生物入侵与人类、民族与社会关系认识与对策

生物的迁移是个自然性的问题,从生命出现时起这种现象就存在．人类活动加速了这种迁移的过程,克服了自然迁移的障碍,使生物入侵现象出现．本文回顾了生物入侵的历史特征,论述了我国各地区尤其是民族地区生物入侵的现象,提出了从自然界、人类、民族和社会的角度对生物入侵的理解,给出了应对生物入侵在人类、民族基础上的国家对策．     

微量元素锌与生命

锌是人体必需的微量元素．参与人体上百种酶的合成。在生物体内作为某些酶的活性中心或酶的激活因子．对机体各种代谢起调节协同和交换能量的“生命齿轮”作用,具有广泛的生物功能．过多或缺乏将引起一系列生化紊乱、并出现相应的病理改变及疾病表现．对生命活动具有重要意义。     

经络科学论

经络-皮层-内脏相关学说提出经络是独特系统,从发育观点利用生物多样性与生命同一性建立生物实验模型证明人体经络现象。作者通过研究细胞间环境中调节生命活动机理,定义经络,创建经络科学,作为探索和发展中华传统医药学经验的基础学科。     

健康城市与完善的城市生态规划策略探析

 随着人类城市化进程的加剧，引起了一系列的生态环境问题，导致人与自然的矛盾加剧，特别是疫灾的出现，极大地危害人体健康、破坏城市秩序、危及社会的稳定和可持续性、造成社会经济的重大损失。结合史上重大疫灾的分析，从生态规划的视角，寻找疫灾产生的根本原因及生态规划工作中存在的问题，重点研究人与生物（动物、植物、微生物）之间的相互关系，并提出完善健康城市建设及生态规划的理念及策略。建议在今后的生态规划中，建立、完善人与生物和谐共生的人居环境，加强生物规划，从以人为本，打造人与自然的生命健康共同体。     

Elevated UV-B radiation reduces genome stability in plants

Long-term depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer contributes to an increase in terrestrial solar ultraviolet-B radiation. This has deleterious effects on living organisms, such as DNA damage. When exposed to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm), plants display a wide variety of physiological and morphological responses characterized as acclimation and adaptation. Here we show, using special sun simulators, that elevated solar UV-B doses increase the frequency of somatic homologous DNA rearrangements in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. Increases in recombination are accompanied by a strong induction of photolyase and Rad51 gene expression. These genes are putatively involved in major DNA repair pathways, photoreactivation and recombination repair. In mutant Arabidopsis plants that are deficient in photoreactivating ultraviolet-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, recombination under elevated UV-B regimes greatly exceeds wild-type levels. Our results show that homologous recombination repair pathways might be involved in eliminating UV-B-induced DNA lesions in plants. Thus, increases in terrestrial solar UV-B radiation as forecasted for the early 21st century may affect genome stability in plants.     

羟基磷灰石基生物材料培养破骨细胞研究现状

骨重建是新骨组织替换旧骨或受损骨的生理过程,在无瘢痕骨愈合和受损骨再生中起着必要的作用。骨重建主要是骨形成细胞如成骨细胞（osteoblast,OB）,骨吸收细胞如破骨细胞（osteoclast,OC）,和巨噬细胞（macrophage,MP）等细胞之间的相互协调活动。OC作为生物体内唯一多核细胞,负责生物体内骨质的脱钙与骨基质的吸收。自然骨具有一定硬度、韧性,良好的生物活性,保证骨重建中细胞的增殖、分化、骨形成或骨再吸收等活性。以羟基磷灰石（hydroxyapatite,HA）为主的磷酸钙（HA-CaPs）是自然骨中矿物质的主要成分,具有优异的生物性能而被广泛应用于骨组织修复领域。总结了HA-CaPs物相成分、表面形貌等对OC等骨吸收细胞增殖、分化和骨吸收活性的影响,并通过OC对于骨修复材料体内吸收机制及细胞活性调控机制等探讨HA-CaPs与细胞间相互关系,以期为磷酸钙人工骨替代材料更加广泛的生物应用作理论参考。     

口腔鳞状细胞癌中错配修复基因hMLH1、hMSH2、p53和PCNA表达的相关性及意义

探讨hMLHI、hMSH2、p53和PCNA在OSCC中的表达关系及可能存在的临床意义。运用免疫组织化学S—P法对56例口腔鳞状细胞癌巾hMLH1、hMSH2、μ53和PCNA的表达进行检测。4种基因产物在OSCC中的阳性率均高于正常口腔黏膜,其中,中一低分化癌中的阳性率均高于高分化癌;hMSH2、p53和PCNA的阳性率在有淋巴结转移者中高于无转移者。hMLHI与p53／PCNA表达,hMSH2与p53／PCNA,p53与PCNA表达均呈正相关性。hM—LH1、hMSH2、p53和PCNA的异常表达及其相互之间的调节可能与OSCC的发生发展有关;检测4种蛋白有助于判断OSCC的恶性程度和生物学行为．     

Orchestrating size and shape during morphogenesis

Living organisms exhibit tremendous diversity, evident in the large repertoire of forms and considerable size range. Scientists have discovered that conserved mechanisms control the development of all organisms. Drosophila has proved to be a particularly powerful model system with which to identify the signalling pathways that organize tissue patterns. More recently, much has been learned about the control of tissue growth, tissue shape and their coordination at the cellular and tissue levels. New models integrate how specific signals and mechanical forces shape tissues and may also control their size.     

A general model for ontogenetic growth.

Several equations have been proposed to describe ontogenetic growth trajectories for organisms justified primarily on the goodness of fit rather than on any biological mechanism. Here, we derive a general quantitative model based on fundamental principles for the allocation of metabolic energy between maintenance of existing tissue and the production of new biomass. We thus predict the parameters governing growth curves from basic cellular properties and derive a single parameterless universal curve that describes the growth of many diverse species. The model provides the basis for deriving allometric relationships for growth rates and the timing of life history events.     

Revealing the world of RNA interference

The recent discoveries of RNA interference and related RNA silencing pathways have revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation. RNA interference has been used as a research tool to control the expression of specific genes in numerous experimental organisms and has potential as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the expression of problem genes. At the heart of RNA interference lies a remarkable RNA processing mechanism that is now known to underlie many distinct biological phenomena.     

Research Progress on the Relationship among Circadian Rhythm,Melatonin and Aging

It is generally believed that aging is a gradual decline in the efficiency of our biological metabolism, which eventually leads to the deterioration of individual physiological function and the development of a series of age-related degenerative diseases.The circadian clock machinery orchestrates the normal metabolism of the organism in order to assure that individual growth,development and reproduction are adapted to the changes of diurnal environmental variations. The circadian rhythm in the elderly is attenuated with age and is accompanied by the onset of metabolic syndrome, the accumulation of genomic or epigenomic instability, the decline of metabolic tissue homeostasis and the change of natural feeding behavior. Existing results corroborate that light at night(LAN) and melatonin inhibition affect genomic integrity and normal metabolic function. In several animal models,LAN accelerated aging by inhibiting melatonin production in the pineal gland and promoting age-related carcinogenesis. This paper reviews the effects of the circadian rhythm on aging and discusses the complex relationship among circadian rhythms, melatonin and aging in different models of organisms, which may provide clues for prolonging human life and maintaining health.     

用于“治疗性克隆”人胚胎干细胞研究面临的问题与可能的解决办法

利用培育的干细胞(SC)来实现组织再生和器官修复对于许多重大疾病如糖尿病、心脏疾病、老年性痴呆(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、神经损伤等的治疗具有重要意义,同时也是新药研发的重要工具.使用体细胞核转移技术(SCNT)克隆人类早期胚胎和提取干细胞,即所谓的"治疗性克隆"(Therapeutic cloning)技术,是目前进行干细胞个性化治疗的重要手段,具有广泛的临床应用前景.通过这种方法获得人胚胎干细胞的研究尚处于基础阶段,仍面临着许多有待解决的科学问题和技术挑战.在此主要就用于"治疗性克隆"人胚胎干细胞的研究进展做了简要综述,着重探讨了在该研究领域面临的主要困难,特别是在获得人成熟卵细胞方面,并提出了可能的解决办法.     

生物组织冻结相变过程的数值模拟

建立了生物组织(含正常生物组织和肿瘤)冻结过程的传热模型.生物组织作为一种多孔介质,其相变发生在一个温度范围内,且存在一个固相与液相共存的糊状过渡区.采用显热容法模拟了生物组织冻结过程中的传热和冰晶增长过程.模拟结果显示,在冻结过程中,冷刀的初始温度越低,冷刀的降温速率越快,生物组织内温度下降和冰晶增长的速率越快.结果还表明组织中液相流动会增加生物组织内传热和冰晶生长的速度.计算结果为冷刀设计和冷冻外科手术提供了理论依据.     

纳米材料毒性机制及其影响因素

纳米材料以其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用到工农业和人们生活的各个领域,随着纳米材料的生产加工和使用,纳米材料可以经过大气循环、水循环、生物循环进入生态环境,进而侵染生物体,影响人类健康.因此,纳米材料的毒性问题日益受到人们的关注,而纳米材料毒性机制和影响因素是纳米材料毒性研究的热点问题之一.目前,氧化应激和炎症反应是解释纳米材料毒性的两种主要机制,此外,越来越多的研究表明自噬也是纳米材料毒性的一种潜在机制,并且自噬可能与氧化应激和炎症反应相互关联.另一方面,纳米材料的物理化学性质如尺寸、形状、表面修饰等对其毒性产生重要影响.本文首先概括了纳米颗粒进入环境及侵染生物体的方式,分析纳米材料引起生物和环境毒性的机制,最后对影响纳米材料毒性的因素进行深入探讨,以期为纳米毒理学研究提供帮助.     

Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis

Cancer is increasingly being viewed as a stem cell disease, both in its propagation by a minority of cells with stem-cell-like properties and in its possible derivation from normal tissue stem cells. But stem cell activity is tightly controlled, raising the question of how normal regulation might be subverted in carcinogenesis. The long-known association between cancer and chronic tissue injury, and the more recently appreciated roles of Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in tissue regeneration, stem cell renewal and cancer growth together suggest that carcinogenesis proceeds by misappropriating homeostatic mechanisms that govern tissue repair and stem cell self-renewal.     

Synchronization and rhythmic processes in physiology

Complex bodily rhythms are ubiquitous in living organisms. These rhythms arise from stochastic, nonlinear biological mechanisms interacting with a fluctuating environment. Disease often leads to alterations from normal to pathological rhythm. Fundamental questions concerning the dynamics of these rhythmic processes abound. For example, what is the origin of physiological rhythms? How do the rhythms interact with each other and the external environment? Can we decode the fluctuations in physiological rhythms to better diagnose human disease? And can we develop better methods to control pathological rhythms? Mathematical and physical techniques combined with physiological and medical studies are addressing these questions and are transforming our understanding of the rhythms of life.     

新型无机材料--磷酸钙骨水泥的研究概况

就一种新型无机材料一磷酸钙骨水泥近年来在理化性能、材料改性、生物相容性等方面的研究概况进行了综述，阐明了磷酸盐骨水泥在骨缺损修复和硬组织替代方面的广阔应用前景。     

进化速率的研究与进化理论的统一

不同进化学说之间的争论大多与进化速率问题有关。在生物组织的不同层次上的进化速率研究得出了截然不同的结论,并导致相关的进化学说之间的互不相容。恒速的、匀速的、随机的分子进化(中性说)与非匀速的、适应的表型进化相矛盾;在自然选择作用下的渐进的适应进化(综合论)难以解释古生物记录所揭示的停滞与跳跃相间的、有时是爆发式的大进化现象。这些矛盾大多源于对进化速率的度量的不同,各层次的进化速率的含义也不同,各学说之间缺乏统一语言。生命史的重大进化事件发生的时间表显示出明显的非匀速特征：绝大多数重大进化事件发生在生命史的早期(40至35亿年前)和晚期(7亿年以近)。前生命的化学进化、生命起源、细胞生命的基本结构和代谢途径、以及生物进化和地球生物圈赖以建立的基础早在生命史开始后的几亿年内就已完成或确立了;复杂的高级生命和生物多样性的产生与重要的结构的进化革新发生在生命史末端的数亿年间。本文将宏进化的这种非匀速现象解释为地球生命与地球环境协进化的结果。当前进化理论的分裂是由生命科学及相关科学的发展所引起的,进化理论也必将随着各学科领域研究的深入而走向统一,走向新的综合。     

智能进化与容介思维

生命智能的进化,是宇宙智能容介态进化的重要环节。宇宙大爆炸产生的色粒信息胶子,是宇宙间唯一的智能粒子,作为智能物质,它弥漫宇宙的所有时空,无处不在,并构成生命体内、外的智能信息系统。地球人类的智能绝不是宇宙的孤儿,生命体内、外的智能进化,亦绝不是无关的孤立现象,它们具有不同的形式但却有相同的内涵和关联,是宇宙巨系统的思维容介态进化不可或缺的二大组元。宇宙智能信息能量的传播,构成思维容介态的核心实质,思维容介态决定生命容介态。地球人类的智能和知识,作为宇宙智能的微小组元,是追随宇宙思维容介态而进化的。地球的高、低智能生命和非智能生命构成闭合的生物链,保证生物链的完整性和闭合性是人类容介态进化的必须,也是促进自然容介态、生命容介态和大宇宙容介态的天道。