甜菜夜蛾雄蛾味刷化合物及其功能的初步研究

同大多夜蛾科昆虫一样 ,甜菜夜蛾雄蛾腹部第 8节的末端具有味刷构造 ,当雄蛾被引诱到雌蛾或雌性诱芯附近时 ,呈现典型的振翅、打开味刷、腹末端上弯、追逐雌蛾等预交尾序列行为。为弄清甜菜夜蛾雄蛾打开味刷的生理功能 ,探讨利用雄蛾性信息素防治害虫的新途径 ,我们利用电生理及风洞等行为生测技术进行了研究 ,初步结果如下。(1) GC分析表明 ,甜菜夜蛾雄蛾味刷的正已烷浸提液中含有 3种组分 (I:II:III) ,3者间的比例为 18:2 5 :5 2 %。(2 )求偶观察表明 ,雄蛾味刷浸提液使雌蛾求偶的百分率降低。在整个暗期的雌蛾求偶阶段 ,处理组雌蛾的求偶百分率均小于对照组 ,在暗期后期的差异更大。求偶率下降使平均求偶时间随之明显缩短 ,对照组雌蛾的平均求偶时间为 4 .5 8h,处理组为 3.4 9h,缩短 2 3.80 %。 (3)风洞测定表明 ,雄蛾味刷浸提液对同种雄蛾向雌性性信息素的行为反应没有明显的影响。在雌蛾性信息素中加入 2 0个味刷当量的浸提液 ,对雄蛾向性信息素诱芯的定向飞行、飞行半程以上、接近诱芯及在诱芯上的降落率等指标 ,均无明显影响。 (4)雄蛾味刷浸提液不能引起雄蛾触角明显的 EAG反应 ,表明甜菜夜蛾雄蛾触角上不存在味刷化合物的感受器 ,这与结果(3)也是一致的。上述结果提示 ,在甜菜夜蛾雄蛾接近一只     

雌亚洲玉米螟产生性信息素的调控作用

雌亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis仅在黑暗期产生性信息素,性信息素的产生?脑中一种活性因子的控制,光照期、黑暗期的雌蛾脑匀浆液都有这种活性因子存在,但黑暗期脑匀浆活性较高,雄蛾脑匀浆液也有这种活性,雌大蜡螟Galleria mellonella脑匀浆液也对亚洲玉米螟雌蛾有刺激活性,保幼激素类似物ZR-512对亚洲玉米螟性信息素的产生即无刺激作用也无抑制作用。切断腹部末端神经亦不影响脑因子促使性信息素的产生和释放。     

蓖麻蚕触角的结构和嗅觉感受细胞对化学气味物质的反应

扫描电镜和透射电镜观察蓖麻蚕的触角和毛形感器。雄蛾触角上的毛形感器比雌蛾的长且多。雄蛾触角的每个毛形感器内有二个或三个树突。用４１种人工合成化合物刺激蓖麻蚕触角，单细胞记录方法记录感受细胞的感受器电位和神经冲动发放发现，雄蛾对Ｅ６，Ｚ１１－十六碳二烯醛和Ｅ４，Ｚ９－十四碳二烯醇，酯及醛反应明显。雌蛾触角对上述化合物无反应。     

蓖麻蚕触角的结构和嗅觉感受细胞对化学气味物质…

扫描电镜和透射电镜观察蓖麻蚕的触角和毛形感器。雄蛾触角上的毛形感器比雌蛾的长且多。雄蛾触角的每个毛形感器内有二个或三个树突。用４１种人工合成化合物刺激蓖麻蚕触角，单细胞记录方法记录感受细胞的感受器电位和神经冲动发放发现，雄蛾对Ｅ６，Ｚ１１－十六碳二烯醛和Ｅ４，Ｚ９－十四碳二烯醇，酯及醛反应明显。雌蛾触角对上述化合物无反应。     

榆斑蛾生殖生理的研究

该文对榆斑蛾Illiberis ulmivora Graeser(Lepidoptera:Zygaeoidae)成虫的生殖生理活动进行了研究,观察了成虫的求偶、交配以及雌蛾性信息素的释放行为。并对雌蛾性信息的粗提物和薄层板分离馏分进行了林间诱蛾试验,表明均有明显的诱雄蛾活性。     

电场作用下海马锥体神经元等效应建模

为解决电磁刺激治疗癫痫神经疾病的有效性和安全性等问题,建立了容易引起癫痫发作的海马CA3区锥体神经元在外电场刺激下的等效应模型,并通过Matlab 数值仿真,分别研究了其在直流和交流外电场作用下的动力学特性。仿真结果表明,神经元的放电频率受到直流电场强度的调制,特别对电场的方向比较敏感。当电场为负向时,电场强度的变化对神经元的动力学特性影响明显,当电场为正向时,影响不明显;在交流电场刺激下,神经元的动力学特性改变具有外部电场频率依赖性,不同频率刺激下神经元会出现周期簇放电、同步放电、周期峰放电和混沌放电等状态。据此可指导医生制定更为有效安全的神经疾病电磁刺激治理方案。     

下丘脑视交叉上核传出投射的电生理学研究—刺激视交叉上核对外侧隔核单位放电的影响

大白鼠用水合氯醛腹腔注射作先导麻醉,然后用箭毒制动并施加人工呼吸。用玻璃微电极记录外侧隔核(nucleus septi lateralis,SL)神经元的单位活动及其对刺激视交叉上核(nucleus suprachiasmaticus,SCN)区的反应,用数据处理计算机作刺激前后单位放电的序列密度直方图。共观察了97个外侧隔核神经元,大多数单位的自发放电频率为1—15次/秒。在97个单位中,有82个(84.55%)对刺激视交叉上核区有反应。其中兴奋的有30个(36.6%),抑制的有51个(62.2%),反应不一致的1个(1.2%)。反应多数是短潜伏期的,但也观察到有长潜伏期的。在重复刺激作用下,外侧隔核神经元表现出反应减弱倾向。结果表明,刺激视交叉上核对外侧隔核神经元的电活动有明显影响,为该两核团间的纤维联系提供了电生理学证据。对两核团共同参与的各种生理机能作了简要的讨论。     

调频声频率变化率对大鼠听皮层神经元声反应的影响

采用在体细胞外单细胞记录方法,研究调频声频率变化率及时程对调频声所诱发的听皮层神经元反应的影响.实验在34只乌拉坦麻醉的SD大鼠上进行,在皮层41区记录了113个对调频声有反应的细胞电活动.观察发现,调频声刺激的时程和频率变化率发生改变,可对诱发的听皮层神经元反应的反应型式和放电频数产生影响.这种影响表明,听皮层在复杂声上传信息的处理过程中可能存在复杂的编码机制.     

植物气味化合物与斜纹夜蛾性信息素的协同作用

为提高现有性信息素对雄蛾的引诱活性,本研究通过大量的田间试验探索植物气味化合物与斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura性信息素(顺9,反11-十四碳二烯乙酸酯∶顺9,反12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯=10∶1)的协同作用机制。从斜纹夜蛾寄主植物和花的气味化合物中,选择9种有代表性的化合物,并以一定剂量分别加入到斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱芯中,在田间测试对雄蛾的引诱活性。结果表明:在测试的9种植源性化合物中,发现一定剂量(每个诱芯加入0.4mg)的苯乙醛(PAA),具有显著提高斜纹夜蛾性信息素的引诱作用,而高剂量的苯乙醛则强烈抑制性信息素的引诱活性;此外,其他各种浓度的测试化合物或混合物对性信息素则没有统计上显著的增效作用。不同剂量的苯乙醛单个化合物及各种植物气味化合物组成的混合物对斜纹夜蛾也有微弱的引诱作用。苯乙醛必须要与性信息素的完整组分(以10∶1比例混合的顺9,反11-十四碳二烯乙酸酯和顺9反,12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯)混合才能起作用,缺少顺9,反12-十四碳二烯乙酸酯则没有引诱活性。本研究证明,苯乙醛作为理想的性信息素诱芯增效剂,可应用于建立更理想的斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱杀技术,对性诱害虫防治和测报具有应用价值。     

大袋蛾(Clania varigata Snell.)雌虫性信息素分泌腺体及其释放机制的研究——Ⅱ.性信息素的室内定量生测

<正>本文报导用大袋蛾雄虫对雌虫性信息素室内定量生测的方法。通过观察雄虫对雌虫性信息素反应的行为,选择“振翅”为定量生测的“关键行为”。测定了雄虫对性信息素反应的时辰节律,选择反应峰期18:00—21:00为生测时间。在固定的室温和相对湿度的条件下,通过正交试验表明:影响雄虫反应的因子有释放性信息素的方法、照度、雄虫年龄。优选出最佳水平是:雄虫年龄为零天,释放性信息素的方法为注射器法,照度为11x。在此条件下测得性信息素浓度(x)与雄虫反应百分率(y)之间的关系为: y=116.76+15.52x。     

大袋蛾(Clania variegata Snell.)雌虫性信息素分泌腺体及其释放机制的研究——IV、雌成虫生理活动的日节奏与释放性信息素的机制

<正>已往虽然对许多昆虫的性行为与温度、光暗日周期的关系有很多报道,但对它们与性信息素滴度,特别是呼吸、脉搏的关系及其日节奏尚甚少报道。 据研究,大袋蛾雌虫性信息素分泌腺体不属于Noirot.C.和Quennedey.A.对昆虫表皮腺体的分类中的任何一类,而是一种新的表皮腺体。腺体结构引起了特殊的释放信息素的机制。 在腺体释放分泌的机制的研究中,虽然有的研究者对其它目的昆虫做过一些推测,但尚未见到用实验的方法进行验证的报道。 本文所报道的是对大袋蛾雌虫信息素含量、呼吸强度、心脏脉动频率的日节奏以及脉动频率与信息素释放速率间关系的研究,并阐述了大袋蛾释放信息素机制。     

A functional circuit underlying male sexual behaviour in the female mouse brain

In mice, pheromone detection is mediated by the vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium. Male mice that are deficient for Trpc2, an ion channel specifically expressed in VNO neurons and essential for VNO sensory transduction, are impaired in sex discrimination and male-male aggression. We report here that Trpc2-/- female mice show a reduction in female-specific behaviour, including maternal aggression and lactating behaviour. Strikingly, mutant females display unique characteristics of male sexual and courtship behaviours such as mounting, pelvic thrust, solicitation, anogenital olfactory investigation, and emission of complex ultrasonic vocalizations towards male and female conspecific mice. The same behavioural phenotype is observed after VNO surgical removal in adult animals, and is not accompanied by disruption of the oestrous cycle and sex hormone levels. These findings suggest that VNO-mediated pheromone inputs act in wild-type females to repress male behaviour and activate female behaviours. Moreover, they imply that functional neuronal circuits underlying male-specific behaviours exist in the normal female mouse brain.     

刺激呈现率影响小鼠下丘神经元声反应特性

自由声场条件下,以强度为特征频率阈上5dBSPL、时程为40ms的短纯音为声刺激,记录了小鼠下丘神经元对不同呈现率（0．5～20Hz）的声刺激反应．结果显示,随呈现率的增高,绝大多数神经元（87．3％,103／118）的冲动发放数单调下降,少数（12．7％,15／118）神经元的冲动发放数呈非单调变化,冲动发放数与刺激呈现率之间有显著相关性．即使在低范围内改变呈现率也能显著影响多数神经元的声反应特性,其临界呈现率及最大呈现率低于3．3Hz的神经元分别超过70％（75．4％,89／118）和40％（44．9％,53／118）．此外,提高刺激呈现率,部分神经元（17．8％,21／118）的发放模式发生改变,主要是由紧张型或相位爆发型向相位型转变．可见,下丘神经元声反应特性与声刺激呈现率密切相关．     

EAG and behavioral responses of Helicoverpa armigera males to volatiles from poplar leaves and their combinations with sex pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) evaluation of selected compounds from wilted leaves of black poplar, Populus nigra, showed that phenyl acetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal elicited strong responses from male antennae of Helicoverpa armigera. When mixed with sex pheromone (Ph), some volatiles, e.g. phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, methylsalicylate, linalool, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-6-nonenol, cineole, (E)-2-hexenal, and geraniol elicited stronger responses from male antennae than Ph alone. Wind tunnel bioassay demonstrated that various volatiles could either enhance or inhibit the effect of synthetic sex pheromone. (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and linalool in combination with Ph could not induce any male to land on source at all, whereas phenyl acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, (Z)-6-nonenol and salicylaldehyde combined with Ph enhanced male response rates by 58.63%, 50.33%, 51.85% and 127.78%, respectively, compared to Ph alone. These results suggested that some volatiles shouldmodify sex pheromone caused behavior and that some of them could possibly be used as a tool for disrupting mating or for enhancing the effect of synthetic sex pheromone in the field.     

Membrane conductance oscillations in astrocytes induced by phorbol ester

Glial cells in the central nervous systems (CNS) have complex functions which are difficult to decipher because of the intimate intertwining of glial cells with neurons. We have therefore developed an essentially neuron-free preparation of CNS astrocytes in the kainic acid lesioned hippocampal slice. With this preparation we have examined the effect of activating protein kinase C in astrocytes with a phorbol ester, TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate). In most cells, TPA induced rhythmic oscillations (0.1-3.0 Hz) of membrane potential which were typically 5-10 mV in amplitude and were associated with increases of up to eightfold in input resistance during the depolarizing phase. These large changes in membrane conductance are the first reported observations of endogenously generated conductance changes in astrocytes of the mammalian CNS and they could influence excitability of surrounding neurons, possibly by altering extracellular ion concentrations.     

A single class of olfactory neurons mediates behavioural responses to a Drosophila sex pheromone

Insects, like many other animals, use sex pheromones to coordinate their reproductive behaviours. Volatile pheromones are detected by odorant receptors expressed in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Whereas fruit odours typically activate multiple ORN classes, pheromones are thought to act through single dedicated classes of ORN. This model predicts that activation of such an ORN class should be sufficient to trigger the appropriate behavioural response. Here we show that the Drosophila melanogaster male-specific pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) acts through the receptor Or67d to regulate both male and female mating behaviour. Mutant males that lack Or67d inappropriately court other males, whereas mutant females are less receptive to courting males. These data suggest that cVA has opposite effects in the two sexes: inhibiting mating behaviour in males but promoting mating behaviour in females. Replacing Or67d with moth pheromone receptors renders these ORNs sensitive to the corresponding moth pheromones. In such flies, moth pheromones elicit behavioural responses that mimic the normal response to cVA. Thus, activation of a single ORN class is both necessary and sufficient to mediate behavioural responses to the Drosophila sex pheromone cVA.     

Identification of protein pheromones that promote aggressive behaviour

Mice use pheromones, compounds emitted and detected by members of the same species, as cues to regulate social behaviours such as pup suckling, aggression and mating. Neurons that detect pheromones are thought to reside in at least two separate organs within the nasal cavity: the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). Each pheromone ligand is thought to activate a dedicated subset of these sensory neurons. However, the nature of the pheromone cues and the identity of the responding neurons that regulate specific social behaviours are largely unknown. Here we show, by direct activation of sensory neurons and analysis of behaviour, that at least two chemically distinct ligands are sufficient to promote male-male aggression and stimulate VNO neurons. We have purified and analysed one of these classes of ligand and found its specific aggression-promoting activity to be dependent on the presence of the protein component of the major urinary protein (MUP) complex, which is known to comprise specialized lipocalin proteins bound to small organic molecules. Using calcium imaging of dissociated vomeronasal neurons (VNs), we have determined that the MUP protein activates a sensory neuron subfamily characterized by the expression of the G-protein Galpha(o) subunit (also known as Gnao) and Vmn2r putative pheromone receptors (V2Rs). Genomic analysis indicates species-specific co-expansions of MUPs and V2Rs, as would be expected among pheromone-signalling components. Finally, we show that the aggressive behaviour induced by the MUPs occurs exclusively through VNO neuronal circuits. Our results substantiate the idea of MUP proteins as pheromone ligands that mediate male-male aggression through the accessory olfactory neural pathway.     

Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons

In mammals, social and reproductive behaviours are modulated by pheromones, which are chemical signals that convey information about sex and strain. The vomeronasal organ, located at the base of the nasal septum, is responsible for mediating pheromone information in mice. Two classes of putative pheromone receptor gene families, V1R and V2R, are expressed by vomeronasal sensory neurons in mutually segregated epithelial zones of the vomeronasal organ. Although numerous studies have suggested that pheromones originate from urine, direct recordings of behaving mice have shown that neuronal firing in the vomeronasal system is modulated by physical contact with the facial area. Here we identify a male-specific 7-kDa peptide secreted from the extraorbital lacrimal gland. This peptide, which we named exocrine gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1), is encoded by a gene from a previously unrecognized large family clustered in proximity to the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. ESP1 is secreted from the eyes and is transferred to the female vomeronasal organ, where it stimulates V2R-expressing vomeronasal sensory neurons and elicits an electrical response. Our results indicate that mice respond to sex-specific peptides released from exocrine glands through the vomeronasal system during direct contact.     

A basal ganglia pacemaker formed by the subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus.

The subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia (STN) is important for normal movement as well as in movement disorders. Lesioning or deep-brain stimulation of the STN can alleviate resting tremor in Parkinson's disease. The STN and its target nuclei display synchronized oscillatory burst discharge at low frequencies, some of which correlate with tremor, but the mechanism underlying this synchronized bursting is unknown. Here we show that the excitatory STN and inhibitory, external globus pallidus (GPe) form a feedback system that engages in synchronized bursting. In mature organotypic cortex-striatum-STN-GPe cultures, neurons in the STN and GPe spontaneously produce synchronized oscillating bursts at 0.4, 0.8 and 1.8 Hz. Pallidal lesion abolishes this bursting, whereas cortical lesion favours bursting at 0.8 Hz. Pallidal bursts, although weaker than STN bursts, were required for synchronized oscillatory burst generation by recruitment of subthalmic rebound excitation. We propose that the STN and GPe constitute a central pacemaker modulated by striatal inhibition of GPe neurons. This pacemaker could be responsible for synchronized oscillatory activity in the normal and pathological basal ganglia.