a CH₂ bridge (giving BH₂CH₂NH₂). The strategy is simple and effective. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by the small hydrogen activation energy (12.0 kcal/mol) of the model molecule (BH₂CH₂NH₂), which is significantly less than the 42.7 kcal/mol of BH₂NH₂ and also less than the 18.5 kcal/mol of BH₂PH₂ whose derivative, R₂PB(C₆F₅)₂, has been experimentally shown to be able to activate hydrogen. We also exemplified how to use the strategy to design experimentally more realizable molecules. The example shows promises as a hydrogen activation agent. The strategy can be used to design metal-free catalysts for direct hydrogenation.     

超临界水中半纤维素气化制氢的影响因素分析

以碱性化合物KaCO3、Ca（OH）2以及Ru／C为催化剂，在间歇式高压反应釜中，对半纤维素在超临界水中的气化制氢特性进行了实验研究．结果表明：3种催化剂都有较好的催化作用，其中Ru／C的效果最佳，当加入0．8g时，每千克半纤维素可生成14．365m01 H2，约为不加入催化剂时的3．8倍，为单独加入K2CO3、Ca（OH）2时的1．6和1．9倍，气化率和氢转化率也有很大提高，分别达到77％和126％．同时，催化剂混合使用要比单独一种催化剂的效果好．温度的提高可明显提高H2产量，同时降低CH4产量．此外，停留时间对气化效果也有一定的影响，20min时气化效果最佳．     

笼型Li6Si5团簇的结构和储氢性能研究

利用密度泛函M06方法,在6-311+G(d, p)基组水平上对Si_5和Li修饰的Si_5团簇的几何结构和电子性质及储氢性能进行理论计算研究.结果表明, Si_5团簇最低能量构型为笼型结构,纯Si_5团簇不能有效吸附氢分子. Li原子的引入显著改善了Si_5团簇的储氢能力.以六个Li原子穴位修饰Si_5团簇为载体,每个Li原子周围可以有效吸附三个氢分子,其氢分子的平均吸附能为2.395 kcal/mol,储氢密度可达16.617 wt%.合适的吸附能和较高储氢密度表明Li修饰Si_5团簇有望成为理想的储氢材料.     

Water as dual functional cocatalyst: A theoretical study on the mechanism of direct aldol reaction on water catalyzed by a leucine derivative

The role of water and stereoselectivity in the direct syn-aldol reaction involving 3-pentanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde catalyzed by amino acid derivatives on water has been investigated by density functional theory. Calculations indicate that the formation of intermediate enamine is the rate determining step via a three-step process with activation enthalpies of 50 kcal/mol in the gas phase and 21 kcal/mol in the presence of water. The subsequent nucleophilic addition of enamine to aldehyde is relatively easier with activation enthalpies below 10 kcal/mol both in the gas phase and in the presence of water. The diastereoselective formation of syn- and anti-aldol products results from the preferential formation of Z-enamine to E-enamine, kinetically and thermodynamically. The enantioselectivity of both syn- and anti-products is controlled by the steric repulsive interactions between the amino alcohol moiety of catalyst and the phenyl ring of aldehyde. Calculations show that water molecule can act as a proton shuttle in the proton-transport catalytic processes. The water-assisted proton-transfer is very efficient to reduce the activation barriers via protonation and deprotonation in the formation of C–N and C–C bonds, dehydration, and β-elimination processes by inhibiting the generation of zwitterionic transition states. The theoretical discoveries indicate that in the present proton-transport assistance, the amino alcohol moiety of the catalyst plays a critical role as hydrogen bond donor to anchor substrates with carbonyl group close to the amine or enamine moiety so that the water molecule can bridge the NH of amine and the oxygen of carbonyl by hydrogen bonding interaction around the reactive site to activate the reactants and promote the reaction effectively.     

苏氨酸分子的构象转变及水分子与羟基自由基的催化机理

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法和微扰论的MP2方法, 研究苏氨酸分子构象转变机制以及水分子与羟基自由基对氢迁移反应的催化作用. 结果表明： S-苏氨酸向R 别苏氨酸的构象转变反应有4个通道, R-别苏氨酸向R-苏氨酸与S-苏氨酸向S-别苏氨酸的构象转变反应各有1个通道; S-苏氨酸向R-别苏氨酸构象转变反应的最高能垒为250.2 kJ/mol; R-别苏氨酸向R-苏氨酸构象转变反应的最高能垒为335.0 kJ/mol; S-苏氨酸向S-别苏氨酸构象转变反应的最高能垒为359.6 kJ/mol; 2个水分子构成的链及水分子/羟基自由基构成的链对质子迁移反应有较好的催化作用, 使S-苏氨酸向R-别苏氨酸构象转变反应的高能垒分别降为128.3 kJ/mol和108.6 kJ/mol.     

从头算和RRKM理论研究O（1D）+trans-CH2FCH2F反应

运用MP2/6-311G(d,p)方法优化得到了O(1D)+trans-CH2FCH2F反应势能面上稳定点的优化几何构型和振动频率。精算的能量是在QCISD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)水平上得到的。RRKM(Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus)理论用来计算碰撞能在0-350 kcal/mol范围内通过中间体的微正则速率常数。计算得出,当碰撞能低于140 kcal/mol时标题反应的主要产物是HF和CH2F;碰撞能在140-350 kcal/mol时反应的主要产物是HF,CH2F和OH.在整个碰撞能范围内,HF和CH2F是主要产物。     

Cumulative effect of intragenic amino-acid replacements on the thermostability of a protein

The marginal net stability of a folded protein is thought to depend on a small difference between large, compensating individual forces. Therefore, the net free energy of stabilization of proteins is unexpectedly small (approximately 10 kcal mol-1). The contribution of individual forces such as hydrogen bonds and salt bridges to the stabilization is evaluated as 1-3 kcal mol-1, and several additional forces are thought to be sufficient to account for the extra thermostability of thermophilic proteins. The native conformation of a protein is determined by the total number of interatomic interactions and hence by the amino-acid sequence. If the few amino-acid residues that individually contribute to the stabilization could be implemented concurrently into the sequence, the multiple replacement would enhance the overall stability of the protein molecule. Here we report evidence to support this argument. Thermal inactivation kinetics and proteolytic resistance for mutants of a kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase reveal that a few intragenic amino-acid replacements stabilize the protein cumulatively. Our experiments not only demonstrate the feasibility of elevating the thermostability of a protein but also lead to better understanding of the forces that are responsible for protein stability.     

丙烯腈水解反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函方法研究了丙烯腈的水解反应,设计了2条水解途径,并在B3lyp/6-31++G(d,p)水平上优化了反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物的几何构型.途径A的第1步是水分子先进攻丙烯腈的C≡C中的C原子,同时H转移到CC的另一个C原子上,在第2步中,另一个水分子进攻C≡N中的C原子,H原子转移到N上.经历一个扭转过渡态后,在第4步中,与N原子邻近的羟基上的H原子转移到N原子上,形成最终的产物酰胺.其中第1步的能垒最高,为52 kcal/mol,故为途径A的速度控制步骤.途径B的第1步是水分子先进攻C≡N,然后第2个水分子进攻CC,后面的过程与途径A类似.该途径也是第1步的能垒最高47 kcal/mol,故为途径B的速度控制步骤.研究结果表明途径B比途径A更优势.     

HRP-PAMAM-MCNT修饰电极的研制及其在油脂中过氧化物测定中的应用

以自组装方式,将多壁碳纳米管、聚酰胺-胺和辣根过氧化物酶修饰到玻碳电极表面,构建了H2O2生物传感器.研究了影响传感器工作性能的因素,确定了最佳分析条件,即pH值6.8的PBS缓冲溶液,工作电位为-0.15 V.在最佳工作条件下,电极对H2O2快速响应(响应时间<1 s),在9×10-7～1×10-4mol/L范围内,电极的电流响应值与H2O2浓度呈现良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为i(μA)=20.76 C(mmol/L)+0.223 0,R=0.999 0,检出限为5.0×10-7mol/L,电极的电流响应灵敏度为0.247 A mol-1.cm-2.电极应用于食用油脂中过氧化物测定,结果与碘量法一致.     

有机化合物的键裂能及自由基的生成热

本文发现了键裂能的差值△DH~0(Me-X/R-X)与基团电负性的线性关系,从而建立了一个计算R-X键键裂能的简单方法:DH~0(R-X)=DH~0(CH_3-X)-(a_mx_G+c_m)式中,R为烷基;X代表CI、Br、I、OH、NH_2、SH、CH_3;X_G是作者前一工作建立的基团电负性:a_m和c_m是与烷基结构因素相关的常数.对于14个可比较的值,其平均偏差为1.30kJ/mol,最大偏差为3.01kJ/mol.同时,烷基和烷氧基自由基的标准生成热也被准确地估算,9个自由基估算的平均偏差为1.63kJ/mol,最大偏差也只有3.54kJ/mol.     

嗜热酯酶EstTs1的远源三维结构模建及分子对接

利用Phyre网络服务器,构建嗜热酯酶EstTs1的三维结构,并通过分子动力学优化构型,得到了可靠的构型.分子对接研究表明,p-硝基苯基丁酸酯是EstTs1的最适底物,其大小正适合EstTs1的活性口袋.Thr111是底物与酶结合的重要残基,与底物形成了氢键; Ser85是重要的催化残基.     

脉冲电流聚合苯胺

采用脉冲电流和恒电流分别合成聚苯胺,通过循环伏安曲线和电镜扫描照片对它的电化学性质进行表征,脉冲电流合成聚苯胺的峰值电流比恒电流的高,其电化学活性更强.两种方法合成的膜结构不同,脉冲电流合成的聚苯胺是纳米纤维结构,恒电流合成的聚苯胺是颗粒结构.并且在硫酸、硝酸不同介质条件下的聚苯胺的扫描电镜图相似,均为纤维结构.     

Hydrogen production by mixed culture of several facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

The characteristic of hydrogen production by facultative anaerobic bacteria, obligate anaerobic bacteria and their mixed culture was studied by the batch culture method. The results showed that, due to the synergistic effect between facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, the ability of hydrogen production in the mixed culture was much better than that in the pure culture. Especially, the culture Scheme No.7 mixed up with three strains ( Bacterium.E: Bacterium.B: Bacterium.P = 1:1:1) not only had the best hydrogen production capacity (1.885 mol H2/mol glucose) and maximum average hydrogen production rate (212.2mL/(L·h)), but also had stable hydrogen production under continuous culture conditions, which was 1.968 mol H2/mol glucose.     

水环境下氢氧根水分子簇催化缬氨酸旋光异构及羟自由基致其损伤机理

基于MP2/6-311++G(2df,pd)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)双理论水平, 用自洽反应场(SCRF)理论的SMD模型方法, 考察水环境下氢氧根水分子簇催化缬氨酸旋光异构及羟自由基致其损伤机理. 结果表明： 缬氨酸的旋光异构可在2个通道a和b实现, 通道a为氢氧根水分子簇与α-H和氨基通过氢键作用形成底物, 氢氧根抽取α-H后, α-C在另一侧抽取水分子的H; 通道b为氢氧根水分子簇与α-H和羰基通过氢键作用形成底物, 氢氧根抽取α-H后, α-C在另一侧抽取水分子的H, 通道b中的水分子辅助羟自由基抽取α-H可致缬氨酸损伤; 水液相环境下, 构象Val-1（氨基羧基间为单氢键）和构象Val-2（氨基羧基间为双氢键）在通道a旋光异构的决速步骤能垒分别为60.57,65.24 kJ/mol, 在通道b旋光异构的决速步骤能垒分别为56.76,64.11 kJ/mol, 羟自由基水分子簇致缬氨酸在通道b的损伤为温和的放热反应.     

Nonlinear grassland responses to past and future atmospheric CO(2)

Carbon sequestration in soil organic matter may moderate increases in atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (C(a)) as C(a) increases to more than 500 micromol mol(-1) this century from interglacial levels of less than 200 micromol mol(-1) (refs 1 6). However, such carbon storage depends on feedbacks between plant responses to C(a) and nutrient availability. Here we present evidence that soil carbon storage and nitrogen cycling in a grassland ecosystem are much more responsive to increases in past C(a) than to those forecast for the coming century. Along a continuous gradient of 200 to 550 micromol mol(-1) (refs 9, 10), increased C(a) promoted higher photosynthetic rates and altered plant tissue chemistry. Soil carbon was lost at subambient C(a), but was unchanged at elevated C(a) where losses of old soil carbon offset increases in new carbon. Along the experimental gradient in C(a) there was a nonlinear, threefold decrease in nitrogen availability. The differences in sensitivity of carbon storage to historical and future C(a) and increased nutrient limitation suggest that the passive sequestration of carbon in soils may have been important historically, but the ability of soils to continue as sinks is limited.     

Significantly enhanced hydrogen desorption properties of Mg(AlH4)2 nanoparticles synthesized using solvent free strategy

Mg(AlH_4)_2 nanoparticles with a particle size less than 10 nm have been successfully synthesized by mechanochemical method using LiAlH_4 and MgCl_2 as raw materials together with Li Cl buffering additive. In comparison to Mg(AlH_4)_2 microparticles, Mg(AlH_4)_2 nanoparticles exhibit a faster hydrogen desorption kinetics and lower desorption temperature. The hydrogen desorption temperatures of the first and second dehydrogenation steps are 80 and 220 °C for the Mg(AlH_4)_2 nanoparticles, which are about 65 and 60 °C, respectively, lower than those of Mg(AlH_4)_2 microparticles. The decomposition activation energy is reduced from 135 k J/mol for Mg(AlH_4)_2 microparticles to 105.3 k J/mol for Mg(AlH_4)_2 nanoparticles. It is proposed that the shortened diffusion distance and enhanced diffusivity of Mg(AlH_4)_2/MgH_2 nanoparticles provide an energy destabilization for lowering the dehydrogenation temperature, and thus being the key factor for promoting the hydrogen desorption kinetics. More importantly, it is demonstrated that the dehydrided nano MgH_2 hydride with a particle size below 10 nm can be formed after rehydrogenation process, resulting in the good cycling hydrogen desorption performance of nano MgH_2.     

Hydrogen production by mixed culture of several facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

The characteristic of hydrogen production by facultative anaerobic bacteria, obligate anaerobic bacteria and their mixed culture was studied by the batch culture method. The results showed that, due to the synergistic effect between facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, the ability of hydrogen production in the mixed culture was much better than that in the pure culture. Especially, the culture Scheme No.7 mixed up with three strains (Bacterium. E: Bacterium. B: Bacterium. P = 1:1:1) not only had the best hydrogen production capacity (1.885 mol H₂/mol glucose) and maximum average hydrogen production rate (212.2 mL/(L·h)), but also had stable hydrogen production under continuous culture conditions, which was 1.968 mol H₂/mol glucose.