Preliminary evidence indicating Dome A （Antarctica） satisfying preconditions for drilling the oldest ice core

Lowest temperature and snow accumulation rate are preconditions for retrieving the oldest ice core from the polar ice sheets. The 10-m depth firn temperature at Dome A, the summit of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, recorded by an automatic weather station （AWS） was -58.3℃ in 2005 and -58.2℃ in 2006, respectively. The 10-m firn temperature is an approximation of the annual mean air temperature （AMAT）, and this is the lowest AMAT that has been recorded on the surface of the Earth. The stable isotopic ratios （δ^18O and δD） of surface snow at Dome A are also lower than at other ice sheet domes along the East Antarctic Ice Divide such as Dome C, Dome F, Dome B and Vostok. These facts indicate that Dome A is the ＂pole of cold＂ on the Earth. The total amount of snow accumulation rate in 2005 and 2006 was only 0.16 cm, equaling 0.016 m water equivalent per year, the lowest precipitation ever recorded from Antarctica. Preliminary evidences indicate that Dome A is a candidate site for recovering the oldest ice core.     

应用Hermit插值方法修正Dome-A自动气象站记录的雪层温度

随着冰盖表面雪的积累或消融,自动气象站(AWS)上所携带的传感器相对于地表的高度/深度不断变化,给观测数据带来误差.本文利用分段三次Hermit插值的方法对Dome A地区的AWS历史雪层温度数据进行修正.结果表明,雪层的修正量随着雪的积累率的增加而增大,在夏半年为正,在冬半年为负.该方法对于浅层雪温的修正有较好的效果.     

Distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>18</Superscript>O in surface snow along a transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome A,East Antarctica

Surface snow samples were collected during the 14th (1997/1998) and 24th (2007/2008) Chinese National Antarctica Research Expeditions along a transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome A. The stable oxygen isotope ratios of these samples were measured to investigate their relationships with temperature and geographical parameters (latitude, longitude, altitude and distance to the coast). The results reveal a strong positive correlation (R=0.945) between δ¹⁸O and mean annual temperature, with a gradient of 0.84‰°C ^–1, which is a little higher than that in Terre Adelie Land. Regression analyses also show that the δ¹⁸O of surface snow is strongly correlated with distance to the coast (R=0.942), latitude (R=0.942), and altitude (R=0.941). But no significant correlation was found between δ¹⁸O and longitude in study area. Altitude should be the most important factor influencing the δ¹⁸O distribution because of distinctive topography. The δ¹⁸O-altitude and T-altitude gradients along this transect are determined to be –1.1‰/100 m and 1.31°C/100 m, respectively.     

南北过渡带地区浅层地温的全球变化响应——以信阳城区为例

利用中国南北过渡带中部河南省信阳城区1961-2017年逐月平均气温和逐月0～20 cm浅层地温资料,采用统计学、Mann-Kendall和功率谱分析等方法分析了过去57 a信阳城区浅层地温的变化特征及其对全球变化的响应.结果表明:(1) 1961年以来信阳各层年平均地温均呈显著升高趋势;(2) 1961-2017年信阳各层年、季平均地温周期多以2～4 a为主,且秋季和冬季周期现象明显;(3) Mann-Kendall分析显示,5～20 cm地层年均地温于20世纪90年代初发生突变,而0 cm地温却于20世纪末发生由冷转暖的转折;(4)信阳浅层地温对气温变化极为敏感,0 cm地表温度对气候变化的响应最为敏感.     

The seasonal variations of δ~(18)O , Cl~- , Na~+ , NO_3~- and Ca~(2+) in the snow and firn recovered from Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica

Snow and firn samples recovered from two snow pits (2.5 and 4.5m deep) and one 50-m firn core along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been measured for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. In the two snow pits, the variations of NO3- are partly in phase with that of δ18O, while the variations of Cl~ and Na+ are in inverse phase with that of δ18O. The variations of CI- , Na+ , NO3- and δ18O show obvious seasonal variations and annual stratag-raphy. However, with the depth increasing, the seasonal variations of δ18O are gradually smoothed below 3 m (corresponding to about 10-year mass accumulation) in depth while the seasonal variations of Cl- , Na+ and NO3- are kept fairly well in the whole profile of the 50-m firn core (corresponding to about 250-year mass accumulation). The results provide a useful tool for dating the snow stratum in this region. On the contrary, no obvious seasonal variations of Ca2 + are found in the profiles.     

承德市的城市化对气温影响的研究

用承德市单站气温和40cm地温资料进行比较,采用趋势倾向分析方法,分析了承德市1964?2007年气温变化趋势及城市化影响程度。结果表明:1)承德市近44年气温呈上升趋势,平均每10年气温上升0.269 ℃,其中0.099℃是因城市化影响引起的升温;2)1980年以来,城市化影响升温幅度达到每10年上升0.421℃;3)冬季和春季气温上升幅度较大,且城市化对其影响最为明显。     

以海岛站为背景研究城市化对气温变化趋势的影响

基于海岛站与附近城市站1972—2012年气温数据,采用线性倾向估计和最小二乘法,研究年际与季节气温变化趋势,分析城市化对气温变化的影响.结果表明:城市站和海岛站年平均气温变化趋势分别为0.29和0.2℃·(10a)-1,表明城市化加速了年平均气温升高;年均最低气温、最高气温增温趋势均为城市站大于海岛站,且平均最低气温增温趋势高于最高气温,呈现明显的非对称性;季节变化中,秋季和冬季的增温趋势较大.城市化效应对平均最低气温的影响较对平均最高气温影响显著.     

Assessment of the uncertainties in temperature change in China during the last century

We have used the China Homogenized Historic Temperature dataset and some long-term station series of the neighbor countries from CRUTEM3, a 5°×5° gridded dataset of monthly mean temperature since 1900, to provide a 107-year record of surface tem-perature trends and variability. We derived a comprehensive set of uncertainty estimates to accompany the data: measurement and sampling errors, uncertainties in temperature bias estimates, and uncertainties arising from limited observational coverage on large-scale averages have all been estimated. We reanalysed the temperature changes during the period of record. The best estimates of trends for 1900–2006 with uncertainties at 95% confidence range are about 0.09±0.017°C/decade for the year as a whole, and 0.14±0.021°C/decade, 0.11±0.021°C/decade, 0.04±0.017°C/decade, and 0.07±0.017°C/decade for winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively. For 1954–2006, the trends for annual, winter, spring, summer and autumn are: 0.26±0.032°C/decade, 0.35±0.046°C/decade, 0.25±0.051°C/decade, 0.16±0.037°C/decade and 0.22±0.055°C/decade. Winter saw the most significant warming trend in both 1900–2006 and 1954–2006, while during the most recent period (the satellite era, 1979–2006), all the seasons show similar warming trends: 0.45±0.13°C/decade, 0.51±0.11°C/decade, 0.52±0.16°C/decade, 0.37±0.10°C/decade and 0.50±0.16°C/decade for annual, winter, spring, summer and autumn. Trends arising from urbanization have been evaluated as less than 5% of the total warming trend for 1951–2001, so this bias was not removed.     

利用矿井低温岩层预冷入风流的实验研究

基于矿区浅部岩层的低温制冷效应,分析了金洲矿业集团金青顶矿区地温分布状况,研究了入风流与岩壁之间热湿交换过程,提出了一套利用低温岩层预冷入风流的降温系统。实验结果表明,金青顶矿区恒温带原始岩温常年保持12℃左右,垂直深度为55-65m之间的区域;利用标高为-155m以上的浅部岩层预冷入风流是可行的。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区气温垂直变化特征

对地处黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的刘渠村东山西南坡和东北坡8个地点的气温,间隔10 min进行了连续观测。结果表明,年平均温度随着海拔高度的升高呈先升后降的趋势,山谷低,山坡中央最高,山顶略低于山坡。平均最高气温阳坡直减率为1.2℃/100 m,阴坡直减率为0.43℃/100m。坡向对平均最高气温影响明显,阴坡与阳坡平均相差1.9℃。山地逆温影响显著,平均最低气温随海拔呈升高趋势,阴阳坡之间差异较小,上升值为1.35℃/100 m,最低气温主要受地形影响,与坡向无关系。阳坡山谷日较差最大,随海拔升高呈递减趋势,山谷与山顶的年平均日较差差值达到5.6℃;阴坡日较差是山体的最小值。日平均温度稳定通过0℃、5℃、10℃的初终日和积温基本无差别;山谷初霜早,终霜迟,山体上部初霜迟,终霜早,山体上部及山顶无霜期比山谷多45 d,山体中部比山谷约多20 d。     

Recent high-resolution glaciochemical record from a Dasuopu firn core of middle Himalayas

A 16.8 m firn core of middle Himalayas was recovered on the col of Dasuopu glacier in August 2006, being 7000 m above sea level. A total of 317 samples were measured for stable oxygen isotope ratios （6180） and major ion concentrations （Na＋, NH＋, K＋, Mg2＋, Ca2＋, Cl-, SO4^2-, and NO3^-. The firn core dating and seasonal partitioning were carried out based on the marked seasonal variations along the stable oxygen isotopes and crustal species （Ca2＋, Mg2＋） profiles. The multi-parameters and high-resolution glaciochemical data set of Dasuopu firn core recorded the detailed chemical characteristics of pre cipitation in high-elevation region, middle Himalayas, since 1991 A.D., which mainly originated from the crustal and anthropogenic sources, while the sea-salt contribution was minor. The seasonal variability of major ion concentrations was dominated by the seasonal alternation of the prevalent air mass, atmospheric circulation situation and precipitation regime. Linear regression analysis indicated that most of the variance in annual ionic fluxes can be explained by a linear dependence on snow accumulation rate.     

Decreasing trend of temperature in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica in the past 150 years

A 50-m firn core drilled in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica, during the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition, has been measured for d 18O and major ions. Based on the high quality of the seasonal variations of major ions, the firn core was dated with errors within ±3 years. The features of the temperature change in the past 150 years in the investigated region have first been studied based on the oxygen isotope in the upper 32.93 m of the firn core. Results show that the temperature decreased nearly by 2℃ in Princess Elizabeth Land in the past 150 years. On the background of the global, especially the Southern Hemispheric warming in the past 150 years, a temperature decline of 2℃ in Princess Elizabeth Land likely reflects the impacts of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) and the special terrain (such as the large drainage basins) on the coastal regions of Antarctica.     

气候变暖对渭北旱塬降水量的影响

利用1955－1997年陕西渭北旱塬地区5个县,市的年平均气温,年降水量和季平均气温,季降水量资料,对近43年来陕西 北地区降水量与气温间的相关性进行了分析研究,结果表明,本区全年,夏季,春季降水量与全年及夏季,春季的平均气温之间有极显著的相关性,温度越高,降水量越少,二者之间的关系可以用二次多项式回归方程量化表示,冬季降水量与冬季平均气温之间有显著相关性,降水随温度升高呈指数式减少。     

Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition

Most terrestrial carbon sequestration at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere occurs in seasonal, montane forest ecosystems. Winter respiratory carbon dioxide losses from these ecosystems are high, and over half of the carbon assimilated by photosynthesis in the summer can be lost the following winter. The amount of winter carbon dioxide loss is potentially susceptible to changes in the depth of the snowpack; a shallower snowpack has less insulation potential, causing colder soil temperatures and potentially lower soil respiration rates. Recent climate analyses have shown widespread declines in the winter snowpack of mountain ecosystems in the western USA and Europe that are coupled to positive temperature anomalies. Here we study the effect of changes in snow cover on soil carbon cycling within the context of natural climate variation. We use a six-year record of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in a subalpine forest to show that years with a reduced winter snowpack are accompanied by significantly lower rates of soil respiration. Furthermore, we show that the cause of the high sensitivity of soil respiration rate to changes in snow depth is a unique soil microbial community that exhibits exponential growth and high rates of substrate utilization at the cold temperatures that exist beneath the snow. Our observations suggest that a warmer climate may change soil carbon sequestration rates in forest ecosystems owing to changes in the depth of the insulating snow cover.     

Responses of soil respiration in non-growing seasons to environmental factors in a maize agroecosystem,Northeast China

Based on continuous three-year measurements (from 2004 to 2007) of eddy covariance and related environmental factors, envi-ronmental controls on variation in soil respiration (R_s) during non-growing season were explored in a maize agroecosystem in Northeast China. Our results indicated that during non-growing seasons, daily Rs was 1.08–4.08 g CO2 m^–2 d^–1, and the lowest occurred in late November. The average R_s of non-growing season was 456.06 ± 20.01 g CO2 m^–2, accounting for 11% of the gross primary production (GPP) of the growing season. Additionally, at monthly scale, the lowest value of R_s appeared in January or February. From the beginning to the end of non-growing season, daily R_s tended to decrease first, and then increase to the highest. There was a significant quadratic curve relationship between Rs and soil temperature at 10 cm depth when soil temperature was more than 0°C (P<0.001), with the explaining ratio of 38%–70%. When soil water content was more than 0.1 m³ m^–3, soil moisture at 10 cm depth was significantly parabolically correlated with R_s (P<0.001), explaining the rate of 18%–60%. Based on all the data of soil temperature of more than 0°C, a better model for R_s was established by coupling soil temperature and moisture, which could explain the rate of up to 53%–79%. Meanwhile, the standard error of regression estimation between the values of prediction and observation for R_s could reach 2.7%–11.8%. R_s in non-growing season can account for 22.4% of R_s in growing season, indicating that it plays a critical role in assessing the carbon budget in maize agroecosystem, Northeast China.     

Seasonal variation of the temperature profile and its characteristics within urban roughness sublayer

By using conventional micro-meteorological observation data of Beijing Yuetan Park Tower (180 m), the temperature profile of urban boundary layer (UBL), its characteristics and seasonal variation are analyzed. The main results are as follows: (1) In winter, the interdiurnal surface air temperature varia- tion at the surface is not synchronized with that of the upper levels, other than in summer and other seasons, which illuminates the impacts of Beijing’s geographical location, sky view factor and stably st...     

近46年临汾浅层地温气候特征分析

利用临汾1962年～2007年0cm～20em各层逐月平均地温,采用气候倾向率、滑动t检验等气候统计方法,研究了近46年临汾浅层平均地温的变化趋势、异常年份和气候突变等．结果表明：近46年来临汾各季节浅层平均地温均呈现为显著的变化趋势（-0．07 ℃／10a～0．53℃／10a）,春季最大,夏季最小;各浅层年平均地温均呈明显的升高趋势,平均每1-年升高0．15℃-0．26℃,以表层地温增温率最大;春季、秋季和年浅层平均地温表现为“暖-冷-暖”的变化趋势;浅层地温春季、冬季多异常年份,年平均地温异常偏高发生在2000年后,异常偏低发生在1996年;用滑动t检验法和Yarnamoto法发现地温在1996年附近发生了突变,用M—k法发现地温在2002年附近发生了突变;气温升高是导致地温上升的主要原因．     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川雪冰中δ18O的演化过程

2002年9月14日-2005年3月7日,在天山乌鲁小齐河源1号冰川积累区雪坑中连续观测取样,频率为1次/周,分析了其巾的部分表层雪样品和粒雪坑样品中的δ18O.结果表明:表层雪样品的δ18O具有明显的季节变化,且与月平均温度关系密切.粒雪坑样品中的δ18O在9月底至次年6月初变化较小,升华对雪坑1 m以下雪冰中δ18O的影响不超过-2‰,整个雪坑都较好地保持了δ18O的季节变化特征.但6月初-9月底融水对雪冰中δ18O的影响巨大,冬季形成的δ18O低于-30%的中、细粒雪层,经过夏季融水的改造,可成为δ18O-11.6‰的粗粒雪和冰片层.融水可使雩冰中δ18O的改变最>60%.在全球变暖背景下,冬季形成的低δ18O雪层经过夏季融水的改造,其内的δ18O可以完全被平滑.     

季节冻土区寒土土体温度场的计算模型

从能量的角度,用传热学的知识建立季节冻土区体内温度随气温变化的模型,从而可得到负温时期内任意时刻土体的冻结深度,实现对寒区土体冻胀情况的预报。     

May–June mean maximum temperature change during 1360–2005 as reconstructed by tree rings of Sabina Tibetica in Zaduo,Qinghai Province

Based on tree-ring samples collected from Zaduo area in southern Qinghai Province, a 646-year ring-width series was established. Using response function, correlation function and partial correlation analysis we found that the ring-width series is sensitive most to May and June mean maximum air temperature at Zaduo meteorological stations and the correlation is significantly negative. Therefore, May–June mean maximum air temperature in Zaduo area since 1360 is reconstructed using this ring-width series. The regression equation was cross-validated in the calibration period of 1961–2005. The calibration equation can explain 59.8% of the total variance. Since high temperature could reinforce evapotranspiration and result in water stress, the high values are more reliable than the low values in the reconstructed series. By further analyzing upon the reconstructed series, it shows that on the inter-annual scale there are 6 periods with higher temperature: 1438–1455, 1572–1612, 1684–1700, 1730–1754, 1812–1829 and 1853–1886; while there are 5 periods with lower temperature: 1547–1571, 1701–1729, 1755–1777, 1830–1852 and 1887–1910. There is no significant rising of temperature in recent 50 years. By comparison with the rings-width series nearby which are also sensitive to the mean maximum air temperature and the mean maximum temperature reconstruction by ring-widths, it is found that the variation of inter-annual scale is fairly common in the region.