Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity

Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming glial cells of the central nervous system, maintain long-term axonal integrity. However, the underlying support mechanisms are not understood. Here we identify a metabolic component of axon-glia interactions by generating conditional Cox10 (protoheme IX farnesyltransferase) mutant mice, in which oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells fail to assemble stable mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX, also known as mitochondrial complex IV). In the peripheral nervous system, Cox10 conditional mutants exhibit severe neuropathy with dysmyelination, abnormal Remak bundles, muscle atrophy and paralysis. Notably, perturbing mitochondrial respiration did not cause glial cell death. In the adult central nervous system, we found no signs of demyelination, axonal degeneration or secondary inflammation. Unlike cultured oligodendrocytes, which are sensitive to COX inhibitors, post-myelination oligodendrocytes survive well in the absence of COX activity. More importantly, by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy, brain lactate concentrations in mutants were increased compared with controls, but were detectable only in mice exposed to volatile anaesthetics. This indicates that aerobic glycolysis products derived from oligodendrocytes are rapidly metabolized within white matter tracts. Because myelinated axons can use lactate when energy-deprived, our findings suggest a model in which axon-glia metabolic coupling serves a physiological function.     

Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia

The human brain contains more than 100 trillion (10(14)) synaptic connections, which form all of its neural circuits. Neuroscientists have long been interested in how this complex synaptic web is weaved during development and remodelled during learning and disease. Recent studies have uncovered that glial cells are important regulators of synaptic connectivity. These cells are far more active than was previously thought and are powerful controllers of synapse formation, function, plasticity and elimination, both in health and disease. Understanding how signalling between glia and neurons regulates synaptic development will offer new insight into how the nervous system works and provide new targets for the treatment of neurological diseases.     

异构系统信息集成的数据仓库方法

从某制造型企业信息系统现状出发，说明企业信息集成的重要性，提出了采用数据仓库的方法，在企业原有异构信息系统的基础上进行信息集成，并结合该企业实际情况，说明了这个方法的实现过程。     

利用振动法定量评价工程岩体的完整性

岩体的完整性是工程岩体质量分级的重要指标之一,在现行规范中主要通过岩体的完整性系数 、体积节理数 、结构面发育程度进行判断。工程岩体的结构面复杂,定性判断较困难,且 值需转换为 值后才可进行定量评价。目前主要采用超声波法测量 值,由于该方法激振源为超声波,工作频段窄、测量低频振动时误差较大,测试距离短,使破碎或较破碎岩体的测量结果存在较大误差。本文通过振动法测量岩体的纵波波速：在浅层钻孔中激振,利用布设在岩体表面上的多个低频传感器接受振动信号,从而实现分段测量岩体纵波波速,求得各段岩体的完整性系数,准确地评价岩体完整性。采用本文方法,对工程岩体实例的结果表明与定性评价结果一致。     

数据完整性机制的研究与实现

为了保证数据库中数据的准确性、一致性,数据库设计者应合理设计数据表的数据完整性。SQL Server数据库管理系统作为微软的核心产品,可以通过主键、标识列、惟一键、检查约束、外键约束等手段实现实体完整性、域完整性和参照完整性,参照完整性是保证数据一致性的重要机制,SQL Server中的触发器也可以实现参照完整性,以保证数据表间的插入规则、更新规则和删除规则的约定。     

声波透射法检测判定基桩完整性类别标准

为了应用声波透射法检测基桩混凝土质量,从而定量地判定基桩完整性类别.经过理论分析,采用适合声波透射法的完整性系数β,由概率法确定了完整性系数的取值范围所对应的基桩完整性类别.在实际基桩检测中,可根据β值的大小来定量地对基桩完整性类别进行判定.研究表明,该方法计算简单,使用方便.不仅能够准确地探测缺陷的存在,而且还能够对不同程度的缺陷作出区分,较为准确合理地对基桩完整性类别进行判定.     

传统诚信思想在大学生诚信教育中的价值

中华传统文化中的诚信资源极其丰富,在大学生诚信教育过程中极具借鉴和继承作用.通过对传统诚信思想的解读和阐释发现,先秦诸子的诚信思想虽各有侧重,但儒家的诚信思想则更为丰富和系统,而且其影响也最为深远.     

图的广义p-邻域完整度

当网络中一个节点失效后,邻点受其影响也以某个概率p失效。基于此,提出图的广义p-邻域完整度的概念,将完整度与邻域完整度统一起来。通过参数值的计算、与失效概率p的关系分析以及若干同阶图的比较,表明该参数能够更精确地度量网络抗毁性。     

CENP-B preserves genome integrity at replication forks paused by retrotransposon LTR

Centromere-binding protein B (CENP-B) is a widely conserved DNA binding factor associated with heterochromatin and centromeric satellite repeats. In fission yeast, CENP-B homologues have been shown to silence long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons by recruiting histone deacetylases. However, CENP-B factors also have unexplained roles in DNA replication. Here we show that a molecular function of CENP-B is to promote replication-fork progression through the LTR. Mutants have increased genomic instability caused by replication-fork blockage that depends on the DNA binding factor switch-activating protein 1 (Sap1), which is directly recruited by the LTR. The loss of Sap1-dependent barrier activity allows the unhindered progression of the replication fork, but results in rearrangements deleterious to the retrotransposon. We conclude that retrotransposons influence replication polarity through recruitment of Sap1 and transposition near replication-fork blocks, whereas CENP-B counteracts this activity and promotes fork stability. Our results may account for the role of LTR in fragile sites, and for the association of CENP-B with pericentromeric heterochromatin and tandem satellite repeats.     

基于不变矩和支持向量机理论的船舰目标识别

基于支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)理论和不变矩(Invariant Moments)理论,提出一种船舰目标识别方法。首先,对图像进行预处理,将彩色图像转化为灰度图像;然后利用Hu不变矩来提取图像的七个不变矩特征;最后,选用支持向量机作为分类器,并将计算出的图像的七个矩特征作为支持向量机的输入对支持向量机进行训练和测试。实验证明,将不变矩特征提取方法与SVM相结合用于模式识别,可以得到很高的分类效率和准确率。     

支持向量机方法反演温湿廓线

为提高温湿廓线反演效率,提出了一种基于支持向量机(SVM)反演大气温湿廓线的方法。利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMW F)的RTTOV-8-7前向辐射传输模式和60L-SD廓线集生成了AM SU模拟亮温资料,对模拟亮温资料进行温湿廓线反演试验。试验发现:相对于多元统计回归反演方法,地面至10 hPa层次温度反演平均均方根误差减少了11.5%,温度反演误差分布与权重函数峰值能量高度层分布的密集区域基本一致;水汽反演优于统计反演方法较多,在地面,SVM水汽反演误差减少了39.9%。反演实验说明,SVM可以较好地描写温湿廓线反演中非线性映射关系。分别比较模拟亮温中加入1、2、3倍噪声的情况,发现该方法反演温湿廓线均具有较好的抗噪声作用。     

Retrograde axonal transport of target tissue-derived macromolecules

Neurones depend on contact with their target tissues for survival and subsequent development. The protein, nerve growth factor (NGF), can be selectively taken up by sympathetic nerve terminals and reaches the neuronal perikaryon by a process of retrograde intra-axonal transport, suggesting that its role in vivo is to act as a target tissue-derived trophic factor. The development of the neurones of the chick ciliary ganglion requires the presence of structures derived from the optic cup. Several studies in vitro have shown that media conditioned by non-neuronal cells contain factors that result in the survival of neurones from ciliary ganglia. In particular, chick embryo iris, ciliary body and choroid contained large amounts of these factors indicating the presence of a target tissue-derived trophic factor for the cholinergic ciliary ganglion. This study demonstrates that neurones of the ciliary ganglion accumulate, by retrograde intra-axonal transport, proteins synthesized and released by optic tissues in culture.     

The integrity of the scientific literature

A case of admitted scientific fraud has shed new light on the system that ensures the integrity of the scientific literature. Certain lapses from generally accepted standards of research may be more frequent than is commonly believed.