具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

贵州葫芦科、桔梗科等六个科药用植物资源的研究

通过野外调查、标本采集、分类学研究及资料考证,对贵州列当科、车前科、忍冬科、川续断科、葫芦科、桔梗科药用植物资源的种类、地理分布及拉丁学名等进行考证和调查研究。结果发现贵州现有列当科药用植物5种,车前科4种,忍冬科46种8变种2亚种1变型,川续断科3种,葫芦科51种7变种,桔梗科33种3变种2亚种,其中1种为贵州地理分布新记录属和种,6种为贵州地理分布新记录种,27种1变种1亚种1变型为贵州药用新资源。     

河口湿地围填造地的适宜性和资源环境问题——以福建三沙湾湾顶河口区为例

以福建宁德三沙湾内鲈门港湾顶霍童溪和七都溪入海口之间的潮滩(实际为潮汐汊道)围填为例,从工程地质、水文条件、生态环境等方面探讨其围填造地的适宜性,并应用数值模型、潮汐汊道理论以及生态学原理预测其对区域资源环境的影响.具体为:河口围填后相当于河流近口段、河口段、口外海滨段相应地向海延伸,必然会引起河口体系的自动调整并形成新的动态平衡;在这种自动调整过程中,所在区域的资源环境会受到一系列的影响,包括河口地形地貌改变而导致径流和潮流动力条件变化进而引起滩槽冲淤变化、河流入海流路变化而导致流域排洪在一定程度上受阻、河流入海流路冲刷对跨海大桥桥墩或其它构筑物稳定性的影响、湿地占用导致底栖生物破坏和生物生境缩小进而导致生物群落改变和渔业资源受损、以及河口景观改变等.建议河口潮滩湿地围填应综合考虑河口的水文条件、防洪措施、环境容量以及围填后河口体系的自动调整作用范围、维护岸滩和已建构筑物稳定以及维持航道水深的工程量和成本、围填护岸形态结构与生态环境的相适宜程度等,并综合权衡损益.     

基于文献计量分析的流域山水林田湖草生命共同体研究进展与展望

生态文明建设的深入实施,推动山水林田湖草生命共同体研究进入一个崭新的发展阶段.采用VOSviewer、CiteSpace 5.1 R8软件分析及文献归纳方法,识别了山水林田湖草、生态清洁小流域的研究热点,梳理了山水林田湖草生命共同体研究,主要内容包括系统治理、生态保护修复、土地整治以及流域生命共同体研究的发展特征.在此基础上,从理论层面、研究内容、研究尺度、数据支撑4个方面指出未来流域山水林田湖草生命共同体的研究热点.     

几何机器人的研究与发展

 阐述了几何机器人的基本概念、数学构型、力学机制、工程应用、艺术设计及哲学思考。以几何机器人的科学研究为基础,提出以几何机器人为载体的MSEAP 研究与教育理念,即将数学、科学、工程、艺术和哲学融合于几何机器人的学习、研究以及应用,旨在修养形成数学家的逻辑思维、科学家的创新精神、工程师的实践能力、艺术家的美学视野、哲学家的普世情怀。     

2018年农业科学热点回眸

 盘点了2018年农业科学研发取得的一些重要成果。小麦、水稻、玉米及大豆、荞麦、马铃薯等主要粮食作物在基因组测序、分子育种、遗传机理解析、氮高效利用、起源演化、基因编辑等方面获得快速发展,发布了世界首个六倍体小麦基因组图谱,完成了3000份水稻基因组计划和中黄13的基因组测序,克隆了一系列产量、品质及抗病虫害基因,解析了一些重要的生长发育调控机制。油菜、棉花、茶叶、烟草等主要经济作物在基因组学、风味调控机理、光合效率等方面有所突破,中国油菜基础研究与应用已达到国际领先水平。此外,水稻、小麦、番茄、苹果等作物的病虫害防治,畜禽的繁殖、品种改良和疾病防治,蜜蜂的基因组和转录组解析,蚕病害防治和驯化历史,化肥和水稻品种对气候变化的影响、气候变化对作物产量的影响,茎叶类蔬菜和食用豆收获设备、油菜播种机等农机农艺领域均有突破性进展。     

高层建筑外部空间的设计手法

分析和论述了现代城市环境中高层建筑外部空间的设计手法,将其概括为:空间的连续与兼容:包括边界模糊、空间构成要素的延续与兼容、空间流通;空间的中心感与层次感:包括通过式、互渗式、升降式;中庭的作用:包括与城市广场或街道的结合、与周围建筑联系的手段;高层建筑及外部空间的尺度处理:包括主体与裙房相结合、主体的分段处理;建筑小品与环境小品的作用:包括建筑小品的处理方法、环境小品的处理方法、环境雕塑的处理方法、绿化与水的处理方法。     

贵州大戟科、鼠李科等四个科药用植物资源的研究

通过野外调查、资料收集及标本鉴定，基本查明了贵州大戟科、鼠李科、清风藤科、省沽油科药用植物的种类与地理分布。结果表明贵州现有大戟科药用植物共26属81种4变种1变型，鼠李科10属38种6变种，清风藤科2属19种1变种，省沽油科3属3种，其中34种4变种1变型为贵州药用新资源，1种为贵州特有药用植物。     

不同固废及其处理产物对黄骅港盐碱土的改良效果

[目的]探究不同固废及其处理产物对盐碱土的改良效果,促进固废消纳的同时为渤海湾盐碱地治理提供理论依据.[方法]以河北省沧州渤海新区黄骅港盐碱土为研究对象,通过土壤改良和盆栽试验,分析对照组(CK)、炉渣+煤矸石(S10、S50和S100)、生物炭(C10、C50、C100)和木醋液(V300、V100和V50)对土壤盐...     

"仁义礼智信"的由来、发展及其基本内涵(上)

"仁"、"义"、"礼"、"智"、"信"为先秦儒家提出并发展成具有普遍意义的道德范畴和价值取向标准."仁"是先秦儒家的最高道德准则,它的内涵在各个时代各有不同,<公民道德实施纲要>中的"团结友善"、"敬业奉献"可视为"仁"德在今天的体现与发展."义"德的基本内涵是威仪、友谊、情谊、美善、公平、正义、适宜,目的在于实践"仁"."礼"德的核心是"敬",其根本是"孝",其效果是构建和谐人生、和谐家庭、和谐社会、和谐国家与和谐世界."智"是关于认识自我、认识他人、关心他人、理解他人、明辨是非、分别善恶的智慧."信"德是诚实、有信用,中国近现代的儒商都以诚信为事业之本.<公民道德实施纲要>中"爱国守法"可视为"义"德在今天的继承,"明礼诚信"中的"明"以及"勤俭自强"可视为"智"德在今天的发展,"诚信"二字则是对传统"信"德的继承与发展.     

简述现代语言学流派代表人物

对现代语言学流派的研究和把握有着重要的理论和实践意义,可以帮助语言学习者和研究者从整体上把握语言,理清思路,掌握脉络,以提高观察语言和分析语言的实践能力。本文以现代语言学流派代表人物为重点,采用文献综述的方法,简介了主要代表人物索绪尔、韩礼德、布龙菲尔德和乔姆斯基,简述了他们的主要观点、代表性著作和重要影响以及带给我们的启示。