有机锡均相催化反应蒸馏合成碳酸二苯酯

通过对碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯酚酯交换法反应蒸馏合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)的研究,筛选合适的催化剂和寻找最佳的工艺条件,为DPC的工业化打下基础。实验结果表明,在常压下,温度145℃,原料配比n(PhOH)∶n(DMC)=3∶1,n(PhOH)∶n(催化剂)=1∶0.012,反应时间10h,碳酸二甲酯总转化率为32.04%,DPC产率为18.00%,碳酸苯甲酯(MPC)产率为14.04%,DPC的选择性为56.18%,而且无苯甲醚和CO2生成,所选催化剂二丁基二月桂酸锡的催化性能明显优于路易斯酸。     

PbO均相催化反应精馏合成碳酸二苯酯的研究

通过对碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯酚(PhOH)酯交换法反应精馏合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)的研究，筛选合适的催化剂和寻找最佳的工艺条件，为将来DPC的工业化打下基础。实验结果表明：在常压下，温度110～195℃范围内，当原料配比n(PhOH)：n(DMC)=2：1，n(PhOH)：n(催化剂)=1：0．016，反应时间10h，碳酸二甲酯转化率为32．63％(mol)，DPC产率为25．01％(mol)，碳酸苯甲酯(MPC)产率为7．62％(mol)，DPC的选择性为76．65％，且无苯甲醚生成。所选催化剂PbO的催化性能明显优于路易斯酸和二丁基二月桂酸锡。     

酯交换法合成碳酸二苯酯

碳酸二苯酯(DPC)是一种重要的精细化工中间体,主要用于合成许多有机化合物和高分子材料。目前,合成碳酸二苯酯方法有光气法、氧化羰基化法和酯交换法。酯交换法合成DPC主要是通过苯酚与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)反应合成,在100～200℃常压或加压的条件下进行,反应设备简单、毒性和腐蚀性小,产率较高,是一种绿色合成方法。     

Ni/Al水滑石催化DMC与苯酚的酯交换反应研究

通过水热合成法制备了Ni/Al水滑石催化剂,并测试了其催化DMC与苯酚酯交换反应的性能,考察了沉淀剂和镍铝摩尔比对Ni/Al水滑石活性的影响。结果发现,Ni/Al水滑石具有较好的酯交换催化活性,且以尿素为沉淀剂制备的Ni/Al水滑石晶型较好,目标产物的选择性也较高。进一步研究表明,均一的水滑石物相对酯交换反应的催化活性有利,在镍铝摩尔比为1:1,n(Urea):n(NO3-)=1:1,100℃水热合成条件下制备的催化剂的催化活性最好,碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的转化率为20.2%,甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)和碳酸二苯酯(DPC)的收率分别为13.1%和3.8%。     

双酚A型聚碳酸酯的合成与性能研究进展

对双酚A型聚碳酸酯的合成与性能进行了系统综述.详细介绍了光气法、氧化羰化法和酯交换法催化合成聚酯方面的研究进展,分析了催化剂和反应工艺条件对聚醋合成的影响,指出各种合成方法存在的优缺点.酯交换法是非光气合成聚酯的重要方法,其中包括碳酸二苯酯(DMC)法和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)法.在DPC合成法中,副产物苯酚的脱挥比较困难,往往需要在高温低压条件下进行,因此在缩聚过程中常常伴随副反应发生,造成产品质量下降.DMC是合成DPC的重要原料,开发DMC直接合成聚碳酸酯,避免了中间体DPC的合成,减少了反应步骤.与DPC法相比较,DMC法中副产物甲醇脱挥比较容易,但该反应平衡转化率低,因此需要选择合适的工艺条件促进平衡移动.此外,在聚酯性能和改性方面也进行了系统分析,展望了合成和改性的研究前景.     

碳酸二苯酯合成研究

文章采用了碳酸二甲酯(DMC)作为羰基化试剂合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC),优选了催化剂为有机金属锡化合物,并通过实验确定最佳反应条件为反应时间为12小时,催化剂加量为5g,最佳反应温度为150℃,最佳原料配比苯酚/DMC为5:1。     

TiO2负载SnCl2催化酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯

采用浸渍法制备SnCl2/TiO2固体催化剂,考察了载体制备方法、SnCl2负载量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间等制备条件对其催化苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯反应的影响.结果表明,以水解法制备的TiO2栽体负载25%SnCl2,在450℃下焙烧2 h得到的催化剂活性最佳,苯酚转化率为39.15%,碳酸二苯酯选择性达到62.32%.N2吸附-脱附表征结果表明,载体比表面积和孔结构对DMC和苯酚酯交换反应的产物产率和产物分布有显著的影响,大比表面积大孔容的催化剂增加了活性组分负栽量,易于生成大分子的DPC,提高了PhOH转化率和DPC的选择性;而小比表面积小孔容的催化剂,催化活性低,且只易于生成小分子的MPC.傅里叶红外表征结果说明,催化剂中的活性组分SnCl2转变为SnO2是催化剂失活的一个重要原因.     

镧化合物催化酯交换合成碳酸二乙酯

以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与乙醇进行酯交换法合成碳酸二乙酯(DEC),并考察不同催化剂、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应配比、催化剂重复性使用对反应的影响。结果表明,无水硝酸镧催化碳酸二甲酯与乙醇的酯交换反应具有优良的活性;当反应温度为76~80℃,乙醇与DMC摩尔比为8∶1,催化剂用量占DMC量的0.7%(摩尔分数)时,反应7h后DMC的转化率为86.0%,碳酸二乙酯和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)的产率分别为59%和26.5%,酯交换反应的选择性为99.4%;催化剂无水硝酸镧在重复使用5次后仍具有很好的催化活性。     

钛酸铅催化碳酸二甲酯与苯酚的酯交换反应

用水热法制备了焦绿石型的催化剂Pb2Ti2O6,并用其催化碳酸二甲酯与苯酚的酯交换反应。研究了制备Pb2Ti2O6所需前驱物配比和焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响以及催化剂对酯交换反应的作用效果。通过XRD、NH3-TPD、SEM等表征手段对催化剂的结构、表面酸性、形貌进行了表征。表征显示,在300℃焙烧条件下,焦绿石型Pb2Ti2O6开始发生晶型转变,表面酸性消失;焙烧至500℃得到钙钛矿型PbTiO3。实验表明,钙钛矿型PbTiO3较焦绿石型Pb2Ti2O6对酯交换反应有更好的活性。同时考察了钙钛矿型PbTiO3催化剂的使用寿命,发现催化剂在使用4次后,酯交换产物甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)和碳酸二苯酯(DPC)收率分别从16.9%和8.9%下降为7.1%和3.3%。     

碳酸二甲酯和碳酸二乙酯合成碳酸甲乙酯的热力学分析

为了得到碳酸二甲酯(DMC)和碳酸二乙酯(DEC)酯交换合成碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)反应的热力学数据,用Benson基团贡献法计算了相关物质的标准摩尔生成焓、吉布斯自由能和摩尔定压热容.计算了300～1 000 K温度范围内,该反应的焓变、自由能变、平衡常数和平衡转化率.结果表明:由DMC和DEC酯交换合成EMC的反应的自由能变在300～1 000 K范围内均为负值,因此是热力学上可自发进行的反应.随着温度的升高,反应的自由能变逐渐减小,因此高温有利于反应的进行.但即使在1 000 K时,反应的平衡常数也仅为33.20,这说明该反应自发进行的程度不高.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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