Über die Entstehung von Mehrfachbildungen der Flügelimaginalscheibe bei Großschmetterlingen

Summary The latent potency of organ development in a normally functionless evagination on the upper border of the imaginal disc, causes double forms of the presumptive wingleaf of caterpillars in lepidoptera. Triple forms of the wing-leaf consist of one double form and one simple form of the original imaginal disc of the wing and one regenerate, orvice versa.     

Über die Synthese einiger Polychlorpolyene und die Atropisomerie der Oktachlorhexatriene

Summary The synthesis of some unsaturated polychloro compounds, starting from the heptachloropropanes, octachloropropane and hexachloropropane, by means of aluminium in ether is described. For four compounds C₆Cl₈, subject to some conversions, the structure of octachlorohexatriene-(1, 3, 5) has been made probable, and the possibility of a special stereoisomerism is discussed.

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Mitteilung «über Polyhalogenverbindungen»; 1. Mitteilung siehe Chem. Ber.80, 206 (1947). Die ausführliche Veröffentlichung dieser Arbeit folgt ebendort.     

Über die Reizung des Ferntastsinns bei Fischen und Amphibien

Summary Fishes and aquatic amphibians are able to detect and locate moving bodies and even obstacles at some distance by means of their lateral-line sense organs (Ferntastsinn). As was shown experimentally, the main physical process involved in these reactions are certain local damming phenomena in front of the moving object (rise of pressure, displacement of water particles). Obstacles cause an alteration of the damming phenomena produced by the moving animal's body itself (increase of water resistance).Kramer's different view is rejected; he overlooked the existence of damming phenomena and was not aware of the fact thatXenopus laevis reacts to surface waves even when the animal is totally submerged.     

Über die Auslösung der Fluchtreaktion bei Fliegen

Summary Contrary toGaffron, 1934, it has been shown that when flies flee from the catching hand, this reaction is merely due to optical stimuli (experiments with flies behind glass). Air movements play no part in this connection (experiments with blinded flies).     

Über das Vorkommen und die Natur der Cholinesterase der Schlangengifte

Summary An enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine is present in the dried venoms of 19 species of theColubridae (9 genera), but not in the venoms of more than 20 species of theViperidae (7 genera). The enzyme behaves like the e-Cholinesterase of the mammalian tissues.     

Über die Wirkungsweise der Katalasen

Ohne ZusammenfassungHauptreferat, gehalten vor der Schweizerischen Medizinisch-Biologischen Gesellschaft in Genf am 31. August 1947, anläßlich der 127. Generalversammlung der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.     

Über die Bedeutung der Innervation für die Adrenalinsynthese im Nebennierenmark

Summary In experiments on rabbits, the influence of the innervation on the synthesis of adrenaline in the suprarenals was investigated. After depleting the glands of adrenaline by repeated injections of reserpine, one splanchnic nerve was sectioned. It was found that in the denervated suprarenal gland, the resynthesis was slower than in the normal gland. This suggests that the innervation is of importance for the rate of synthesis of adrenaline.     

Über die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Galvanonarkose bei Fröschen

Summary The relation of the threshold current dose to the temperature constitutes a function of the chain-line type (hyperbolic function).From the dependence of the recovery time after galvanonarcosis upon the temperature it is concluded that by the passage of direct current molecular arrangements on surfaces are reversibly disturbed.     

Über die Orientierung bei der Kondensation von Benzil mit monosubstituierten Guanidinen

Summary Condensation of benzil with two monosubstituted guanidines in the presence of 50 mol% of potassium hydroxide leads to the formation of 2-(subst. imino)-4, 4-diphenyl-imidazolidin-5-ones (Ia, b); by reduction of the potassium hydroxide used the formation of these products is more or less driven back in favour of the formation of 3-substituted 5, 5-diphenyl-glycocyamidines (Ic, d). A possible explanation for these orientation phenomena is given.

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5. Mitteilung über Hydantoine, Thiohydantoine und Glykocyamidine².

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4. Mitteilung sieheK. Lempert undJ. Breuer Chem. Ber.92, 1710 (1959).     

Über die optimale Zusammensetzung der Nahrung

Résumé La notion d'«alimentation optimale», préconisée parMacCollum, est soumise à une critique au cours de laquelle l'auteur montre les difficultés qui se présentent lorsque l'on veut préciser cette notion. Il relève le rôle encore peu clair que joue la flore intestinale pour la synthèse de substances essentielles à l'alimentation de l'homme. La quantité optimale nécessaire n'est en matière d'alimentation pas une valeur stable, car elle dépend de la situation générale du métabolisme, ainsi que le prouvent certains exemples de la physiologie des vitamines B.Une méthode particulièrement adéquate, spécifique pour reconnaître une situation optimale de l'alimentation, est donnée dans la méthode d'autosélection («self selection»), plus spécialement sous la forme développée parC. P. Richter. On peut trouver bien des analogies entre les résultats expérimentaux et certains faits connus de l'alimentation humaine. En ce qui concerne le régime optimal pour l'homme, seules les expériences sur l'homme sont déterminantes, comme elles ont été entreprises aux Etats-Unis au cours de la dernière guerre chez des volontaires.Les recherches expérimentales sur l'effet que les vitamines et d'autres substances alimentaires déterminent sur le développement des infections et des tumeurs malignes montrent qu'au régime alimentaire suboptimal et optimal s'oppose le régime superoptimal.

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Vortrag, gehalten am 23. Oktober 1946 in der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel.     

Über die Funktion der Lorenzinischen Ampullen der Selachier

Summary The afferent impulses from the ampullae ofLorenzini ofScyllium show, both in the intact animal and in the isolated preparation, a steady discharge at constant temperature with a frequency reaching a maximum at an average of 20° and decreasing continuously at higher and lower temperatures. The discharge stops between 5° and 30° on the average. Rapid cooling causes a temporary rise in frequency, while rapid warming causes a temporary drop in frequency. While the ampullae are not sensitive to a mechanical stimulus, they react definitely to a change in temperature of 0.05°C. The ampullae thus behave like the cold receptors of the homoiotherms.     

Über die Konstitution der Visnagane und Khellactone ausAmmi visnaga L.

Summary The visnagans fromAmmi visnaga L. and the stereoisomeric khellactones and methyl-khellactones derived from them were transformed into seselin and umbelli-ferone-8-aldehyde. These transformations and other degradations lead to revised formulas for these natural compounds.     

Über Seuchenzüge bei pflanzlichen Infektionskrankheiten

Summary For the initiation of an epidemic with a tendency to become wide-spread, various conditions must be fulfilled in the vegetable kingdom. Factors which can lead to such an epidemic are the same as in epidemic diseases in humans and concern the host, causative agents and environmental factors.     

Über das Problem der Welkekrankheiten bei Pflanzen

Summary Lycomarasmin is a plasma poison produced byFusarium lycopersici Sacc., the pathogen of tomato wilt. In a dilution of 10^–2 and 10^–3 mol it causes a pathological wilting of tomato plants and usually disturbs their water balance; in a dilution of 10^–4 mol it only disturbs the latter.In the present paper, we develop the theory that in sufficient concentration lycomariasmin damages or destroys thesemipermeability of the plasma boundary layer.In a dilution of 10^–2 and 10^–3 mol of lycomarasmin the semipermeability of the plasma membranes iscompletely destroyed. Thus on the one hand the conditions for osmotic pressure disappear and irreversible pathological wilting appears, and on the other hand cellular fluid passes into the transpiration current of the cell-membrane and leads to a momentary excess humidity, particularly in the leaf-tissues, and thus also to a momentaryexcess transpiration.The water-deficit regularly observed in wilt-literature is therefore not the cause of pathological wilting but, just as the wilting itself, a consequence of the distruction of the semipermeability of the plasma boundary layer.In a dilution of 10^–4 mol lycomarasmin apparently only affects the permeability of the exterior plasma boundary layer forwater, but not for sugars etc. Therefore it only produces an excess of fluid in the leaf tissues and thus an excess transpiration, but no definite inactivation of the plasma membrane and therefore also no pathological wilt.     

Über die «absoluten» Bewegungen der Milchstrasse und der nächsten Spiralnebel

Summary (1) The milky way is moving absolutely (relative to the light-ether) with a velocity of at least 600 km/s in the direction of the absolute movement of the earth (A=78°,D=+40°).(2) The point of symmetry of the absolute velocities of the spirals is situated about 1,120,000 parsec from the milky way in the direction of the antapex of his absolute movement, and it has taken 1·83 milliards of years for the milky way to cross this distance.(3) Probably the next spirals are forming with the milky way as a center a group with a common parallel movement like that one of the milky way.     

Über die Entstehung spezifischer bioaktiver Stoffe in der frühembryonalen Entwicklung der Tiere

Summary The autor studied the reaction of stage ontogenins with different proteids, isolated from the embryos at the moment of formation of the respective ontogenin. Not all fractions (least of all the yolk) fix the ontogenins. The DNA-proteids fix them; such a mixture specifically stimulates the development. In these mixtures, new substances are discovered: Ontogens.     

Über die Basizität der Knochenmineralien

Summary Interpretations regarding the structure of the bone mineral, based on quantitative data as to the basicity of calcium phosphate, have been complemented by X-ray and electron microscopic investigations. The chemical nature of the bone material is thereby thought to be substituted apatite.

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Ergänzende Bemerkungen zur Arbeit vonJ. Raaflaub, Exper.17, 443 (1961).