Arrangement of human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes implies evolutionary duplication of a segment containing gamma, epsilon and alpha genes

Cosmid clones containing the human gamma, epsilon and alpha heavy chain constant region genes and an epsilon pseudogene have been isolated. All these genes have a switch sequence detectable by hybridization. We have studied overlapping cosmids covering two separate regions of the genome, and the gene order in each of these regions was found to be gamma-gamma-epsilon-alpha. This implies an evolutionary duplication in this multigene family involving gamma, epsilon and alpha genes.     

Implications of an impact origin for the martian hemispheric dichotomy

The observation that one hemisphere of Mars is lower and has a thinner crust than the other (the 'martian hemispheric dichotomy') has been a puzzle for 30 years. The dichotomy may have arisen as a result of internal mechanisms such as convection. Alternatively, it may have been caused by one or several giant impacts, but quantitative tests of the impact hypothesis have not been published. Here we use a high-resolution, two-dimensional, axially symmetric hydrocode to model vertical impacts over a range of parameters appropriate to early Mars. We propose that the impact model, in addition to excavating a crustal cavity of the correct size, explains two other observations. First, crustal disruption at the impact antipode is probably responsible for the observed antipodal decline in magnetic field strength. Second, the impact-generated melt forming the northern lowlands crust is predicted to derive from a deep, depleted mantle source. This prediction is consistent with characteristics of martian shergottite meteorites and suggests a dichotomy formation time approximately 100 Myr after martian accretion, comparable to that of the Moon-forming impact on Earth.     

Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor

The Carnivora are one of only four orders of terrestrial mammals living in Madagascar today. All four (carnivorans, primates, rodents and lipotyphlan insectivores) are placental mammals with limited means for dispersal, yet they occur on a large island that has been surrounded by a formidable oceanic barrier for at least 88 million years, predating the age of origin for any of these groups. Even so, as many as four colonizations of Madagascar have been proposed for the Carnivora alone. The mystery of the island's mammalian origins is confounded by its poor Tertiary fossil record, which leaves us with no direct means for estimating dates of initial diversification. Here we use a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis to show that Malagasy carnivorans are monophyletic and thus the product of a single colonization of Madagascar by an African ancestor. Furthermore, a bayesian analysis of divergence ages for Malagasy carnivorans and lemuriforms indicates that their respective colonizations were temporally separated by tens of millions of years. We therefore conclude that a single event, such as vicariance or common dispersal, cannot explain the presence of both groups in Madagascar.     

某矮塔斜拉桥0号梁段空间应力分析

某秋浦河大桥主桥为矮塔斜拉桥.因0号梁段的构造和受力较为复杂,保证它的质量与受力安全非常重要.文章基于静力等效原理提出一种简化建模方法,并采用通用有限元软件建立了0号梁段的局部计算模型,分析该部位的空间应力传递和分布特点.通过计算分析可知,0号梁段除局部外,整体以受压为主,工程中应充分注意塔下梁段、支座处混凝土的竖向承压设计及塔梁交接处、支座处混凝土的局部抗裂设计.     

星期的由来

星期是日常生活中一个常用的概念与名称,其来历与说法众多,它们之间有何联系,探讨星期的来历与不同的说法就是阐述、分析的真正目的与意义之所在.     

审视太极拳之渊源

太极拳是个集武术、阴阳易理、导引于一体的哲拳.它的起源,经过分析、整理大致有许宣平、张三蜂(宋)、张三丰(明)、陈王庭和王宗岳等不同的版本.经过论证认为,太极拳综合吸收了明代各家拳法,结合了中国传统文化和传统哲学思想,是历代武术家和人民群众集体智慧的结晶.最后由陈长兴整合自家武术、融各家之长,将以往的太极特征的武术加以修改,形成陈氏太极拳,是太极拳的集大成者.     

Observational evidence for the accretion-disk origin for a radio jet in an active galaxy

Accretion of gas onto black holes is thought to power the relativistic jets of material ejected from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and the 'microquasars' located in our Galaxy. In microquasars, superluminal radio-emitting features appear and propagate along the jet shortly after sudden decreases in the X-ray fluxes. This establishes a direct observational link between the black hole and the jet: the X-ray dip is probably caused by the disappearance of a section of the inner accretion disk as it falls past the event horizon, while the remainder of the disk section is ejected into the jet, creating the appearance of a superluminal bright spot. No such connection has hitherto been established for AGN, because of insufficient multi-frequency data. Here we report the results of three years of monitoring the X-ray and radio emission of the galaxy 3C120. As has been observed for microquasars, we find that dips in the X-ray emission are followed by ejections of bright superluminal knots in the radio jet. The mean time between X-ray dips appears to scale roughly with the mass of the black hole, although there are at present only a few data points.     

星豹蛛和拟环纹豹蛛抗逆性比较研究

以拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata和星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera为实验对象,分别测定两种豹蛛成熟雌雄蛛体内含水量和脂类含量,并比较两种豹蛛在无水无食条件下的存活时间,为探究蜘蛛体内水分和脂类含量与其抗干旱和抗饥饿能力的关系提供依据.研究结果表明:星豹蛛体内含水量和脂类含量均显著高于拟环纹豹蛛,星豹蛛在无水无食条件下的存活时间也显著长于拟环纹豹蛛.同时两种豹蛛雌蛛体内脂含量和无水无食条件下的存活时间显著高于相应雄蛛.蜘蛛脂类含量一定程度上可以反映它们的抗逆性.     

利用药膜法测定杀虫剂对蜘蛛的毒性

采用药膜法测定了吡虫啉对草间钻头蛛、三氟氯氰菊酯对草间钻头蛛和星豹蛛的毒性.结果表明:吡虫啉对草间钻头蛛的毒性低于三氟氯氰菊酯,三氟氯氰菊酯对星豹蛛也有很高的毒性.药膜法不适合测定农药对草间钻头蛛等结网型蜘蛛的毒性,但对星豹蛛等游猎型蜘蛛较适合.     

Deep origin and hot melting of an Archaean orogenic peridotite massif in Norway

The buoyancy and strength of sub-continental lithospheric mantle is thought to protect the oldest continental crust (cratons) from destruction by plate tectonic processes. The exact origin of the lithosphere below cratons is controversial, but seems clearly to be a residue remaining after the extraction of large amounts of melt. Models to explain highly melt-depleted but garnet-bearing rock compositions require multi-stage processes with garnet and clinopyroxene possibly of secondary origin. Here we report on orogenic peridotites (fragments of cratonic mantle incorporated into the crust during continent-continent plate collision) from Otr?y, western Norway. We show that the peridotites underwent extensive melting during upwelling from depths of 350 kilometres or more, forming a garnet-bearing cratonic root in a single melting event. These peridotites appear to be the residue after Archaean aluminium depleted komatiite magmatism.     

小议汉字的起源

关于汉字的起源,一直是众说不一。我们认为,汉字作为记录汉语的符号系统,它的产生是受八卦的从对自然直观的具体观察出发,转化为抽象的符号模式的影响,在原始图画记事的基础上,人们共同创造出来的。     

小议汉字的起源

关于汉字的起源，一直是众说不一。我们认为，汉字作为记录汉语的符号系统，它的产生是受八卦的从对自然直观的具体观察出发，转化为抽象的符号模式的影响，在原始图画记事的基础上，人们共同创造出来的。     

湍流场中涡线单元的结构分析

与描述湍流速度场的流线管单元[Wang L. On properties of fluid turbulence along streamlines. J Fluid Mech,2010, 648:183–203]的思想类似,为了描述湍流涡矢量场的结构,我们提出了一种新的结构分析方法,即涡线单元,可以用单元尺度和极值点涡量差值来表征.涡线单元与常用的涡管结构的不同可以概括为:涡线单元结构可以定量描述,并且是全空间填充的.在理论上这两个条件是保证我们可以将涡线单元的结构分析与全流场统计规律联系起来的必要前提,帮助理解和重构湍流涡量场.根据直接数值模拟数据,我们研究了涡线单元的统计与结构特性,包括尺度与手性等.根据涡线单元结构可以定量表征精细的条件统计,例如发现涡相关的动力学参数(例如拟涡能耗散率和涡拉伸率)强烈依赖于基于涡线单元结构的条件统计.这样一种结构分析方法为深入研究湍流场提供了新的手段.     

关于三次参数曲线的形状控制

讨论了平面三次参数曲线在端点出现拐点,二重点,尖点的情形,同时,讨论了曲线端点处的切向量平行等特殊情形。