城市交叉路口车辆排放颗粒物浓度的时间相关性分析

【目的】研究大都市道路交叉口车辆尾气排放的颗粒物对大气质量的影响.【方法】在香港街谷一个典型的道路交叉口处,测量不同日期交通高峰时段内车辆排放的6种不同粒径(0.03~0.49μm,0.5~0.99μm,1~1.99μm,2~4.99μm,5~9.99μm,≥10μm)的颗粒物浓度,并通过自相关特性和功率谱分析对这些颗粒物浓度的时间相关性进行分析.【结果】粒径0.03~0.49μm颗粒物的相关性变化呈现多周期性.与此相反,粒径0.5~0.99μm,1~1.99μm和2~4.99μm颗粒物的相关性明显呈现出与交通红绿灯匹配的周期性,粒径5.0~9.99μm和≥10μm较大颗粒物的相关性较小.粒径较小颗粒物的长时间相关函数不趋于0表明存在长时持续作用.功率谱的分析进一步证实了这6种不同粒径的颗粒物浓度的周期性和长时持续性,特别是粒径0.03~0.49μm细微颗粒物,其功率谱呈现S(fk)~1fηk的标度关系,表明存在长时相关特性.【结论】城市道路交叉口车辆尾气排放的颗粒物对大气有较大的影响,6种不同粒径的颗粒物浓度显示出周期性和长时相关持续性。     

浮床栽培海马齿对海水中悬浮颗粒物清除作用的实验研究

当前,我国许多流域和沿岸水体悬浮颗粒物的浓度较高,给大型海藻和其他底栖水生植物的正常生长带来十分不利的影响.如何有效降低水体的悬浮物浓度,是沿岸水域生态恢复面临的重要问题之一.研究了植物浮床系统中滩涂耐盐植物海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrumL.)的根系对海水中悬浮颗粒物的净化效果.结果显示,种植海马齿的实验水体悬浮颗粒物浓度显著低于对照组(p<0.01),在24 h内,由海马齿构成的生态浮床模拟系统对水体中悬浮颗粒物的清除率达到90%以上;海马齿根系对不同粒径的悬浮颗粒物清除效果不同,主要作用于粒径<20μm的悬浮颗粒物,且颗粒物粒径越小,根系对其清除效果越明显;随着粒径增大,悬浮颗粒物的自然沉降作用增强,尤其是粒径≥20μm的颗粒物.研究还表明,海马齿根系不仅对水中悬浮颗粒物具有良好的清除作用,同时能使其浓度提前达到稳定水平.     

饮用水处理中颗粒物数量变化及粒径分布规律

结合水厂实际水处理工艺及活性炭深度处理装置,试验研究砂滤池和活性炭滤柱出水中颗粒物数量变化及粒径分布规律.试验结果表明,过滤周期内砂滤池出水中颗粒物总数平均为148个/mL,其中粒径大于2μm颗粒物的数量平均为27个/mL,其粒径主要分布在2~15μm之间.砂滤池初滤水中粒径大于2μm颗粒物含量较高,前10 min内其数量高于50个/mL.砂滤池出水的浊度变化滞后于颗粒物数量变化,且二者之间的相关性差(R2<0.1).与砂滤池出水(164个/mL)相比,活性炭滤柱出水中颗粒物数量水平(561个/mL)显著提高,其中粒径大于2μm颗粒物数量达153个/mL,出水中粒径在2μm和2~7μm之间的颗粒物数量增多最为明显.     

兰州市不同粒径可吸入颗粒物分布特征分析

本文利用Thermo-Andersen 1ACFM非生物环境微粒大小分级采样器在兰州市发生沙尘天气和非沙尘天气期间采集大气环境中粒径范围分别为9.0-10μm,5.8-9.0μm,4.7-5.8μm,3.3-4.7μm,2.1-3.3μm,1.1-2.1μm,0.65-1.1μm,0.43-0.65μm和0.43μm的颗粒物进行监测分析,结果表明非沙尘天气下兰州市PM10的质量浓度主要集中在可吸入粗颗粒物(粒径2.5-10μm范围)内。沙尘天气下,PM10中的不同粒径的颗粒物随着环境空气中颗粒物浓度的升高,均相应增加;浓度峰值不只出现在粒径范围5.8-10μm颗粒物内,粒径范围1.1-3.3μm颗粒物都会出现浓度峰值。     

中孔炭电极在电吸附除盐中的应用研究

用中孔炭、黏合剂和导电材料制备的活性炭电极进行除盐研究,确定电吸附时间、电压、流量、溶液初始质量浓度等对电吸附除盐效果的影响,并在最佳工艺参数下处理电厂排放水作为锅炉补给水回用.结果表明:随着吸附时间的增加除盐率也增加,针对本实验装置确定吸附平衡时间为40,min;电压越高电吸附效果越好,但电压过高水会发生电解等副反应,电压1.2,V为最佳;电极间距越小,除盐率越高,本研究选择1,mm;Na Cl溶液初始质量浓度越大吸附容量越大,但除盐率会降低,因此每种装置都对应一个最佳范围.在上述最佳工艺条件下,利用该电极对电厂的达标排放水深度处理,除盐效果明显,可以使其达到再生水用于锅炉补给水标准.     

上海黄浦江轮渡颗粒物污染状况的分布特征

为了解轮渡空气的颗粒物污染状况,改善乘客和工作人员的环境,采用美国Fluke 985粒子计数器对上海黄浦江轮渡"东金线"的颗粒物污染状况进行实测,分析粒径为0.30～0.49μm,0.50～0.99μm,1.00～1.99μm,2.00～4.99μm,5.00～9.99μm,≥10.00μm六种范围颗粒物的时空分布特征、影响因素以及轮渡污染的严重性,并对轮渡整体的颗粒物平均浓度进行预测.结果表明:轮渡二层露台的颗粒物浓度往往较高,人流量对粒径较粗的颗粒物影响较为明显;一层里舱和二层里舱的主要污染物为粒径较大(5.00～9.99μm,≥10.00μm)的颗粒物,二层露台主要污染物为粒径较细(0.30～0.49μm,0.50～0.99μm,1.00～1.99μm,2.00～4.99μm)的颗粒物.     

β射线式PM2.5测量仪的挥发性颗粒物补偿方案设计

目前β射线法加动态加热系统的PM2.5连续监测仪缺少挥发性颗粒物补偿措施,造成挥发性颗粒物在采样加热过程中丢失,从而导致测量结果存在偏差.针对这一问题,利用冲击采样原理,在理论计算的基础上设计了一种挥发性颗粒物连续补偿测量装置.该补偿测量装置设计为A、B双通道的三级冲击式采样器,可实现颗粒物粒径为10μm、5μm和2.5μm的冲击采样,采集的挥发性颗粒物由石英晶体微天平直接测量,并采用加热的方式结合双通道的设计实现连续的采样测量功能.     

双极预荷电装置凝并特性实验研究

为提高对微细颗粒物的捕集效率,基于横向双极静电除尘技术,开发出一种线-管式双极预荷电装置。借助多物理场耦合软件,采用电晕放电模块耦合湍流模块,研究其电流体动力学分布规律;搭建实验装置,测试其凝并特性。数值模拟结果表明：双极预荷电装置内同时存在生正、负电晕和产生正、负电荷,具有良好的湍流混合和凝并效果。对中位粒径为1.7 μm硅微粉的凝并实验结果表明：经过预荷电装置后粉尘的粒径分布呈现明显的双峰分布;在平均场强为4~6 kV/cm区间,凝并效率随着外加电压的增加而提高;当外加电压超过11 kV,所有粒径区间粉尘的凝并效率均超过95%。研究结果有助于拓展横向双极静电除尘技术的应用范围,为双极静电技术的推广及工业应用提供参考。     

煤焦膨胀特性与残灰颗粒物的形成

研究了煤焦的膨胀特性及其对1~5μm残灰颗粒物生成的影响.将一种烟煤筛分为小于63μm,[63~100)μm和[100~200)μm三种粒径,并在实验室沉降炉中进行了热解和燃烧实验,反应温度分别为1 373 K,1 523 K和1 673 K.利用激光粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜等对热解和燃烧产物进行了分析.研究结果表明,该种烟煤由于含有较高的镜质组成分,在热解过程中表现出明显的膨胀特性,而且煤粉粒径越小,其镜质组含量越高,因此在热解过程中膨胀越厉害,形成的煤胞型颗粒越多.膨胀厉害的煤焦在燃烧过程中很容易发生破碎,形成更多的1~5μm残灰颗粒物.     

采暖通风方式对室内外PM_(2.5)浓度及其相关性的影响

为探究采暖通风方式对住宅室内外环境中PM_(2.5)浓度及其相关性的影响,于2014—2015年冬季在南京市选取3种不同采暖通风方式的住宅(顶棚辐射供暖+24 h净化新风住宅H1;独立户式地暖住宅H2;无采暖住宅H3)进行了室内外颗粒物分粒径日平均质量浓度采样和PM_(2.5)质量浓度逐时监测实验.实验结果显示,室内外颗粒物均以PM_(2.5)为主,PM_(2.5)/PM10的质量比高达74%以上,3处住宅室内外PM_(2.5)浓度相关系数分别为0.840,0.825,0.923.H1室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度水平最低,仅为室外的22.1%,且室内无粒径大于2.5μm的颗粒物;H3室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度水平最高,室内外PM_(2.5)相关系数最高,且室内存在一定量粒径大于2.5μm的颗粒物.夏热冬冷地区居民应改变传统的开窗通风模式,向净化新风系统转变,可有效降低室外大气污染对室内空气的干扰,保障室内空气品质.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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