鳙鱼人工繁殖群体遗传多样性的研究

运用40个随机引物对湖北荆州和广西昭平的两个鳙鱼（Aristchthys nobilis)人工繁殖群体进行了随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）分析。结果表明，两个鳙鱼人工繁殖群体内个体间的遗传相似度分别为0．9755和0．9797，Shanonn表型多样性指数分别为5．541和4．954；以所得RAPD数据分析为基础，对鳙鱼人工繁殖群体的遗传多样性进行了分析，对鳙鱼人工繁殖过程中的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Genetic diversity of threeAristichthys nobilis populations and one inbreeding stock

Genetic diversity of threeAristichthys nobilis populations and one inbreeding stock was studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Materials of natural populations were collected from two counties of Guangxi Province, Hengxian (NH) and Shanglin (NS) and one city of Hubei Province, Wuhan city. (NW). Shanglin and Hengxian's river system respectively belongs to Qianjiang and Yujiang River, two tributaries confluencing to Xunjiang River, main tributary of Xijiang River, which is the biggest tributary of the Zhujiang River system, and Wuhan's water system belongs to the Yangtse River system. The inbreeding stock (RS) was the more than 10 generation descendant by brother-sister mating system whose parents were collected from Shanglin. The results showed that the genetic variety of individuals of RS was very low (0.105 4), whereas that of natural populations was relatively high, which from high to low was 0.158 1 (NW), 0.132 0 (NH) and 0.110 5 (NS). As an index for genetic distance pair-wise populations, the genetic variety between populations was studied, which characterized the genetic distance between populations. The genetic distance of NW and NH, NW and NS, NW and RS were respectively high, whereas that of NH and NS, NS and RS, NH and RS was low. Chi-test (χ ²) and the analysis of the genetic variety pair-wise populations was taken as efficient approach for studying population difference. Foundation item: Supported by the National Ninth-Five Research Program (No. 96-08010301), and Species Resource and Biotech of Freshwater Fish Pivot Laboratory of Agriculture Ministry Biography: Wang He(1978-), male, Master, research direction: molecular genetic markers in fish     

Rapid establishment of pure lines of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molirix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

The diversity of gynogenetic, artificial sex reversal and natural silver carp and bighead carp is examined using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method.All of the 187 bands are obtained and 19 (10.16%) of them are polymorphic in gynogenetic silver carp.Meanwhile 32 (15.61%) out of 205 bands are polymorphic in control group.In gynogenetic bighead carp a total of 232 bands are identified and 11 (4.74%) out of them are polymorphic, while 25 (10.37%) out of 241 bands are polymorphic in control group.The genetic distance of four populations is calculated and it is 0.102 and 0.023 for gynogenetic silver carp and gynogenetic bighead carp respectively.The values of natural silver carp and bighead carp are 0.161 and 0.104.From the UPGMA trees constructed based on genetic distance, the sex reversal individuals that match with the gynogenetic female individuals are picked out.A new breeding process of establishing a pure line is developed.     

鲢鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）鱼精蛋白的纯化和鉴定

采用Sephadex G-50凝胶层析、GM-Sepharose CL 6B离子交换层析及反相高压液相色谱等步骤从鲢鱼鱼精蛋白的粗品中分离得到一种具有抗菌活性的蛋白质。经SDS－PAGE及生物质谱鉴定,该蛋白质为单一组份,分子量为13331.9.Da。该蛋白分子中碱性氨基酸总量为33．4％,N－末端序列为NH2－Pro-Gln-Arg-His-Lys。     

鳙鱼鳃表面形态结构的扫描电镜研究

用扫描电镜对鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)鳃表面形态结构进行了详细的观察研究。结果表明：鳃耙、鳃弓、鳃丝上皮细胞表面都有环形隆嵴、断续的短纹；而鳃小片的上皮细胞表面没有环形隆嵴，只有沟、回、短纹等结构。这些结构特点是与鳃的生理功能密切相关的。     

优质红锥种源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用从100个随机引物中筛选出的30个有效引物，利用RAPD技术对不同地区的10个不同生态型优质红锥种源进行遗传多样性研究．结果表明：（1）30个有效引物共扩增出290条清晰谱带，平均每个引物扩增出9．67条带．多态性条带为254条，比率为87．59％；（2）10个不同生态型红锥之间的遗传相似系数介于0．5946～0．7148之间，但不同地区红锥也存在着一定的遗传差异（遗传差异在0．2852～0.4054）；（3）用引物S3扩增出的带谱可在一次实验中区别10种不同生态地区的优质红锥，同时S3也可作为10种优质红锥材料的指纹图谱，鉴定优质红锥的种源；（4）聚类分析表明，10种优质红锥种源可聚成3个独立的类群．本文作者对它们的亲缘关系进行了推测．     

不同地区桐花树种群的分子遗传变异分析

利用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记,对4个不同纬度桐花树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行探讨,根据RAPD和ISSR数据计算遗传距离并进行聚类分析.结果表明,4个种群桐花树遗传变异性低,4个纬度桐花树种群分为南北两个类群,海南和广西为1个类群,广东和福建为1个类群.利用Shannon's指数计算4个种群的遗传多样性,广西种群多样性指数最高,福建种群最低.大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内(64%),小部分的遗传变异存在种群间(36%).本文同时探讨了种群遗传保护和引种策略.     

鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)外周血细胞的细微结构

本文用光镜(Wright氏染色和组化反应)和透射电镜观察鳙鱼外周血细胞.在Wright’s染色的血涂片上,可以区分:红细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞和颗粒细胞.淋巴细胞是数目最多的白细胞,而单核细胞的数目较少.电镜观察下,红细胞的细胞器较少,只有一些囊泡样体和少量线粒体.血栓细胞由于有大量的液泡和边周微管而与小淋巴细胞有较大区别.虽然单核细胞在体积和形态上酷似颗粒细胞,但单核细胞有更丰富的粗面内质网和游离核糖体,而颗粒细胞含更多的特殊颗粒.颗粒细胞有两种类型:Ⅰ型颗粒细胞和Ⅱ型颗粒细胞.这两种颗粒细胞都是嗜中性粒细胞,是同一种细胞的不同发育时期.本文还描述了这两种颗粒细胞的重要特征.     

Effect of enzymatic fish frame protein hydrolysate on freeze-induced denaturation of myofibrillar protein from bighead carp fish （Aristichthys nobilis ） during frozen storage

Three kinds offish frame protein hydrolysates （PPH, APH and FPH） were prepared from fish frame of red drum （ Sciaenops ocellatus ） by papain, alkaline proteinase and flavorzyme treatment. The hydrolysates were mainly composed of peptide （83.5 % -84.6% ） and displayed different molecular weight distribution pattern. The protective effects of hydrolysates on the freeze-induced denaturation of myofibrillar protein （Mf） from bighead carp （Aristichthys nobilis） mince during storage at -20℃ for 12 weeks were investigated. The hydrolysate （5 % dried weight/wet weight） reduced the freeze-induced denaturation of Mf as evidenced by the lowered decrease in Ca-ATPase activity and reactive sulfllydryl contents as well as the impeded increase in surface hydrophobicity. Microscopic photographs indicated that the hydrolysates inhibited the growth of ice crystal in fish mince, and then prevented the aggregation of Mf during frozen storage. The protective effects of hydrolysates on freeze-induced denaturation of Mf were influenced by the molecular weight distribution. PPH had strongest cryoprotective ability among three hydrolysates.     

十一种重楼属植物的RAPD分析

作者利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术，对重楼属植物11个种的遗传多样性进行了分析．12个引物共扩增出86条带，其中有82条(95．3％)表现出多态性，说明重楼属植物有很高的遗传多样性．用UPGMA法则构建分子系统树，并把11个种划分为6组．     

基于RAPD技术的红花品种遗传多样性分析

利用RAPD分子标记技术分析了国内11个省的20个红花品种间的遗传多样性.从筛选出的20个引物中,共扩增出209个位点,其中多态性位点178个,平均多态性比率为85.17%.采用成对算术平均数的非加权成组配对法(UPMGA)对Nei’s的一致度进行的聚类分析结果表明川红花和陕红花的遗传距离最近(0.206 5),太空1号和虞城红花的遗传距离最远(0.571 6).在遗传距离为0.38处将20个红花品种分为4个类群.其中云红3号、亳州红花、延津红花、延津大红袍、南阳红花、卢氏草红花、义县红花、白沙1号、太空1号、杞县刺红花聚为一类,该类群中大多数为河南道地红花品种,说明红花不同品种之间的遗传多样性可能与地理分布存在一定相关性.     

RAPD技术探讨几种家鸭与野鸭遗传多样性及亲缘关系

用RAPD技术分析我国常见家鸭品种（系）金定鸭(I、II、III系)、绍兴鸭、巢湖鸭、大余鸭、莆田黑鸭(I、II系)、连城白鸭、北京鸭,及引进品种番鸭和野鸭斑嘴鸭、绿头鸭基因组DNA的多态性.24个引物中,有19个共扩增出283条带,分子量约在400～2000bp之间,13个样品共有的条带数只有27条.根据扩增得到的RAPD图谱计算了不同样品间的遗传距离（D）和遗传相似系数.绿头鸭、斑嘴鸭与家鸭品种(系)间的遗传距离分别在0.2240～0.3092和0.2880～0.3735之间,方差分析表明两组数据不存在显著差异(p＞0.05).并依据D值由UPGMA聚类分析软件绘制了它们的分子进化树.     

金定鸭遗传多样性及分子标记的研究

用40个随机引物对我国常见家鸭品种(系)、引进品种和野鸭基因组DNA进行RAPD分析,寻找金定鸭品种特征RAPD标记.通过多次重复实验,初步认为Y05 600可作为鉴别育成品种金定鸭的RAPD分子标记.再选用20个引物对金定鸭3个育成品系各12个个体进行RAPD扩增,分析金定鸭的种质特征.结果显示:金定鸭I、II、III系的平均遗传相似系数分别为0.9157±0.0296、0.8552±0.0459、0.8816±0.0449;3个品系的变异系数分别为3.23%、5.37%、5.09%.育成品种金定鸭不同品系遗传一致性较高,但品系内的个体间仍存在着丰富的遗传多样性,不同品系之间存在着极显著的差异(p<0.01).     

用微卫星技术研究珠江流域三个野生大眼鳜群体的遗传多样性

采用微卫星标记技术,探讨了广西右江、左江及红水河三江段野生大眼鳜群体的遗传多样性。采用生物信息学方法,自主开发了4对大眼鳜微卫星DNA引物,此外,还从28对鳜属微卫星通用引物中筛选出15对,19对标记均表现为高度多态性。对32尾右江(YJ)、35尾左江(ZJ)及36尾红水河(HSH)三地理群体野生大眼鳜进行遗传多样性分析,总群体的固定指数Fix范围为0.001 4~1.000,表明19个位点在总群体内表现为杂合子缺失,其对环境的应对能力有所下降。遗传参数统计结果表明,总群体观测等位基因数(Na=19.4737)、香农指数(I=2.399 8)、平均杂合度(Ave Het=0.720 6)、多态信息含量(0.447PIC0.947)均显示:在哈温平衡下,大眼鳜3群体遗传多样性丰富;但3群体遗传多样性存在差异,红水河群体的遗传多样性比左江群体、右江群体的遗传多样性丰富,左江和右江群体的遗传多样性水平较为接近。群体间遗传分化水平较大(0.15群体间近交系数Fst=0.153 90.25),15.39%的遗传变异来自于群体间,84.61%的遗传变异来自于群体内,群体内近交系数Fis为0.576 1,各座位的基因流Nm分布范围较广(0.147 4~8.909 1),平均Nm值为1.374 5,表明3群体间属于中等遗传分化水平,基因流基本顺畅,群体内的近交系数较高,容易引起遗传结构的变化。基于Nei's遗传距离的聚类分析显示左江群体与右江群体首先聚为一支,再与红水河聚为一支,符合其在地理位置上的关系。