牟页1井海陆过渡相页岩发育特征及其含气性?

南华北盆地广泛发育了以上古生界山西组、太原组为代表的海陆过渡相页岩;但是针对该地区的页岩气资源调查存在较多的空白方面。该地区第一口页岩气地质调查井——牟页1井的成功钻探对于获取南华北地区上古生界山西组、太原组泥页岩发育特征及含气量等重要参数有重要意义。通过对岩心样品进行有机地球化学、岩石矿物等实验,确定了牟页1井山西、太原组泥页岩具有中-高含量有机碳(山西组0.44%~5.10%、太原组0.92%~5.06%)、热演化程度高(镜质体反射率Ro2.0),有机质孔受有机质类型影响而不发育的特点。解吸法对岩心进行含气量测试,牟页1井山西组、太原组页岩地层具有较高的含气量,分别介于0.71~3.70 m~3/t、1.09~4.30 m~3/t之间,显示出南华北地区上古生界山西组、太原组具有良好的页岩气勘探开发潜力。同时数据拟合显示含气量与TOC和黏土矿物含量直接相关,说明有机质和矿物组分是影响该地区海陆过渡相页岩含气量的重要因素。     

楚雄盆地上三叠统舍资组泥页岩储层特征分析 ——以滇禄地3井为例

海陆过渡相泥页岩是页岩气勘探开发的重要领域,以楚雄盆地滇禄地3井上三叠统舍资组泥页岩为研究对象,结合泥页岩的有机地化特征,运用扫描电子显微镜、全岩X-射线衍射分析、孔隙度与渗透率测量实验、现场解析实验、核磁共振等技术对滇禄地3井岩心样品进行分析测试,进而分析泥页岩储层特征。结果表明:滇禄地3井上三叠统舍资组泥页岩干酪根类型均为Ⅱ_2型,舍资组下段泥页岩有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)含量相对较高,主要集中在0.4%～2.25%,有机质成熟度主要处于过成熟阶段,矿物主要由脆性矿物、碳酸盐矿物、黏土矿物组成,其中脆性矿物含量相对较高,平均为40.87%,有利于页岩气的压裂,孔隙度在0.6%～1.6%,平均为1.01%,渗透率在0.000 965 2×10~(-3)～0.033 542 1×10~(-3)μm~2,平均为0.007 027×10~(-3)μm~2,表现出低孔、低渗特征;储集空间类型以黏土矿物层间缝、颗粒粒缘缝为主,孔隙以微孔、小孔为主,含少量中孔,孔隙之间连通性较差,含气量在0.06～1.00 m~3/t,平均值为0.564 m~3/t。与中国已取得突破的海陆过渡相页岩气勘探区进行页岩气地质条件对比可见:楚雄盆地上三叠统舍资组泥页岩具有良好的页岩气勘探潜力。     

涟源凹陷下石炭统测水组页岩有利层段优选

基于钻井资料及相关实验测试结果,对涟源凹陷测水组海陆过渡相页岩储层特征进行了深入研究,建立了研究区海陆过渡相页岩气有利层段评价标准,并据此优选了测水组的页岩气有利层段。结果表明:研究区测水组主要发育两个富有机质页岩层段,各层段厚度均超过25 m,总有机碳含量平均达到1. 84%,干酪根类型为Ⅲ型,镜质组反射率为2. 05%～3. 62%,达到过成熟阶段;页岩中脆性矿物含量高,微裂缝发育; 7个页岩样品平均含气量为0. 31 m~3/t,总体保存条件良好,显示出研究区测水组海陆过渡相页岩具有较好的勘探开发前景。根据建立的评价标准,优选出层段二为测水组页岩气的有利层段。     

湘东南拗陷龙潭组泥页岩储层特征

探讨湘东南拗陷上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩的页岩气储层特征,借鉴北美页岩气储层研究方法和评价标准并与美国福特沃斯盆地的Barnett页岩进行比对研究。通过实测剖面和系统采样,采用X射线衍射技术、扫描电镜技术与能谱技术相结合的方法,分析龙潭组泥页岩有机碳含量、矿物组成、微孔隙、裂缝类型及发育程度等特征。结果表明,龙潭组储层的有机碳质量分数平均为3.54%;岩石矿物成分中石英的平均质量分数为27%,碳酸盐矿物的平均质量分数为38%,黏土矿物的平均质量分数为35%,同时含有一定量的黄铁矿;其微孔隙发育有晶间孔、晶内孔、粒间孔、溶蚀孔、粒缘孔、印模孔、有机质孔等;实测孔隙度分布在0.7%～16.7%之间;不同尺度的裂缝广泛发育。通过与美国福特沃斯盆地的Barnett页岩对比,认为该地区泥页岩具有良好的页岩气储层特征;同时对该储层孔隙度及其影响因素进行探讨发现,较高的石英含量对其孔隙度发育具有建设性意义。     

海相页岩与海陆过渡相页岩吸附气量主控因素及其差异性

以黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相页岩和南华北地区下二叠统太原-山西组海陆过渡相页岩为研究对象,分析页岩有机地化、储层、吸附气量特征,进而研究页岩吸附气量影响因素及其差异性。研究结果表明:页岩有机碳含量大于2%,两者均为优质的烃源岩;但有机碳含量相差甚大。牛蹄塘组页岩矿物组成主要为石英,其次为黏土矿物,而太原-山西组页岩以富集黏土矿物为特征。牛蹄塘组页岩比表面积和吸附气量大于太原-山西组页岩;而总孔体积和平均孔径均小于后者。页岩岩石组成与吸附气量之间的关系如下:牛蹄塘组页岩TOC与吸附气量呈正相关关系且TOC是吸附气量的主要影响因素;而太原-山西组页岩TOC与吸附气量之间关系不明显。牛蹄塘组页岩石英与吸附气量呈正相关性,其原因是石英为生物成因,伴随有机质富集;而太原-山西组页岩石英与吸附气量具有负相关性,其原因为TOC和黏土矿物随石英的增加而减少,且TOC、黏土矿物与吸附气量呈正相关关系。牛蹄塘组页岩伊利石和太原-山西组页岩黏土矿物均与吸附气量具有正相关性,原因为黏土矿物吸附有机质且黏土矿物中各组分发育大量孔隙。     

湘中、湘东南拗陷泥页岩层系储层特征

为了有效地开展湘中拗陷和湘东南拗陷海相、海陆过渡相的高成熟度富有机质泥页岩储层特征研究,作者利用泥页岩黏土矿物X射线衍射、场发射环境电镜扫描、薄片鉴定、比表面积测试等方法,证实了该区泥页岩的主要矿物组分为石英、黏土矿物及碳酸盐矿物。其中脆性矿物的质量分数达57%,岩石类型以深灰色泥岩、灰黑色页岩、深灰色灰质泥岩为主。泥页岩储层主要储集空间类型为格架孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔、生物体腔孔和微裂缝等,孔喉分选较好,有利于页岩气在其中渗流。总体上认为湘中拗陷和湘东南拗陷上古生界泥页岩层系具有良好的页岩气储集条件。     

陆相与海相页岩水相润湿渗吸特征

针对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩和四川盆地龙马溪组海相页岩开发现状,研究了不同沉积环境下各层位页岩水相作用特征。实验选取了西北地区富页、延页和云页等页岩气探井岩心,对比涪陵气田焦石地区钻井岩心,进行了矿物组分分析、自然孔隙观察和岩石力学测试,探索了页岩表面水相接触角和基质自发渗吸。实验结果表明：陆相页岩黏土矿物含量更高,易水敏导致储层伤害;涪陵地区海相页岩气储层基质较为致密,裂隙形态简单,填充物少,微裂隙和微孔隙较陆相延长组发育更充分;脆性矿物含量高导致涪陵地区页岩杨氏模量和泊松比较大,利于提高改造体积和裂缝复杂度;页岩表面表现为强亲水性,不同层位页岩水相润湿性存在差异,不同类型表面活性剂对页岩润湿性作用效果不同;通过调整减阻剂、粘土稳定剂和表活剂能够促进水相对页岩基质的浸润。研究可见不同层位页岩与水相作用差异明显,需研究开发具有针对性液体体系。     

海陆交互相与陆相页岩储层差异性特征:以鄂尔多斯盆地东北部临兴—神府工区山西组为例

海陆过渡相页岩和陆相页岩所处的沉积环境较为复杂,非均质性强,目前未形成统一性认识,对2类页岩的储层发育特征及其影响因素的研究尚显薄弱。为此,选取鄂尔多斯盆地东北部临兴—神府地区山西组页岩为研究对象,对比分析海陆交互相和陆相页岩的储层特征,以研究不同沉积环境下页岩的储层差异性及影响孔隙发育的因素。首先,通过总有机碳w(TOC)、镜质体反射率Ro和岩石矿物组分分析实验,分别说明2种沉积环境页岩的有机质特征和矿物质量分数;其次,结合氩离子抛光-扫描电镜,直观地观察页岩孔隙的形态特征;最后,通过高压压汞、氮气吸附/脱附和二氧化碳吸附实验,定量表征页岩孔隙发育特征。研究结果表明:陆相页岩的w(TOC)均值为2.62%,Ro均值为1.03%,w(石英)均值为55.31%,总孔隙体积均值为0.010 6 cm3/g,以发育无机孔为主,可见微米级有机质孔;海陆交互相页岩的w(TOC)均值为1.49%,Ro均值为1.04%,w(石英)均值为45.57%,总孔隙体积均值为0.009 4 cm3/g,多发育无机孔和与有机质相关的微裂缝。相比海陆过渡相页岩,陆相页岩的储层发育特征较优,且w(TOC)与2种沉积环境的页岩孔隙体积均呈现弱负相关性,而由于不同沉积环境的黏土矿物成分的差异性,导致w(黏土矿物)与海陆交互相页岩的孔隙体积呈反比,而与陆相页岩孔隙体积呈正比。     

织纳地区龙潭组煤系页岩气储层特征与勘探潜力评价

为查明织纳地区龙潭组页岩气勘探前景,通过分析Z2井龙潭组泥页岩样品的矿物组成、有机地化特征、微观孔隙特征、钻孔泥页岩厚度、分布情况及其含气性特征,研究了龙潭组页岩气储层特征并对页岩气勘探潜力进行评价。结果表明：泥页岩有机质类型为Ⅱ₂-Ⅲ型,且以Ⅱ₂为主,总有机碳含量为1.34%~8.25%,平均值为3.68%,有机质成熟度为0.92%~3.24%,平均值为2.45%,属于高-过高成熟演化阶段,具有较好的生气潜力。扫描电镜结果显示泥页岩样品主要发育四类微观孔隙,包括粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔和微裂隙,内部孔隙发育,为页岩气提供良好的储集空间。Z2井泥页岩脆性矿物含量为24.40%~63.08%,平均值为41.22%,泥页岩总厚度为170.74m,占比42%,发育5个有效连续厚度大于15m的泥页岩层,与邻井可形成2个泥页岩层段,适宜进行压裂改造。织纳地区龙潭组泥页岩具备良好的生气条件、储集条件和可压裂性,具有较大勘探潜力。     

黔西南地区龙潭组煤系页岩气勘探前景

黔西南地区龙潭组煤系地层富有机质泥页岩广泛发育,通过野外地质调查、实测剖面、钻井验证以及样品测试等手段,系统分析了上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩分布特征和储层特征。结果表明,研究区龙潭组泥页岩主要形成于海陆过渡相沉积环境,页岩单层厚度较薄、层数多、累计厚度大。泥页岩有机质类型主要以Ⅱ2型为主,Ⅲ型和Ⅱ1型次之,为偏生气型;有机质丰度高,变化范围大,TOC介于0.6%~18.87%之间,平均为4.37%;热演化程度适中,Ro主体介于1.00%~2.50%之间,平均为2.03%,处于高一过成熟阶段,利于干气生成;脆性矿物含量相对较低,平均为37.11%,黏土矿物含量相对较高,平均为48.56%,有利于页岩气的吸附赋存;页岩含气量较高,平均可达到2.4 m~3/t,达到工业开发标准。综上所述,研究区龙潭组页岩具备较好的页岩气勘探前景,可考虑与相邻煤层和致密砂岩实施多目标分段压裂、"三气"合采。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with