Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan Nerve Conduits with Microtubular Architectures

Porous multi-channel chitosan conduits were fabricated using a novel phase-separation technique with an axial temperature gradient. First, porous chitosan tubes were made with a mold that was composed of two concentric polytetrafiuoroethylene tubes. Then 1%-3% （w/v） chitosan solution was injected into the chitosan tube while the two ends of the tube were closed with steel rods. Then the outside of the tube was wrapped with a layer of thermal insulating material to reduce the heat transfer through the outside, and the tubes were placed in a freezer. The resulting phase separation then occurred in the presence of an axial temperature gradient. The porosity, microtubule diameter, and orientation were controlled by adjusting the polymer concentration and temperature gradient. After the preparation course, no poisonous substances remained on the conduits. The mechanical properties, swelling, and biodegradability of the chitosan conduits were investigated, and a scanning electron microscope was used to observe the tubular morphology and growth of neuroblastoma cells （N2A, mouse） in the conduits. The results demonstrate that the multi-channel chitosan conduits have suitable mechanical strength, swelling, degradation properties, and nerve cell affinity, so they hold promise for use as neural tissue engineering scaffolds.     

Fiber-Based Chitosan Tubular Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Engineering： Fabrication and in Vitro Evaluation

Porous, two-ply tubular chitosan conduits for guided tissue regeneration were fabricated by combining the textile technique （inner layer） with the thermally induced phase separation process （outer layer）. A hollow chitosan tube was prepared using an industrial warp knitting process with chitosan yarns. Then, an appropriate diameter mandrel was inserted into the pre-fabricated tube. The tube and the mandrel were dipped into the chitosan solution together, taken out, and freeze-dried. After being neutralized in alkaline solution and dried at room temperature, the mandrel was removed to create the chitosan tubular scaffold. Scanning electron micrographs show that the resulting tubes have a biphasic wall structure, with a fibrous inner layer and a semipermeable outer layer. The swelling properties and the mechanical strength before and after in vitro degradation were investigated. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was also investigated by co-culturing neuroblastoma cells （N2A, mouse） with the scaffolds. The results suggest that these chitosan tubular scaffolds are useful for the regeneration of tissues requiring a tubular scaffold.     

Chitosan Conduit for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

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Directing neural stem cell fate with biomaterial parameters for injured brain regeneration

The discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs), which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into all types of neural lineages, offers promising prospect for the treatment of brain neurological disorders such as stroke/cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. However, only limited number of NSCs could survive or propagate due to tissue inflammation or blood-brain barrier. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an appropriate culture system that highly mimics the natural NSCs niche to direct stem cell fate and behavior for nerve regeneration. Both biophysical and biochemical properties of the NSC niche, including topology, mechanical properties, bioactive molecules, and their spatial and temporal presentations should be considered for the design of functionalized scaffolds, which could not only serve as the delivery vehicles of NSCs but also stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level, such as support endogenous or exogenous cells proliferation, migration and homing, even promote the growth of axon at the injured brain site. This review attempts to outline the varieties of biomaterial     

基于区域叠合有限元技术预测三维编织复合材料弹性性能

本文基于区域叠合有限元技术预测三维四向编织复合材料弹性性能。在该方法中,分别建立相互独立的纤维增强相有限元模型和复合材料整体区域(包括所有增强相和基体相所占几何空间)有限元模型,两相模型在空间叠合组成复合材料模型,运用节点自由度耦合技术使两相模型满足变形协调关系,通过对两相模型赋予适当的材料属性以使所建复合材料模型具有与实际复合材料等效的力学特性。该方法较传统方法显著缩短了建模时间,降低了建模难度。区域叠合法的数值模拟结果与传统方法预测结果一致。本文的研究为进一步研究编织复合材料非线性宏观力学特性和渐进损伤过程模拟奠定基础。     

An analysis of soil composition and mechanical properties of riverbanks in a braided reach of the Lower Yellow River

The channel adjustment in a braided reach is very prominent in the fluvial processes of the Lower Yellow Rlver, In whlch the process of bank erosion plays an important role, especially durlng the perlod of clear water scourlng. The process of bank erosion is closely related to soil composition and mechanlcal properties of the riverbanks. In this paper, the recent bank erosion process in a bralded reach between Huayuankou and Gaocun was firstly investigated after the water impoundment and sediment detentlon of the Xlaolangdi Reservoir, and then a field observation and indoor soil testa were conducted at 10 typlcal riverbanks in the braided reach. Through analyzing the experlmental results, changes of t;brtnsml-soo; composition and mechanical properties were found, and the two real reasons causlng serlous bank erosion in the braided reach were identified. The following conclusions were drawn from thls study： （i） the majority of riverbanks are made up of cohesive soil, and can be characterlzed by obvlous vertlcal stratification structures of soil composition; （ii） these riverbanks are very erodlble due to the lower clay-content and weak erosion-resistant strength in the bank soil, wlth its crltlcal shear stress value （0.1-0.3 Pa） being much less than that of the average near-bank flow shear stress （2.0-3.0 Pa）, which is one important reason causing serious bank erosion; （iii） frequent occurrence of bank fallure during flood seasons usually results from the fact that the values of shear strength parameters such as the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease with the increase of water content In riverbank soil, and the value of cohesion reduces drastically from 34 to 4 kPa wlth the Increase of water content, which is another important reason causing serious bank erosion in the bralded reach.     

Feasibility of Using Chitosan in Nerve Repair

IntroductionChitin,themajorpolysaccharideininsectexoskeletonsandcrustaceanshells,hasβ(1-4)-linkedN-acetylglucosaminerepeatunitsandisthesecondmostabundantformofpolymerizedcarbonfoundinnature[1].Chitosan,thefullyorpartiallyN-deacetyledformofchitin,isacationicpolysaccharidecomposedofglucosamineandN-acetylglucosamineresidueswitha1,4-β-linkage.Ithasastructuresimilartoglycosaminoglycans,whicharethecomponentsofanextracellularmatrixandisbiocompatible[2].Duetoitspositivesurfacechargeandbiocompatibi…     

土坯力学性能及受压本构模型研究

为获取传统土坯受压应力-应变特性,确定其数学表达式,针对湿制法和干打法制作的土坯开展了单轴抗压试验和三点抗折试验。分别从抗压、抗折强度、破坏机理以及应力-应变关系等方面分析了两类土坯的力学性能。结果表明,普通砌墙砖的抗压及抗折试验方法均适用于传统土坯,干打土坯的抗压强度为湿制土坯的3倍,抗折强度为湿制土坯的1.3倍,但湿制土坯的断裂能为干打土坯的2.5倍。受压初期,干打土坯的应力-应变曲线存在因土料压密而导致的下凹段,而湿制土坯未表现出该特性。基于两类土坯单轴受压状态下的应力-应变曲线特征,提出了土坯单轴受压本构模型,该本构模型与试验数据吻合较好,可用于土坯砌体结构的数值模拟研究。     

密封填料侧压系数的确定

从弹塑力学理论出发,建立了密封填料的侧向压力与测力环变形之间的函数关系,为精确测定密封填料的侧压系数提供了可靠的手段。以膨胀石墨模压成型填料、石棉线浸渍聚四氟乙烯编织填料和碳素纤维编织填料为试验样品,实验确定了单圈填料的侧压系数。该方法既可用于确定静态条件下多圈填料的侧压系数,又可用于确定动态条件下多圈填料的侧压系数,为今后的动态研究创造了条件。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯与液晶高分子共混改性

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（ＰＥＴ）与液晶高分子（ＬＣＰ）挤出共混，注射模塑制得试样。采用示差扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜、力学性能测试仪等手段，表征共混物的热行为、形态、结构和力学性能。研究结果表明：在实验范围内，ＰＥＴ与液晶高分子（ＰＥＴ－６０ＰＨＢ）的共混体系，共混物的强度对ＬＣＰ的含量呈曲线变化，ＬＣＰ的质量分数在０～２０％之间，共混物的强度有极大值；ＬＣＰ的质量分数在４０％～６０％之间，共混物的强度有极小值。     

碳/玻璃纤维混编复合材料和钢板的单搭接接头的力学性能分析与预测

对碳/玻璃纤维混编纤维增强复合材料(FRP)和金属的粘接接头、铆接接头及粘铆混合连接接头的力学性能进行了系统的仿真和试验研究。分别使用内聚区损伤模型、金属失效准则和Hashin失效准则有效地模拟试验中胶层的脱粘失效、铆钉的断裂和FRP板的损伤。结合3种失效准则建立粘铆混合连接的有限元模型,并对其混合连接接头的拉伸力学性能进行预测。结果表明有限元模型准确地预测了混合连接试验的最大载荷、失效位移、失效形式和复杂失效过程的各个阶段。混编FRP在有胶层的接头的失效模式上表现出了特殊性,作为编织纱的玻璃纤维被撕脱。此外,基于以上模型研究了胶层厚度对混合连接接头力学性能的影响规律。随着胶层厚度增加,接头的最大载荷先增大后减小,FRP板铆钉孔周围的失效范围逐渐增大。     

Cell fusion-independent differentiation of neural stem cells to the endothelial lineage

Somatic stem cells have been claimed to possess an unexpectedly broad differentiation potential (referred to here as plasticity) that could be induced by exposing stem cells to the extracellular developmental signals of other lineages in mixed-cell cultures. Recently, this and other experimental evidence supporting the existence of stem-cell plasticity have been refuted because stem cells have been shown to adopt the functional features of other lineages by means of cell-fusion-mediated acquisition of lineage-specific determinants (chromosomal DNA) rather than by signal-mediated differentiation. In this study we co-cultured mouse neural stem cells (NSCs), which are committed to become neurons and glial cells, with human endothelial cells, which form the lining of blood vessels. We show that in the presence of endothelial cells six per cent of the NSC population converted to cells that did not express neuronal or glial markers, but instead showed the stable expression of multiple endothelial markers and the capacity to form capillary networks. This was surprising because NSCs and endothelial cells are believed to develop from the ectoderm and mesoderm, respectively. Experiments in which endothelial cells were killed by fixation before co-culture with live NSCs (to prevent cell fusion) and karyotyping analyses, revealed that NSCs had differentiated into endothelial-like cells independently of cell fusion. We conclude that stem-cell plasticity is a true characteristic of NSCs and that the conversion of NSCs to unanticipated cell types can be accomplished without cell fusion.     

耐烧蚀硅基纤维布增强酚醛树脂复合材料的高温氧化性能与力学性能

针对目前广泛应用的耐烧蚀硅基纤维布增强的复合材料存在的问题,比较了三种不同的硅基纤维布增强酚醛树脂复合材料的高温氧化后的失重率、力学性能和宏观/微观形貌的变化.发现高温氧化后,混编复合材料失重率的变化明显大于单编复合材料失重率的变化;高温氧化后材料的弹性模量随温度升高而减小.在三种硅基纤维布增强的复合耐蚀材料中,单编硅基纤维布增强的复合材料具有更好的抗高温氧化性能.     

壳聚糖膜的制备及膜性能

以相对分子质量分别为220000,350000,500000,680000道尔顿的壳聚糖以及脱乙酰度分别为90%,94%,95%,97%的680000道尔顿壳聚糖制备壳聚糖膜,研究各膜的结晶性、力学特性、溶胀性、纯水通量及截流率等性能.结果表明壳聚糖膜的各种特性大多与壳聚糖的相对分子质量相关,高分子量的壳聚糖膜力学特性、截流率较好;低相对分子质量的壳聚糖膜力学特性及截留率较差.在本研究范围内,相对分子质量对壳聚糖膜的影响相对于脱乙酰度对膜性质的影响要大.膜的结晶性和超微结构决定不同相对分子质量壳聚糖膜具有不同的性质.     

类人气动肌肉模型与实验研究

在理论分析和实验的基础上，建立了人工气动肌肉的数学模型．该模型中考虑了橡胶管弹性、类人气动肌肉壁厚、人工肌肉末端弧度、编织网线之间以及编织网和橡胶管之间的摩擦力对气动肌肉驱动特性的影响．设计实验系统对人工气动肌肉进行了等压实验、负载拉力恒定实验和等长实验，实验结果与改进后的模型仿真结果吻合较好．     

Differential Notch signalling distinguishes neural stem cells from intermediate progenitors

During brain development, neurons and glia are generated from a germinal zone containing both neural stem cells (NSCs) and more limited intermediate neural progenitors (INPs). The signalling events that distinguish between these two proliferative neural cell types remain poorly understood. The Notch signalling pathway is known to maintain NSC character and to inhibit neurogenesis, although little is known about the role of Notch signalling in INPs. Here we show that both NSCs and INPs respond to Notch receptor activation, but that NSCs signal through the canonical Notch effector C-promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1), whereas INPs have attenuated CBF1 signalling. Furthermore, whereas knockdown of CBF1 promotes the conversion of NSCs to INPs, activation of CBF1 is insufficient to convert INPs back to NSCs. Using both transgenic and transient in vivo reporter assays we show that NSCs and INPs coexist in the telencephalic ventricular zone and that they can be prospectively separated on the basis of CBF1 activity. Furthermore, using in vivo transplantation we show that whereas NSCs generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at similar frequencies, INPs are predominantly neurogenic. Together with previous work on haematopoietic stem cells, this study suggests that the use or blockade of the CBF1 cascade downstream of Notch is a general feature distinguishing stem cells from more limited progenitors in a variety of tissues.     

Purification of a pluripotent neural stem cell from the adult mouse brain

The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a population of neural stem cells (NSCs) with properties said to include the generation of non-neural progeny. However, the precise identity, location and potential of the NSC in situ remain unclear. We purified NSCs from the adult mouse brain by flow cytometry, and directly examined the cells' properties. Here we show that one type of NSC, which expresses the protein nestin but only low levels of PNA-binding and HSA proteins, is found in both ependymal and subventricular zones and accounts for about 63% of the total NSC activity. Furthermore, the selective depletion of the population of this stem cell in querkopf mutant mice (which are deficient in production of olfactory neurons) suggests that it acts as a major functional stem cell in vivo. Most freshly isolated NSCs, when co-cultured with a muscle cell line, rapidly differentiated in vitro into myocytes that contain myosin heavy chain (MyHC). This demonstrates that a predominant, functional type of stem cell exists in the periventricular region of the adult brain with the intrinsic ability to generate neural and non-neural cells.     

京尼平对壳聚糖及明胶的交联反应

壳聚糖和明胶均具有良好的生物相容性,但作为医用植入材料其力学性能往往不能达到要求.交联是改善其力学性能的常用方法,但传统化学合成交联剂均具有相对较高的细胞毒性.选用天然化合物京尼平为生物交联剂,借助紫外光谱分析方法,对京尼平与壳聚糖的交联反应过程进行跟踪研究,建立了该交联反应机理及动力学的初步模型.对壳聚糖-京尼平和壳聚糖-明胶-京尼平复合体系的力学性能和溶胀性能进行了探讨,并研究了在溶菌酶的存在下壳聚糖-京尼平复合体系的降解行为.结果表明,壳聚糖-明胶-京尼平复合体系的机械性能与京尼平的加入量有明显的关系.     

新型多孔多胺化交联壳聚糖对镉(Ⅱ)吸附性能的研究

设计和制备了一种新型多孔多胺化壳聚糖 (P-CCTS)，用FTIR和X射线衍射法表征了产物的结构，研究了P-CCTS对镉(Ⅱ)离子的吸附性能，实验结果表明P-CCTS对镉(Ⅱ)离子有很强的吸附能力，在pH为6左右P-CCTS对镉(Ⅱ)离子的吸附能力最强，溶液中适量NaCl的存在能够显著提高P-CCTS对镉(Ⅱ)离子的吸附容量。     

防腐剂预处理玉米秸秆皮/HDPE复合材料 制备及其力学性能研究

将不同防腐剂处理后的玉米秸秆皮(CSF)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)塑料和其他添加剂共混,熔融复合后,采用挤出成型制备CSF/HDPE复合材料。考察了玉米秸秆皮添加量、防腐剂种类及其处理浓度对复合材料力学性能的影响,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)对复合材料进行表征。结果表明:经氨溶铜季铵盐(ACQ)处理后,随ACQ浓度增加,复合材料力学性能逐渐降低; 玉米秸秆纤维质量分数为50%、ACQ质量分数为1%时,玉米秸秆皮/HDPE复合材料的力学性能最佳。经硼酸锌(ZB)处理后,随ZB浓度的增加,复合材料拉伸强度逐渐增强; 弯曲强度、弯曲模量、冲击强度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势; 玉米秸秆纤维质量分数为50%、ZB质量分数为2%时,CSF/HDPE复合材料的力学性能最佳。