Exogenous carbon acquisition of photosynthesis in Porphyra haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) under emersed state

The photosynthetic performances of Porphyra haitanensis thalli were investigated in order to understand its mechanisms for exogenous carbon acquisition during emersion at low tide. The emersed photosynthesis was studied by altering the pH value in the water film on the thalli surface, treating them with carbonic anhydarase inhibitors (acetazolamide and 6-ethoxyzolamide), adjusting the CO2 concentrations in the air, and comparing the theoretical maximum CO2 supply rates within the adherent water film with the observed photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates. It was found that the principal exogenous inorganic carbon source for the photosynthesis of P. haitanensis during emersion was atmospheric CO2. The driving force of CO2 flux across the water film was the CO2 concentration gradient within it. Carbonic anhydrase accelerated both extracellular and intracellular CO2 transport. The emersed photosynthesis of P. haitanensis was limited by the present atmospheric CO2 level, and would be enhanced by atmospheric CO2 rise that would trigger global warming.     

Combined effects of solar UV radiation and CO2-induced seawater acidification on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages in the South China Sea

We carried out short term pCO₂/pH perturbation experiments in the coastal waters of the South China Sea to evaluate the combined effects of seawater acidification (low pH/high pCO₂) and solar UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages. Under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) alone treatments, reduced pCO² (190 ppmv) with increased pH resulted in a significant decrease in the photosynthetic carbon fixation rate (about 23%), while enriched pCO₂ (700 ppmv) with lowered pH had no significant effect on the photosynthetic performance compared to the ambient level. The apparent photosynthetic efficiency decreased under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably due to C-limitation as well as energy being diverged for up-regulation of carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). In the presence of UVR, both UV-A and UV-B caused photosynthetic inhibition, though UV-A appeared to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency under lower PAR levels. UV-B caused less inhibition of photosynthesis under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably because of its contribution to the inorganic carbon (Ci)-acquisition processes. Under the seawater acidification conditions (enriched pCO₂), both UV-A and UV-B reduced the photosynthetic carbon fixation to higher extents compared to the ambient pCO₂ conditions. We conclude that solar UV and seawater acidification could synergistically inhibit photosynthesis.     

An inducible CO2 concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteriumAnabaena sp. strain PCC7120

In order to define its characteristics of the photosynthetic utilization of CO2 and HCO3-when the ambient inorganic carbon changed, HCG (High-CO2-Growing Cells) of cyanobacteri-um Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 were prepared. The growth rate of HCG was higher than that of LCG (low-CO2-growing cells, i.e. air-growing cells). When the HCG cells were transferred from 5% CO2 to air levels of CO2 ,a series of changes took place: its carbonic anhydrase activity as well as its photosynthetic affinity to the external inorganic carbon significantly increased; the number of the carboxysomes, which is one of the most important components of CCM in cyanobacteria also increased. These facts indicated that the CCM activity of Anabaena PCC 7120 was induced. When the pH in the medium increased from 6 to 9, the photosynthetic affinity to external inorganic carbon of both HCG and LCG declined, while the apparent photo-synthetic affinity to external CO2 increased. In the light of these findings, this inducible CCM in cyanobacteria provided a good model for the study of the photosynthetic Ci utilization in the pho-totrophic microoganisms.     

海草光合作用研究进展

生活在潮间带和潮下带海水中的单子叶植物海草,在生理生态方面对海洋沉水环境形成了一系列的适应,其光合作用受到光照、温度、无机碳和盐度等环境因子的影响,其中光照和无机碳常常成为限制因子。为了适应低无机碳的海洋环境,海草具有利用HCO-3能力,并在光合代谢上形成一定的适应性。全球气候变化与人类活动可以通过改变光照、温度等环境因子进而影响到海草床的演化。     

光照对坛紫菜生长和无机碳利用的影响

］以坛紫菜Z-61品系为研究材料,分析坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体在三种光强（10,50,500 μmol·m-2·s-1）下的应答。发现:1）坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体的光系统 Ⅱ 最大量子产量及叶绿素a和藻红蛋白的含量都随光强增加而降低,但净光合速率、最大光合速率、胞外碳酸酐酶活性和总碳酸酐酶活性则随光强增加而增加。2）当光强从10 μmol·m-2·s-1增加到500 μmol·m-2·s-1时,坛紫菜叶状体的生长速率约增加77%;丝状体的生长速率先增加后降低,在光强500 μmol·m-2·s-1下达到最低,比在10 μmol·m-2·s-1下显著下降了约90%。3）在三种光强下,坛紫菜叶状体的最大光合速率、光系统 Ⅱ 最大量子产量和生长速率都大幅高于丝状体。这些结果表明:坛紫菜的光系统 Ⅱ、光合作用与生长对光强的应答并不完全一致;叶状体比丝状体更适应高光,这可能是长期进化的结果;光强可以改变坛紫菜对无机碳的吸收。     

用于坛紫菜光合效率的DIVING-PAM参数优化研究

采用DIVING-PAM叶绿素荧光测定仪比较了坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis)藻体在不同光合有效辐射强度（photosynthetically active radiation,PAR）、暗处理时间和不同测量时间间隔下光合效率值的变化。结果表明,为了在最短的测量时间内获得准确的坛紫菜藻体叶绿素荧光指标测量结果,叶绿素荧光测定仪的最佳参数应设定为:PAR 100 μmol·m-2·s-1,最佳测量时间间隔30 s,最适暗处理时间15min。同时发现坛紫菜藻体光合效率的日变化在每天的10:30~18:30时间段内最为稳定,可以作为测量叶绿素荧光指标的最适时间段。     

高盐胁迫对坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)叶状体光合作用的影响

坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)具有极强的耐高盐胁迫能力,但其耐盐机理尚不明确。检测了不同高盐（100、110）胁迫处理不同时间（0,4,8,24 h）时坛紫菜Z-61藻体的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和净光合作用,并选取高盐胁迫4 h后的藻体提取RNA,采用第二代高通量测序技术分析正常盐度（对照组,30）与高盐胁迫处理的坛紫菜叶状体转录组数据,探究坛紫菜响应高盐胁迫过程中的光合生理机制。结果发现:盐度100对坛紫菜藻体Fv/Fm无显著影响;而盐度110下,藻体Fv/Fm逐渐下降至0,但转移至对照海水后其仍能恢复到初始水平,可将110称之为“亚致死”（sub-lethal）盐度;当盐度增加至120时,藻体Fv/Fm急剧下降至0,且转移到对照海水中不能恢复,即120是致死的盐度。转录组数据显示,高盐胁迫下的转录本与对照组有很大差异,光合作用相关基因在高盐胁迫下显著上调表达,包括多条碳酸酐酶基因和天线蛋白基因,并且在盐度100胁迫下其上调趋势更为明显。以上结果说明:坛紫菜在耐受盐度100条件下可以通过积极提高光合作用相关基因的表达,维持光合活性,为藻体生长提供物质和能量;而在亚致死盐度110条件下,坛紫菜光合活性逐渐下降,光合基因表达受到抑制,活性氧的产生减少,避免藻体细胞遭受过氧化损伤。这说明坛紫菜可以通过积极响应调节光合系统来应答高盐胁迫。     

Unicellular C4 photosynthesis in a marine diatom

Nearly 50 years ago, inorganic carbon was shown to be fixed in microalgae as the C3 compound phosphoglyceric acid. The enzyme responsible for C3 carbon fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), however, requires inorganic carbon in the form of CO2 (ref. 2), and Rubisco enzymes from diatoms have half-saturation constants for CO2 of 30-60 microM (ref. 3). As a result, diatoms growing in seawater that contains about 10 microM CO2 may be CO2 limited. Kinetic and growth studies have shown that diatoms can avoid CO2 limitation, but the biochemistry of the underlying mechanisms remains unknown. Here we present evidence that C4 photosynthesis supports carbon assimilation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, thus providing a biochemical explanation for CO2-insensitive photosynthesis in marine diatoms. If C4 photosynthesis is common among marine diatoms, it may account for a significant portion of carbon fixation and export in the ocean, and would explain the greater enrichment of 13C in diatoms compared with other classes of phytoplankton. Unicellular C4 carbon assimilation may have predated the appearance of multicellular C4 plants.     

Kranz anatomy is not essential for terrestrial C4 plant photosynthesis.

An important adaptation to CO2-limited photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae and some plants was development of CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCM). Evolution of a CCM occurred many times in flowering plants, beginning at least 15-20 million years ago, in response to atmospheric CO2 reduction, climate change, geological trends, and evolutionary diversification of species. In plants, this is achieved through a biochemical inorganic carbon pump called C4 photosynthesis, discovered 35 years ago. C4 photosynthesis is advantageous when limitations on carbon acquisition are imposed by high temperature, drought and saline conditions. It has been thought that a specialized leaf anatomy, composed of two, distinctive photosynthetic cell types (Kranz anatomy), is required for C4 photosynthesis. We provide evidence that C4 photosynthesis can function within a single photosynthetic cell in terrestrial plants. Borszczowia aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae) has the photosynthetic features of C4 plants, yet lacks Kranz anatomy. This species accomplishes C4 photosynthesis through spatial compartmentation of photosynthetic enzymes, and by separation of two types of chloroplasts and other organelles in distinct positions within the chlorenchyma cell cytoplasm.     

模拟酸雨对杜仲光合生理及生长的影响

研究了模拟酸雨对杜仲光合生理及生长的影响,结果表明:在系列模拟酸雨胁迫下,无论春、夏、秋季,杜仲叶叶绿素(Chl)含量和Chl a／b值随酸雨pH值降低而降低,呈显著正相关．pH 4．0～5．6酸雨在春、夏、秋季对杜仲叶Hill反应活力、CO2补偿点、光补偿点、光饱和点和最大净光合速率无显著影响,而在pH 3．5～2．5强酸雨胁迫下Hill反应活力逐渐降低,CO2补偿点和光补偿点明显升高,光饱和点、最大净光合速率则显著下降．另外, 酸雨各处理组最大净光合速率与杜仲总生物量、杜仲叶药用有效成分(绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚甙和总黄酮)含量呈显著正相关,表明酸雨通过影响杜仲光合生理活性,进而影响其生长和药用有效成分含量．     

Characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in stems and petioles of C3 flowering plants.

Most plants are known as C3 plants because the first product of photosynthetic CO2 fixation is a three-carbon compound. C4 plants, which use an alternative pathway in which the first product is a four-carbon compound, have evolved independently many times and are found in at least 18 families. In addition to differences in their biochemistry, photosynthetic organs of C4 plants show alterations in their anatomy and ultrastructure. Little is known about whether the biochemical or anatomical characteristics of C4 photosynthesis evolved first. Here we report that tobacco, a typical C3 plant, shows characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in cells of stems and petioles that surround the xylem and phloem, and that these cells are supplied with carbon for photosynthesis from the vascular system and not from stomata. These photosynthetic cells possess high activities of enzymes characteristic of C4 photosynthesis, which allow the decarboxylation of four-carbon organic acids from the xylem and phloem, thus releasing CO2 for photosynthesis. These biochemical characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in cells around the vascular bundles of stems of C3 plants might explain why C4 photosynthesis has evolved independently many times.     

碳源对浑球红假单胞菌P_4株氧化－还原反应平衡的影响

本文采用浑球红假单胞菌Ｐ４株（ＲｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｈａｅｒｏｉｄｅｓＰ４）作为研究对象，分析了光合细菌在厌氧光照条件下：①利用乙醇或乙酸为碳源时，对ＣＯ２依赖性的差异；②利用乙醇为碳源时，氢气发生量与添加ＣＯ２浓度的关系；③利用一些有机碳源时，氢气发生量与碳代谢中的关键酶活性的变化．从而阐明了光合细菌利用不同碳源时，实现细胞内氧化－还原反应平衡的复杂调控机制．     

辣椒（Onza和Cajamarca）光合特性研究

本文通过研究两种长势一致的不同辣椒品种（Onza和Cajamarca）的光合特性,探讨不同品种辣椒光合特性是否存在差异。通过LI-6400便携式光合作用系统测定两种辣椒的光合特性。结果袁明：Cajamama的光饱和点低于Onza,而光补偿点高于Onza。Onza和Cajamarca净光合速率具有相同的变化趋势,最大净光...     

Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean

The oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted into the atmosphere since pre-industrial times, causing a measurable reduction in seawater pH and carbonate saturation. If CO2 emissions continue to rise at current rates, upper-ocean pH will decrease to levels lower than have existed for tens of millions of years and, critically, at a rate of change 100 times greater than at any time over this period. Recent studies have shown effects of ocean acidification on a variety of marine life forms, in particular calcifying organisms. Consequences at the community to ecosystem level, in contrast, are largely unknown. Here we show that dissolved inorganic carbon consumption of a natural plankton community maintained in mesocosm enclosures at initial CO2 partial pressures of 350, 700 and 1,050 microatm increases with rising CO2. The community consumed up to 39% more dissolved inorganic carbon at increased CO2 partial pressures compared to present levels, whereas nutrient uptake remained the same. The stoichiometry of carbon to nitrogen drawdown increased from 6.0 at low CO2 to 8.0 at high CO2, thus exceeding the Redfield carbon:nitrogen ratio of 6.6 in today's ocean. This excess carbon consumption was associated with higher loss of organic carbon from the upper layer of the stratified mesocosms. If applicable to the natural environment, the observed responses have implications for a variety of marine biological and biogeochemical processes, and underscore the importance of biologically driven feedbacks in the ocean to global change.     

A carbon isotope record of CO2 levels during the late Quaternary

Analyses of gases trapped in continental ice sheets have shown that the concentration of CO2 in the Earth's early atmosphere increased from 180 to 280 p.p.m. during the most recent glacial-interglacial transition. This change must have been driven by an increase in the concentration of CO2 dissolved in the mixed layer of the ocean. Biochemical and physiological factors associated with photosynthetic carbon fixation in this layer should lead to a relationship between concentrations of dissolved CO2 and the carbon isotopic composition of phytoplanktonic organic material, such that increased atmospheric CO2 should enhance the difference in 13C content between dissolved inorganic carbon and organic products of photosynthesis. Here we show that a signal related to atmospheric CO2 levels can be seen in the isotope record of a hemipelagic sediment core, which we can correlate with the CO2 record of the Vostok ice core. Calibration of the relationship between isotope fractionation and CO2 levels should permit the extrapolation of CO2 records to times earlier than those for which ice-core records are available.     

杨小舟蛾取食对杨树叶片光合生理特性的影响

研究了杨小舟蛾(Micromelalopha troglodyta)取食对杨树叶片光合作用的影响,并探讨了杨树叶片受取食影响后的光合补偿机制。结果表明:杨树叶片被杨小舟蛾取食后,叶片净光合速率(Pn)日动态波动变化幅度强于对照,呈单峰型曲线,峰值出现时间在上午12:00时,比对照滞后2 h,且峰值比对照提高了16.4%。单位面积受害叶片在上午(8:00—12:00)累积同化CO2的量比对照上升了9.6%,而下午(13:00—18:00)略有下降。1天中(8:00-18:00)累积同化CO2的量两者之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。蒸腾速率(Tr)的日动态为双峰曲线,分别在上午12:00和下午15:00出现蒸腾高峰;被取食叶片蒸腾速率及日累积蒸腾耗水量明显低于对照,而水分利用效率(WUE)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pn,max)分别比对照显著提高(p<0.05);暗呼吸速率(Rd)比对照高出10.33%。表观量子效率、光补偿点(LCP)等光合指标与对照差异不明显。分析表明,杨树对杨小舟蛾的取食危害存在光合补偿的适应机制。     

路灯照明对杏树行道树生长及光合的影响

对路灯照射条件下杏树行道树生长、光合及叶绿素含量的调查与测定发现:HPS路灯照射可显著增加杏树行道树的新枝生长量;杏树行道树的光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度的日变化均随光强的单峰型变化呈双峰型曲线变化响应;HPS灯照射条件下的杏树光合速率和胞间CO2浓度显著高于LED灯;从杏树各光合指标的夜间变化来看,路灯的照射仅在一定程度上延长了杏树的光合时间,但光合作用甚微;杏树行道树的叶绿素含量以靠近光源的略高,但光源的远近和类型均不能显著改变其含量.     

Photosynthesis of Populus euphratica and its response to elevated CO2 concentration in an arid environment

The photosynthetic characterization of Populus euphratica and its response to the elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) were analyzed based on its net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE) at different groundwater depths measured by a portable gas exchange system (LI-6400) in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The results showed that the elevation of [CO2] decreased the gs, and increased the Pn, Ci and WUE of P. euphratica. However, the effects of the elevated [CO2] on gs, Pn, Ci and WUE varied considerably with groundwater depth. The response of photosynthesis to rising [CO2] was stronger at the greater groundwater depth (more than 6 m) than that at the shallower groundwater depth (less than 6 m). The critical groundwater depth required to maintain the normal survival of P. euphratica was less than 6 m. When the groundwater depth increased to more than 6 m, P. euphratica encountered moderate water stress, and the plant suffered severe water stress when the groundwater depth increased to more than 7 m.     

大米草对CO2浓度的光合和蒸腾响应

以大米草（Spartina anglica Hubbard）为材料,研究在不同CO2浓度下其净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、气孔导度（Gs）、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺（Vpdt）以及水分利用效率（WUE）的变化。结果表明,CO2浓度从50μmol·mol^-1增至1000μmol·mol^-1的过程中,大米草Pn、Ci、Vpdl和WUE逐渐增大,Gs和Tr逐渐下降。低于环境CO2浓度范围内时,大米草对CO2浓度的升高比较敏感,反之则不明显。WUE和Tr对CO2浓度升高的响应极显著（P〈0．01）。CO2浓度升高能够明显降低单位面积叶片的蒸腾失水,提高光合速率和水分利用效率,增强大米草的竞争优势。     

广西道地药材战骨的光合特性研究

【目的】针对广西道地药材战骨(Premna fulva Craib)丰产、高产栽培技术研究缺乏的现状,对战骨光合特点进行测定与分析,旨在了解战骨的光合作用特征,为其人工种植提供科学依据。【方法】采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对战骨的光合作用-光响应曲线和光合日变化各指标进行测定。【结果】战骨叶片的最大净光合速率17.07μmol·m-2·s-1,表观量子效率0.047μmol·ml-2·s-1,暗呼吸速率0.620μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点1364μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点13.14μmol·m-2·s-1。战骨的净光合速率(Pn)日进程呈"双峰型"曲线,偏相关分析表明,Pn与光合有效辐射、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶温呈极显著正相关,光合"午休"的主要原因是强光引起的非气孔因素。【结论】战骨具阳生植物的光合特性,适宜种植在阳光充足的生境。