Quantitative assessment and analysis on the dynamic change of ecological capital in arid areas

Ecological capital is the summation of the direct value of biological resources and the ecological service function value of ecosystems. Under the support of RS, GPS and GIS, in this paper the RS-based quantitative measurement model of assessing ecological capital is developed based on the traditional ecology theory and the research on the value of ecological capital per unit area by using the ecological parameters including Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data, land cover data and field-measured data. A case study on the spatiotemporal distribution of ecological capital in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 is carried out, and the dynamic change of ecological capital in the prefecture is measured and compared with GDP. The maps of the spatial distribution of ecological capital in the study area are charted, and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ecological capital are analyzed. The results show that the values of ecological capital in the prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 were 1.47368×10¹¹, 1.66160×10¹¹ and 1.77895×10¹¹ yuan RMB (hereafter referred to as yuan) respec-tively, and that in spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the zonal distribution of vegetation in arid areas. The measured results can more objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in arid areas, provide an ideal foundation for further study in the future, and can also be combined with the study on service functions of ecosystems and the regional planning as an important basis of regional planning.     

Study on RS- and GIS-based ecological capital assessment in arid areas

Ecological capital assessment is currently one of the important research contents in the interdisciplinary field of ecology, resources economics, environmental economics and ecological economics. To scientifically assess ecological capital redounds to decision-makers to consider the ecological cost in economic development, and is also necessary for sustainable economic development in arid areas. Based on the theory of landscape ecology in this paper the per unit area ecological capital values in arid areas are researched by using the Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data and other ecological data, and the RS- and GIS-based models of assessing ecological capital values in arid areas are developed. Moreover, based on the field-measured data, a case study on ecological capital assessment in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang in 2003 is carried out. The basin is divided into 4 ecological capital areas so as to quantitatively calculate the ecological capital values of the ecosystems, analyze the spatial distribution of ecological capital, and chart the maps of spatial distribution of ecological capital. The results show that the total ecological capital value of the ecosystems in the Manas River basin in 2003 was 1.49454×10^11 yuan RMB. In spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the distribution of vegetation zonality in this arid area. The assessed results can objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in the aridbasin, and can also provide reference for roundly carrying out the assessment of ecological capital in arid areas.     

Study on RS-and GIS-based ecological capital assessment in arid areas

Ecological capital assessment is currently one of the important research contents in the interdisciplinary field of ecology, resources economics, environmental economics and ecological economics. To scientifically assess ecological capital redounds to decision-makers to consider the ecological cost in economic development, and is also necessary for sustainable economic development in arid areas. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, in this paper the per unit area ecological capital values in arid areas are researched by using the Land-sat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data and other ecological data, and the RS- and GIS-based models of assessing ecological capital values in arid areas are developed. Moreover, based on the field-measured data, a case study on ecological capital assessment in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang in 2003 is carried out. The basin is divided into 4 ecological capital areas so as to quantitatively calculate the ecological capital values of the ecosystems, analyze the spatial distribution of ecological capital, and chart the maps of spatial distribution of ecological capital. The results show that the total ecological capital value of the ecosystems in the Manas River basin in 2003 was 1.494 54×1011 yuan RMB. In spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the distribution of vegetation zonality in this arid area. The assessed results can objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in the arid basin, and can also provide reference for roundly carrying out the assessment of ecological capital in arid areas.     

Quantitative assessment and analysis on the dynamic change of ecological capital in arid areas

Ecological capital is the summation of the direct value of biological resources and the ecological service function value of ecosystems. Under the support of RS, GPS and GIS, in this paper the RS-based quantitative measurement model of assessing ecological capital is developed based on the traditional ecology theory and the research on the value of ecological capital per unit area by using the ecological parameters including Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data, land cover data and field-measured data. A case study on the spatiotemporal distribution of ecological capital in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 is carried out, and the dynamic change of ecological capital in the prefecture is measured and compared with GDP. The maps of the spatial distribution of ecological capital in the study area are charted, and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ecological capital are analyzed. The results show that the values of ecological capital in the prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 were 1.473 68×10¹¹, 1.661 60×10¹¹ and 1.778 95×10¹¹ yuan RMB (hereafter referred to as yuan) respectively, and that in spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the zonal distribution of vegetation in arid areas. The measured results can more objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in arid areas, provide an ideal foundation for further study in the future, and can also be combined with the study on service functions of ecosystems and the regional planning as an important basis of regional planning.

     

Study on RS-and GIS-based ecological capital assessment in arid areas

Ecological capital assessment is currently one of the important research contents in the interdisciplinary field of ecology, resources economics, environmental economics and ecological economics. To scientifically assess ecological capital redounds to decision-makers to consider the ecological cost in economic development, and is also necessary for sustainable economic development in arid areas. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, in this paper the per unit area ecological capital values in arid areas are researched by using the Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data and other ecological data, and the RS-and GIS-based models of assessing ecological capital values in arid areas are developed. Moreover, based on the field-measured data, a case study on ecological capital assessment in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang in 2003 is carried out. The basin is divided into 4 ecological capital areas so as to quantitatively calculate the ecological capital values of the ecosystems, analyze the spatial distribution of ecological capital, and chart the maps of spatial distribution of ecological capital. The results show that the total ecological capital value of the ecosystems in the Manas River basin in 2003 was 1.494 54×10¹¹ yuan RMB. In spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the distribution of vegetation zonality in this arid area. The assessed results can objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in the arid basin, and can also provide reference for roundly carrying out the assessment of ecological capital in arid areas.

     

中国西北干旱区极端气温的时空变化特征

利用1961-2010年西北干旱区107个气象台站观测资料,基于气候学统计方法,分析西北干旱区50年来极端最高、最低气温的时空变化特征和规律.研究表明:西北干旱区极端最高、最低气温呈非对称性增长,极端最低气温增暖趋势明显高于极端最高气温,从而导致极差呈减小趋势,天山山区尤其显著.西北干旱区极端最高气温暖中心分布于准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地;极端最低气温在空间分布上表现出一定的近纬向分布特征,温度梯度变化显著.20世纪末期至今,西北干旱区极端最高、最低气温均呈现明显的增暖趋势;极端最高气温在1997,2000年出现异常偏暖现象;极端最低气温1967年出现异常偏冷现象,比多年均值偏低3.9?C.     

Theoretical critical value curve and driving force formation of ecological migration in the arid land

The features of the fragile eco-environment of the arid land decide that its capacity of disturbance-resistance is lower. The natural desert oases in the arid land are in mosaic patches distributed in a wide Gobi desert. The population distribution is greatly dependent on water resources. The population is characterized with dispersed distribution, simple production and living style, and poverty and remoteness. The reason why the ecological migrations are carried out lies in the ecological problems. ＂Ecological degradation＂ is the main driving force of the ecological migration. Then, the strength of the driving force depends on the degree of ecological degradation. Hence, whether to carry out ecological migration depends on the extent of ecological degradation. Theoretically, the critical value curve for calculating ecological migration in the arid land is put forward through comprehensive research of relative problems of ecology, economics etc., combined with the ecological migration experience in the arid land, and based on the features of the arid environment. In this article, with this curve, the theoretical research and some practice of the ecological migration have been done from the perspective of natural behavior and governmental behavior of the driving force formation of ecological migration. It analyses the active driving force （factors） and negative forces （factors）, and points out the timing and steps of implementing the ecological migration in the arid land. The theoretical curve embodies certain originality and applicability, which provides a quantitative method for evaluating the degree of ecological degradation and the theoretical base for implementing ecological migration projects.     

韩江流域土地利用变化的环境影响生态绿当量评价

以韩江流域为例,利用1986年与2006年土地利用现状数据．以生态绿当量作为土地利用变化环境影响评价的度量指标．引用生态绿当量数学模型,测算出流域区县各种用地类型的绿当量和区域总绿当量．以此衡量生态环境情况。结果表明：1）1986-2006年,韩江流域及各区县生态绿当量均有所提高,生态环境有所改善;2）生态绿当量作为评价区域生态环境指标具有涵义明确、计算简单方便等优点。     

中国西北干旱区消除农村贫困人口对策

从自然环境特点和人口对自然资源的压力入手,分析西北干旱区,特别是位于陕西、甘肃、宁夏三省（区）黄土丘陵干旱半干旱山区贫困人口的致贫原因,针对性地提出消除贫困人口的途径和方法     

Land Use Change and Its Impact on Values of Ecosystem Services in the West of Jilin Province

0IntroductionThe services of ecological systems and thenatural capital stocks that produce themare critical to the functioning of the Earth’slife-support system.They contribute to humanwelfare,both directly andindirectly,thereforeecosystemservices represent part of the totaleconomic value of the planet[1].Ecosystemservices can be divided into two major catego-ries,one is systemfunction and the other issystem services and goods provision,whichprovide not only materials such as food andmedicine…     

西北内陆干旱区水资源可利用量计算方法研究

对西北内陆干旱区水资源形成和消散过程进行分析,结合生态、生产、生活用水的要求,将水资源复合系统划分为既相互独立又相互作用的社会经济系统和生态环境系统．以多年平均水资源总量为限制条件,利用大系统、多目标优化方法对两大系统进行优化研究,建立协调模型．通过引进向量,把多目标问题转化为单目标问题．分别给出图解法和库恩一塔克条件法两种模型求解方法。计算出社会经济需水量(包含河道外生态环境耗水量)即水资源可利用量的大小．     

基于GIS的甘肃省生态承载力时空动态分析

利用生态足迹方法,计算了1991～2003年甘肃省14个地区和86个县2级行政区域的人均生态足迹、生态承载力和生态预算值,并预测了各县级行政区域2004～2015年的各项数值.结果表明1991～2015年甘肃省各地、县的生态承载力供求差距均逐年拉大,大部分地区、县的生态承载力需求已经超出了生态承载力供给,处于不可持续的发展状态;在GIS技术支持下,利用地统计学方法,对全省86个县1991～2015年的人均生态预算值进行空间插值,在时、空尺度上对该省人均生态预算值的空间格局与时空动态趋势进行了分析.所得空间插值图表明1991～2015年甘肃省人均生态预算值的空间格局极不平衡,整体呈现由西部地区向东部地区递减的趋势;随着时间的推移,全省以及各地、县人均生态预算均呈逐年降低趋势,且省内不同区域人均生态预算值的变化趋势各有不同,差异较大.要遏制这种趋势的继续发展,甘肃省必须在逐渐减少建筑用地和化石能源消费的基础上,不断提高生产力水平,才能实现未来的可持续发展.     

Characteristics and laws of MODS coupling relation in arid zone under global change

Global change has influenced the distribution pattern and spatio-temporal changes of resources in arid zone, and has restrained the land use and land cover change, which is shown by water-heat state, landscape structure, climate effect, and human activities. The above-mentioned characteristics have a close coupling relation with the mountain-oasisdesert system （MODS）. The climate in Central Asia arid zone is warm and wet, which is different from that in northern China which takes a tendency of aridity, and the mechanism has restricted the characteristics and laws of MODS. Systematic interface characteristics and process, especially the formation, transformation and consumption laws of water resource reflect directly MODS＇s response to global change in arid zone. Spatio-temporal pattern, dynamic change, scale change and coupling mode of MODS reflect the ecology mechanism between the systems and within the systems.     

土地利用生态评估在沿江开发中的应用

从江苏省沿江开发过程中的实际需求出发,将景观生态学的景观指数方法加以应用,形成一套土地利用生态评估的技术方法与路线.以江阴市为应用对象,运用计算机技术和目视解译的方法从卫星影像中分别提取1984年和2004年的土地遥感信息,并依据土地利用分类系统提取这2个年份的土地利用信息,应用景观生态学的指数计算方法计算相关评估指数并加以对比研究.在此基础上进行景观组分的动态变化和景观格局的演化态势2个部分的生态评估.分析结果表明:在这个时间段中,江阴市生态景观面积总量偏少,破碎度增加;城镇景观、工业景观斑块持续增长,采石场斑块大幅减少;景观多样性及优势度不断增强,人文景观组分对整体景观的控制作用处于主导地位.根据评估结论,提出水质保护、生态绿斑管制等生态整合的规划建议.     

近30年来黄石市水域面积的动态变化研究

利用1984年、1994年、2004年以及2014年4期不同时期的Landsat卫星遥感图像,通过ENVI4.1和Arcgis分别计算了黄石市这四年水域面积的大小,研究了近30年黄石水域面积的动态变化情况,并结合统计年鉴中黄石市近28年经济和人口的相关数据分析了其驱动因素。研究结果表明：随着城市化进程的加速,黄石市水域面积呈现波动减少的趋势,1994年比1984年减少了19.535㎞2,2004年比1994年增加了5.65㎞2,2014年比2004年减少了5.545㎞2;人口的增加和工业的发展是其主要影响因素。     

外来生物福寿螺入侵的生态风险及其评价探讨

通过对福寿螺生态风险较全面的分析,认为福寿螺不仅会对水稻产生直接的危害,而且会对水生生态系统的生物多样性和水体环境造成直接和潜在的危害。同时,福寿螺在特定空间和时间内具有种群暴发的风险以及向我国长江以北地区继续迁移与扩散的风险。在此基础上,进一步提出了有关福寿螺入侵的生态风险评估的概念框架。该研究结果可为控制与预防福寿螺的危害发生提供相关科学依据与参考。     

煤矿区生态农业建设模式研究

通过土地生态复垦，发展生态农业，能够有效地恢复矿区生态环境，扩大生态环境容量，保障煤矿区持续发展。本文简要分析了煤矿区生态环境存在的问题，从煤矿区可持续发展战略出发，发展生态农业是煤矿区土地复垦的主要方向。根据生态学原理和生态经济学原理，我国部分煤矿区已具备发展生态农业的条件，并依据生态农业的基本模式演变出了多种实用的生态农业复垦模式。最后介绍了淮北市刘桥煤矿发展生态农业的思路与经验。     

Corridor effect of the spatial changes of landscape patterns in arid areas:A case study of the river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River

The river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are dominated by the traditional green corridors along the river section from the Qara Reservoir in Yuli County to the Taitema Lake in Ruoqiang County, which plays an important role in the social and economic development in the Tarim River Watershed with a extremely significant ecological functions. The buffer zones perpendicular to the watercourse were defined along both riversides at a 5-km interval beginning from the watercourse (10 km wider) using the method of the buffer zone analysis. The landscape pattern indexes of each buffer zone were calculated, and the indexes of the main landscape patterns were analyzed so as to reveal the radiative effect and the characteristics of the river corridors on landscape and patch levels. The results show that the radiative width is generally 30 km in the study area, and can be up to 50-70 km in sub- region FG1 because the study area is located in two drainage basins, with an ecological interstitial zone between them. The landscapes of woodlands and wetlands are generally distributed within the 10 km buffer zone (it means that the buffer zone is 5 km away from the watercourse; the same hereafter) along both riversides. Moreover, the closer the buffer zone is to the watercourse, the higher the patch density and the largest patch index are. In the ecological and environmental regeneration for the study area, the extent of ecological effect of the river corridors must be fully considered, and the projects must be scientifically and rationally planned and designed.     

矿区生态系统健康评价的理论和方法

分析了矿区生态系统健康内涵,建立了评价指标体系,以模糊评价理论对矿区生态系统健康现状、以灰色预测和趋势函数法对矿区生态系统健康的发展趋势、以非线性理论对矿区生态系统的稳定性进行了评价,在此基础上提出了综合评价方法.实例研究的结果表明,研究矿区生态系统处于亚健康状态,需要对其进行干预和调控.并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

洞庭湖区20年生态损益估算

利用L andsat TM遥感影像获取土地利用变化数据的基础上,参考Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的测算方法,估算了洞庭湖区生态系统服务价值及变化.结果表明,水域、建设用地面积增加,湿地、林地、耕地面积减少,草地面积变化不大;1980年洞庭湖区生态系统服务总价值为83.159×108美元,2000年的总价值为82.371×108美元,由于土地利用面积变化,导致了1980~2000年生态系统服务价值减少了7 880×104美元,而这主要是由湿地大面积减少引起的.