砂岩表面原油清洗液的研制

对各种溶剂及表面活性剂进行了筛选和复配，用正交实验方法配制了对砂岩表面砂岩表面原油具有高效清洗能力的水包油型乳状液。所研制的砂岩表面原油清洗液是由10％的混合表面活性剂及水等物质组成的。筛网实验证明，该清洗液清洗能力达到90％以上，最佳使用温度范围为50－70℃，符合油田固砂施工要求。砂岩表面原油清洗液的高效清洗能力是体系中溶剂、表面活性剂等多种成分通过溶解、渗透、分散等方式协同和的结果。这种砂岩表面原油清洗液毒性小，成本低、清洗能力强，使用方便，油田具有应用价值。     

裂缝性致密砂岩油藏渗吸驱油效果影响因素

裂缝性致密砂岩储层物性较差,非均质性强,且发育微裂缝,注水开发效果较差,渗吸驱油作为致密油储层水驱采油的一种主要机理受到越来越多的关注。室内以鄂尔多斯盆地某油田裂缝性致密砂岩储层天然岩心为研究对象,通过自发渗吸实验,评价了原油黏度、注入水矿化度、温度、渗透率、润湿性以及表面活性剂对渗吸驱油效果的影响。结果表明,原油黏度越低,注入水矿化度越低,温度越高,渗透率越大时,渗吸驱油采收率越高;其中润湿性对渗吸采收率的影响最为显著,岩石越亲水,渗吸驱油效果越好;阴离子型表面活性剂ZYL-1能够通过改变岩石表面润湿性和降低油水界面张力来提高渗吸驱油采收率;加入0. 3%ZYL-1后的周期注水最终采收率可以达到45. 6%,远远高于单独水驱时的28. 9%。矿场试验结果表明,注入表面活性剂ZYL-1关井渗吸驱油后,取得了显著的增产效果,说明间歇式周期注水和表面活性剂渗吸驱油相结合的方式能够提高裂缝性致密砂岩油藏的采收率。     

一株耐高矿化菌株产生的表面活性剂性质的研究

为了得到耐高矿化的生物表面活性剂产生菌,采用富集培养,排油圈复筛,从高矿化油田的油水混合物中得到了一株产表面活性剂的菌株K1。通过对K1菌株形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定该菌为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)。薄层色谱和红外光谱分析,初步确定该菌株产生的表面活性剂为糖脂类物质。对菌株K1所产表面活性剂在高矿化水中的乳化活性以及温度、酸碱度(pH)对表面活性剂稳定性的影响进行研究,结果显示:在高矿化条件下该生物表面活性剂可以保持较好的乳化活性,对柴油的乳化率为59.5%;具备良好的温度稳定性并可耐受90℃的高温;pH值在6.011.0之间时其活性较强。菌株K1产生的糖脂类生物表面活性剂在提高高矿化油田的原油采收率和原油污染生物修复方面具有应用的潜力。     

砷化镓多晶表面清洗技术的研究

根据实际生产经验,分析了GaAs多晶料表面杂质的类型、产生原因及对后续单晶生长的影响,明确了多晶表面清洗工艺的重要性,介绍了针对不同类型杂质的清洗方法和原理,并在此基础上进行了多晶表面清洗实验,结果表明:无论是酸性清洗液还是碱性清洗液,都能达到去除GaAs多晶表面杂质的目的;Ga和As各自的氧化物在酸、碱溶液中溶解的难易程度决定了利用不同清洗液清洗后,多晶表面的光亮程度;从安全性和环保性角度来看,碱性清洗液是清洗多晶料表面更好的选择。     

RCA清洗法与NCW清洗法对砷化镓晶片表面杂质去除效果对比实验

选取目前最常用的RCA清洗法和NCW清洗法分别对同批次加工的砷化镓抛光片进行清洗,使用X射线光电子谱对晶片表面杂质成分进行测试,对表面颗粒、有机物和金属3种杂质类型进行量化对比,分析两种清洗方法对3种杂质的去除能力。结果显示:表面活性剂对于有机物的去除效果比乙醇略强。基于双氧水的强氧化性和砷、镓氧化物更易溶于氨水的特性,SC-2清洗液对于表面氧化层的剥离和去除强于表面活性剂。对于主要金属杂质,两种清洗方法的去除能力相当。     

两种常用表面活性剂在砂岩表面吸附特性的分子模拟

探索和研究表面活性剂在砂岩表面的吸附特性,对于正确选择表面活性剂及其使用浓度,开发新型、高效、功能型表面活性剂具有重要意义.采用Materials Studio(MS)软件,以二氧化硅作为理想岩层,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠和硬脂酸钠两种油田常用表面活性剂为研究对象,建立了一个含水的多晶胞模型.通过动态模拟表明:十二烷基苯磺酸钠比硬脂酸钠更易发生聚集,使临界胶束浓度降低;温度稳定快,最终温度高;能量稳定慢,最终能量低.为今后油田用表面活性剂的选择和新型高效表面活性剂的开发提供了一种可借鉴的方法.     

双子表面活性剂与原油组分相互作用研究

针对五里湾油田长6油藏地层水和脱水原油特征,双子表面活性剂A2可以实现超低界面张力。为了探索双子表面活性剂与原油组分间的构效关系,采用原油柱色谱分离方法对原油各组分进行了分离,获知了原油的基本组成;并对双子表面活性剂A2与原油各组分之间的界面张力进行了测定。结果表明,该表活剂在0.5~0.02%的浓度范围内均具有高的界面活性,可以令原油实现超低界面张力,证实了原油中非烃组分对超低界面张力的产生具有至关重要的作用;即双子表活剂与非烃组分之间存在协同效应。     

工业钛液直接水解制备球形二氧化钛

以工业钛液为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为表面活性荆,在正丙醇和去离子水的混合溶剂中水解制备得到了粒径分布窄、分散性好的球形二氧化钛.通过对表面活性剂浓度、溶液pH值和水解时间等影响因素的研究,得到了高品质球形二氧化钛制备的最佳条件.实验结果主要以扫描电镜和X-ray衍射分析直观的表现出来.结果表明在正丙醇扣去离子水体积比为1:1的混合溶剂中,适量的表面活性剂、较高的pH值及一定的水解老化时间是制备球形颗粒的必要条件.     

混合菌提高采收率技术在油田中的应用研究

目前微生物采油技术的研究主要集中在单菌种微生物提高采收率方面,有关混合菌驱油实验和矿场试验方面的研究甚少.对混合菌采油效果进行了室内实验研究,并进行了矿场试验.室内实验研究表明:所选用的DQ7、DY3两株实验菌,具有降解原油中重质烃类、生成表面活性剂和气等性能,可使原油黏度降低,凝固点下降.现场试验效果表明:所用混合菌可有效疏通井筒及近井地带石蜡和胶质沥青质的沉积,降低原油黏度,改善原油的流动性能,从而减缓结蜡速度,有效提高原油产量.     

CTAB改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性机理的研究

利用红外、原子力显微镜(AFM)、Zeta电位测定、接触角测定及岩心自发渗吸实验等手段研究了阳离子型表面活性剂CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性的机理。结果表明:CTAB改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性的性能优异。由于静电引力作用,CTAB正电性离子头基与吸附在砂岩表面的原油当中的羧酸基团形成离子对,当CTAB的浓度超过临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,形成的离子对就会从砂岩表面解吸附并增溶于CTAB形成的胶束当中,从而露出干净的水湿表面,砂岩表面因此实现润湿反转。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that