Brain metabolism dictates the polarity of astrocyte control over arterioles

Calcium signalling in astrocytes couples changes in neural activity to alterations in cerebral blood flow by eliciting vasoconstriction or vasodilation of arterioles. However, the mechanism for how these opposite astrocyte influences provide appropriate changes in vessel tone within an environment that has dynamic metabolic requirements remains unclear. Here we show that the ability of astrocytes to induce vasodilations over vasoconstrictions relies on the metabolic state of the rat brain tissue. When oxygen availability is lowered and astrocyte calcium concentration is elevated, astrocyte glycolysis and lactate release are maximized. External lactate attenuates transporter-mediated uptake from the extracellular space of prostaglandin E(2), leading to accumulation and subsequent vasodilation. In conditions of low oxygen concentration extracellular adenosine also increases, which blocks astrocyte-mediated constriction, facilitating dilation. These data reveal the role of metabolic substrates in regulating brain blood flow and provide a mechanism for differential astrocyte control over cerebrovascular diameter during different states of brain activation.     

Calcium transients in astrocyte endfeet cause cerebrovascular constrictions

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is coupled to neuronal activity and is imaged in vivo to map brain activation. CBF is also modified by afferent projection fibres that release vasoactive neurotransmitters in the perivascular region, principally on the astrocyte endfeet that outline cerebral blood vessels. However, the role of astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular tone remains uncertain. Here we determine the impact of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) in astrocytes on the diameter of small arterioles by using two-photon Ca(2+) uncaging to increase [Ca(2+)](i). Vascular constrictions occurred when Ca(2+) waves evoked by uncaging propagated into the astrocyte endfeet and caused large increases in [Ca(2+)](i). The vasoactive neurotransmitter noradrenaline increased [Ca(2+)](i) in the astrocyte endfeet, the peak of which preceded the onset of arteriole constriction. Depressing increases in astrocyte [Ca(2+)](i) with BAPTA inhibited the vascular constrictions in noradrenaline. We find that constrictions induced in the cerebrovasculature by increased [Ca(2+)](i) in astrocyte endfeet are generated through the phospholipase A(2)-arachidonic acid pathway and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production. Vasoconstriction by astrocytes is a previously unknown mechanism for the regulation of CBF.     

钩藤散对麻醉犬脑血流量的影响

目的观察钩藤散对脑血流量的影响。方法选择家犬20只,随机分为5组,麻醉后股动脉插管、经压力换能器连接RM-6000型多导生理记录仪,颈总动脉和椎动脉连接MFV-3200型电磁血流量计;打开腹腔寻找十二指肠,3个实验组经十二指肠注入高、中、低剂量的钩藤散浸膏,阴性对照组注入生理盐水,阳性对照组注入尼莫地平(2 mL/kg),分别测定给药前、后脑血流量、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心率等变化,计算脑血管阻力。结果实验各剂量组及阳性药组,在给药后150 min时脑血流量显著高于(P<0.05)、脑血管阻力显著低于(P<0.05)正常对照组,180 min时有极显著差异(P<0.01或P<0.001),210 min时仍有效。结论钩藤散可明显增加脑部的供血,减少脑血管阻力,从而改善脑部营养,防治老年痴呆。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与脑小血管病搏动指数相关性研究

目的 探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(tHcy)水平与脑小血管病患者搏动指数(PI)的相关性.方法 选取脑小血管病患者180例和同期对照组100例,利用化学发光微粒子免疫检测法检测患者血浆tHcy水平;借助颈部血管彩超测定两侧颈动脉血流运动学参数,包括颈动脉最大血流速度(Vmax)、最小血流速度(Vmin)、平均血流速度(Vmean);利用公式PI=(Vmax-Vmin)/Vmean,求得PI.结果 脑小血管病组患者血浆tHcy与患者PI呈正相关(r=0.326,P=0.002),同时与Vmax,Vmin,Vmean呈负相关,而对照组无此相关性.脑白质病变(WML)组患者血浆tHcy水平明显高于腔隙性脑梗死组(LI).结论 血浆tHcy水平与脑小血管病PI有显著的相关性,tHcy是脑小血管病的独立危险因素,可在一定程度上反映脑血管的损伤程度.     

芍药苷对局灶性脑缺血模型及血脑屏障的影响

观察芍药苷对脑缺血后再灌流期间血脑屏障及脑缺血神经病理改变症状、脑血流量的影响,采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流损伤实验模型,以神经行为学、脑组织含水量、病理组织学检查、血脑屏障通透性、脑血流量为指标,与模型对照组比较,局灶性脑缺血1h再复灌3d后,应用芍药苷的各组动物神经行为学、脑组织含水量、组织病理学改变和血脑屏障通透性均得到改善,大脑局部血流量显著增加,芍药苷对脑缺血后脑水肿、血脑屏障、大脑局部血流量具有保护作用。     

64排螺旋CT灌注成像在脑梗死早期诊断中的临床应用

探讨64排螺旋CT脑灌注成像（CTPI）对脑梗死超早期诊断的临床价值。对32例超早期脑梗死患者,均于发病6h内行CT平扫、CTPI检查,分析平扫及灌注成像表现,测量缺血区的脑灌注参数值。结果为32例患者中8例头颅CT平扫发现早期梗死征象,所有患者CTPI均发现脑灌注异常。脑梗死中心区脑血流量、脑血容量与对侧差异有极显著性意义（P〈0．01）;半暗带区脑血流量、达峰时间与对侧差异有极显著性意义（P〈0．01）,而脑血容量差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。CTPI能够在脑梗死发病的超早期发现病变,明确梗死灶存在及其范围、位置,预测半暗带区域,对脑梗死的早期诊断和治疗有重要价值,具有广泛临床应用前景。     

rhEPO对预处理低氧损伤胶质细胞MMP-9表达的影响

 探讨人促红细胞生成素（rhEPO）对低氧损伤胶质细胞的影响及对金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）表达的影响。通过体外纯化培养第3代星形胶质细胞,将其分为正常组、低氧组、rhEPO预处理组;以四唑蓝（MTT）比色法测定低氧培养12、24、36h细胞的存活率,倒置显微镜和透射电镜观察低氧对胶质细胞形态的影响;免疫荧光和逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法研究低氧对星形胶质细胞MMP-9表达的影响。结果显示:低氧组星形胶质细胞在低氧培养下出现细胞肿胀,且随时间的延长而加重,rhEPO预处理组在各时间点细胞肿胀明显轻于低氧组。rhEPO能减轻细胞超微结构的改变及降低MTT比值。RT-PCR及免疫荧光检测表明：低氧组MMP-9 mRNA及蛋白的表达在低氧各时间点均高于正常组,在24h达到最高,在36h开始降低（P<0.05）;rhEPO预处理组MMP-9mRNA及蛋白的表达变化在12、24、36h较低氧组低（P<0.05）。由此得出结论：rhEPO通过抑制MMP-9的表达促进低氧条件下星形胶质细胞的存活。     

Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex

Glial cells constitute nearly 50% of the cells in the human brain. Astrocytes, which make up the largest glial population, are crucial to the regulation of synaptic connectivity during postnatal development. Because defects in astrocyte generation are associated with severe neurological disorders such as brain tumours, it is important to understand how astrocytes are produced. Astrocytes reportedly arise from two sources: radial glia in the ventricular zone and progenitors in the subventricular zone, with the contribution from each region shifting with time. During the first three weeks of postnatal development, the glial cell population, which contains predominantly astrocytes, expands 6-8-fold in the rodent brain. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this expansion. Here we show that a major source of glia in the postnatal cortex in mice is the local proliferation of differentiated astrocytes. Unlike glial progenitors in the subventricular zone, differentiated astrocytes undergo symmetric division, and their progeny integrate functionally into the existing glial network as mature astrocytes that form endfeet with blood vessels, couple electrically to neighbouring astrocytes, and take up glutamate after neuronal activity.     

利用多模态光学脑成像研究前额叶静息态功能连接

多模态光学脑成像包括近红外光谱及漫射相关谱,前者探测大脑皮层的血氧代谢水平,而后者测量皮层的脑血流.皮层血氧代谢和血流是不同的两类血液动力学参量,可以从不同方面反映大脑的神经活动强度. 本研究利用多模态光学脑成像测量了人脑前额叶的静息态功能连接. 10个正常成年人参加了实验测量,分别用近红外光谱和漫射相关谱在前额叶的相同位置记录了大脑8分钟的自发波动信号,测量覆盖区域包括左侧额下皮层及左背外侧前额叶. 低频段血氧代谢信号（包括含氧血红蛋白、脱氧血红蛋白及总血红蛋白浓度）用来揭示基于血氧信号的静息态功能连接,而相同频段的脑血流信号用来确定基于脑血流的静息态功能连接. 两类血液动力学参量的静息态功能连接均揭示:背外侧前额叶区域内的连接大于背外侧前额叶与额下皮层之间的区域间连接,显示相邻的背外侧前额叶和额下皮层是不同的功能区域. 此外定量比较基于两类血液动力学参量的功能连接发现,基于血氧代谢的连接有更大的连接强度,表明在同一个功能区内,静息时血氧代谢信号的时间同步性更高.     

脑缺血动物模型的研究进展

缺血性脑血管病是由于脑动脉硬化等原因,使脑动脉管腔狭窄,血流减少或完全阻塞,脑部血液循环障碍,脑组织受损而发生的一系列症状,是临床医学的难题.制备脑缺血动物模型对缺血性脑学管病的病理生理学机制的探讨、特效药的筛选、最佳治疗方法的建立就显得尤为重要,本文就常用的脑缺血动物模型的选择、制备及影响因素做一综述.     

Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex.

Anatomical and physiological investigations in monkeys indicate that olfaction is subserved by several cortical regions. But the areas implicated in the human olfactory system have not been definitively identified by functional criteria. Behavioural evidence has suggested that laterally specialized mechanisms for odour processing may exist, but the neuroanatomical substrate remains unknown. We used positron emission tomography to study the cortical representation of human olfactory processing by comparing cerebral blood flow changes evoked during olfactory stimulation with those of a control task. We report here significant cerebral blood flow increases at the junction of the inferior frontal and temporal lobes bilaterally, corresponding to the piriform cortex, and unilaterally, in the right orbitofrontal cortex. The results complement and extend previous data implicating these regions in olfactory processing, and indicate that a functional asymmetry exists in the human brain favouring the right orbitofrontal area in olfaction.     

针刺留针时间对缺血性中风患者脑血流速度的影响

目的:观察不同留针时间对缺血性中风患者脑血管血流速度的影响,以探索针刺治疗缺血性中风的时效关系的机理。方法:选取缺血性中风急性期、恢复期的患者34例,按轻、中和重度随机分成留针20、40和60 m in 3组。在针刺治疗的疗程前后,对患者进行经颅多普勒检测。结果:针刺可提高缺血性中风患者脑血管血流速度,以留针60 m in作用最为明显。结论:针刺留针时间与脑血管血流速度之间有一定的时效关系。     

Central serotonergic nerves project to the pial vessels of the brain

Serotonin is strongly implicated in the aetiology of several cerebrovascular (circulatory) diseases, including stroke, migraine and vasospasm. Previous studies have suggested the existence of an indoleaminergic system of perivascular nerves in large cerebral arteries of the lamprey. In addition, some authors have observed that cerebral arteries (such as the vertebrobasilar system of the rabbit) and microvessels may take up serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan in various species. However, neither large cerebral arteries nor microvessels (primarily capillaries) directly control, or change, cerebral blood flow; as in other vascular beds, it is the arterioles and small arteries that are the major resistance elements. We report here on the presence of a central serotonergic innervation of pial arteries and arterioles in the rat, using immunocytochemical and neurochemical techniques. The fibres seem to have a central neuronal origin, emanating from both median and dorsal raphé nuclei. This perivascular serotonergic innervation may have a role both in the normal regulation of the cerebral circulation and in pathological conditions.     

测量组织血流量——H_2浓度——微电流之间函数关系的传感器——氢敏电极

本文讨论了组织血流量、II_2浓度和微电流之间函数关系,描述了用氢敏电极测量此关系的技术和在测量局部脑血流量(RCBF)等方面的应用,提出了氢敏电极的制造方法。     

152例脑血管病颈动脉滴注瘫康灵疗效分析

采用颈动脉加压滴注瘫康灵治疗脑血管病(Cerebrel Vascular diseas.CVD)152例。缺血性113例,出血性39例,疗效满意。在CVD中,病变区脑细脑变性坏死,但围绕在坏死周边的缺血性脑细胞(即缺血性半影区,简称IP)电活动中止,而其仍保持正常的离子平衡和结构的完整。早期及时兴奋和恢复这部分脑细胞功能对机体的康复有着关键的意义。瘫康灵颈动脉滴注,可直接作用于IP,解除血管痉挛.改善血流和缺氧,对于神经细胞的再生及功能的恢复有促进作用。我们的体会是病程越短,疗效越好。是治疗CVD的有效方法之一。     

高原条件下家兔肠系膜微循环改变的实验研究

目的：通过比较高原和平原自然条件下家兔肠系膜微循环的改变,进而了解高原缺氧条件下家兔器官和系统形态和功能的改变,了解高原缺氧条件下家兔器官和系统形态与功能改变的微循环基础,为如何更好的适应高原缺氧环境和提供参考资料。方法：比较高原和平原自然条件下家兔肠系膜微血管开放数目、血管内径、血流速度及血流流态等微循环的改变等情况。结果：高原条件下家兔肠系膜微血管开放数目减少（P〈0．01）,血管内径缩小（P〈0．05）,血流速度变慢（P〈0．05）,血流流态与平原有差异（P〈0．01）。结论高原条件下家兔肠系膜微血管开放数目、血管内径、血流速度及血流流态有改变。     

脑动静脉畸型血流动力学的理论模型研究进展

脑动静脉畸型(脑AVM)可导致脑血流的异常分布，不正常的血流动力学状态是脑AVM发生脑内出血和造成某些神经功能障碍以及严重的手术并发症的原因之一．由于脑血管内血流压力、流量等血流动力学参数测量技术的局限，一些学者借助于理论模型来分析脑AVM的血流力学特征．介绍了国外关于脑AVM血流动力学理论模型研究的进展，论述了各类模型的特点和缺陷以及进一步研究的思想路线．     

华佗再造丸治疗脑血管病疗效评估

用华佗再造丸治疗脑血栓、脑出血及其后遗症52例,其有效率达90.5％,对照组20例,10例脑出血用20％Mannitol及止血剂治疗,10例脑血栓用低分子右旋糖酐及脑络通治疗,有效率为70％,有高度显著性差异,P<0.001,笔者认为该药是治疗脑血管病较理想的中成药,具有镇静神经,滋阴强心,舒经活络,活血化瘀等作用。对病程短的年纪青的病人的疗效更为显著,脑出血性与脑缺血性疾病均有疗效,正是中药一药多用、一药多治的微妙体现。推测对脑血管病后遗症有效可能与该药能促进神经再生因子(NGF)的合成和利用有关。     

微动脉血流离散模型的构建与分析

微动脉内的血液流动对生物体起着重要的作用，为了研究血浆和红细胞对血流的影响，建立了血液流动离散模型，运用差分法得到血浆速度与血压之间的关系以及红细胞与血浆之间的交换关系式，解释了红细胞在微动脉内运动聚集——叠连现象，并发现由于红细胞的叠连而引起的某些疾病(如活动性肺结核、风湿热等)是由于血浆的变化，而不是红细胞本身导致血沉的加快，不同地区的重力加速度是导致地区性疾病的一个重要原因。