Impact-derived features of the Xiuyan meteorite crater

Up to now, 176 meteorite impact craters have been found on the Earth. Among these craters, none of them lies in China. The Xiuyan crater is located in the Liaodong Peninsula of China. This bowl-shaped crater has a diameter of 1.8 km and depth of about 150 m. The impact-derived features include planar deformation features （PDFs） in quartz, shatter cones, impact breccia, and radial valleys on the wall of rim. It is the first confirmed meteorite impact crater in China.     

Propagating solitary waves along a rapidly moving crack front

A rapidly moving crack in a brittle material is often idealized as a one-dimensional object with a singular tip, moving through a two-dimensional material. However, in real three-dimensional materials, tensile cracks form a planar surface whose edge is a rapidly moving one-dimensional singular front. The dynamics of these fronts under repetitive interaction with material inhomogeneities (asperities) and the morphology of the fracture surface that they create are not yet understood. Here we show that perturbations to a crack front in a brittle material result in long-lived and highly localized waves, which we call 'front waves' These waves exhibit a unique characteristic shape and propagate along the crack front at approximately the Rayleigh wave speed (the speed of sound along a free surface). Following interaction, counter-propagating front waves retain both their shape and amplitude. They create characteristic traces along the fracture surface, providing cracks with both inertia and a new mode of dissipation. Front waves are intrinsically three-dimensional, and cannot exist in conventional two-dimensional theories of fracture. Because front waves can transport and distribute asperity-induced energy fluctuations throughout the crack front, they may help to explain how cracks remain a single coherent entity, despite repeated interactions with randomly dispersed asperities.     

克拉玛依油田九区石炭系油藏裂缝特征

以岩芯观察、录井资料、钻井资料和成像测井资料为基础,研究了克拉玛依九区石炭系火山岩油藏裂缝的特征。结果表明：石炭系火山岩油藏裂缝非常发育,主要为构造运动作用形成的构造缝,大部分裂缝都被各种固体矿物不同程度地充填,影响了裂缝对油气储集和运移的有效性;裂缝主要为网状裂缝和斜交缝,规模以细小裂缝为主,大裂缝较少;裂缝方位主要为北东向,与主构造方向相同。根据上述基本特征和成因,对研究区裂缝进行了综合分类;探讨裂缝与构造运动的关系,认为发育的4期裂缝与构造运动期次相吻合;探讨了裂缝发育的影响因素,认为岩石性质和构造位置是影响裂缝发育的主要因素。     

川东北地区通南巴构造带裂缝储层的形成与天然气充注

 裂缝型气藏是川东北地区重要的勘探目标之一,但对裂缝储层的发育特征和气藏的充注历史研究相对薄弱。本文利用岩心和成像测井分析裂缝特征,并结合流体包裹体测试技术确定通南巴构造带裂缝型气藏天然气充注时间。研究结果表明：① 裂缝型储层主要分布在飞三段（T1f3）的鲕粒灰岩和嘉二段（T1j2）的砂屑灰岩中,以高角度缝和垂直缝为主;② 裂缝走向与邻近断裂走向一致,受中燕山运动以来大巴山构造北东—南西向推覆挤压作用,大致形成于晚侏罗世;③ 流体包裹体测温揭示天然气充注时间为晚侏罗世（160～148Ma）;④ 裂缝发育时间与烃源岩生气高峰相匹配是控制通南巴构造带天然气充注时间的关键因素。     

鲁西地区太古界裂缝类型与发育规律

依据露头观测和成像测井数据,揭示鲁西地区太古界裂缝系统的成因及类型,将裂缝产状数据与区域构造背景结合分析,同时依据典型断裂-裂缝剖面的观测统计,对太古界构造裂缝的形成时期及发育规律进行剖析。结果表明:鲁西地区太古界裂缝系统主要由区域构造裂缝和局部构造裂缝组成;区域构造裂缝形成时期主要为中—新生代,其中低角度裂缝形成于印支期,高角度裂缝形成于燕山—喜山期;局部构造裂缝的发育虽不具有普遍性,但对局部地区太古界储集性能的改善意义重大;规模相近但力学性质不同的断裂对储层的改造程度和影响范围存在差异;压性断裂最好,压扭性断裂次之,张扭性断裂最差;断裂影响范围内裂缝面密度的显著增大主要表现为区域构造裂缝的加密或派生新的构造裂缝,新生裂缝通常与断裂平行或小角度斜交。     

基于DSI测井横波分裂的水平井压裂缝检测研究

利用偶极横波测井检测水平井压裂缝不同于直井压裂缝检测,目前还存在较多的理论和技术问题。针对直井、斜井和水平井等不同情况,给出了三维TTI介质中SH波和SV波的相速度和各向异性系数计算公式,从理论方面研究其横波各向异性系数与裂缝倾角、裂缝方位角、井斜方位角、井斜角之间的关系,开展水平井横向压裂缝的DSI实验模拟研究,并在实际水平井QP52井中进行压裂缝检测应用。研究发现,DSI可以检测水平井的纵向缝和斜交缝,但无法检测水平井的横向正交压裂缝。横波各向异性系数随裂缝倾角的增大而减小,随裂缝方位角与井斜方位角之差的增大而减小;而井斜角的改变不会影响横波分裂速度和各向异性系数的检测与计算。研究结果可为工区水平井实施压裂缝检测的DSI项目提供重要理论指导和依据,即通过压前、压后近井地带的横波各向异性对比来检测压裂缝与识别压开层段。     

River plumes as a source of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean

Satellite images have long revealed the surface expression of large amplitude internal waves that propagate along density interfaces beneath the sea surface. Internal waves are typically the most energetic high-frequency events in the coastal ocean, displacing water parcels by up to 100 m and generating strong currents and turbulence that mix nutrients into near-surface waters for biological utilization. While internal waves are known to be generated by tidal currents over ocean-bottom topography, they have also been observed frequently in the absence of any apparent tide-topography interactions. Here we present repeated measurements of velocity, density and acoustic backscatter across the Columbia River plume front. These show how internal waves can be generated from a river plume that flows as a gravity current into the coastal ocean. We find that the convergence of horizontal velocities at the plume front causes frontal growth and subsequent displacement downward of near-surface waters. Individual freely propagating waves are released from the river plume front when the front's propagation speed decreases below the wave speed in the water ahead of it. This mechanism generates internal waves of similar amplitude and steepness as internal waves from tide-topography interactions observed elsewhere, and is therefore important to the understanding of coastal ocean mixing.     

沾化凹陷渤南洼陷超压裂缝的测井响应特征与预测

通过岩心观察、成像测井识别与常规测井资料分析相结合的方法,对渤南洼陷烃源层系内超压裂缝的特征、测井响应标志及预测进行研究。结果表明:渤南洼陷超压源岩层系中裂缝发育,裂缝数量和规模不一,在成像测井上表现为中高角度、倾向杂乱的高导缝;常规测井曲线具有高声波时差、高补偿中子孔隙度、高密度、高地层真电阻率变化率和低自然伽马变化率的"四高一低"的响应特征;超压裂缝大量发育于地层压力系数大于1.2且压力梯度变化大的区域,在压力梯度变化较小的高压区域,可识别裂缝的数量较少、规模较低;超压裂缝带具有横向上连续、纵向上分段的特征,与油气的空间分布匹配性较好,是超压体控制下源岩排烃的重要通道。     

沾化凹陷罗家地区沙四段顶部至沙三段泥质岩裂缝特征及其影响因素

利用岩心观察、岩石薄片鉴定和扫描电镜分析等技术手段 ,结合岩相古地理分析和古构造应力场模拟试验成果 ,对沾化凹陷罗家地区泥质岩裂缝的类型、特征、受控因素以及对油气储集的有效性进行了研究。结果表明 ,以张裂缝为主的顺层缝的长度、密度和开度大于切层缝 ,且为烃类的主要储集空间 ;包括张裂缝和剪裂缝在内的切层裂缝作为主要连通顺层裂缝的通道 ,很少储油。成岩收缩缝在泥质岩层中是极有利的油气储集空间 ,特别是在构造裂缝不太发育的地区 ,由成岩收缩造成的层间缝会成为主要的储集空间。裂缝发育的受控因素有区域构造应力、构造部位及其与断裂带的距离、岩性、岩相、地层厚度、物性、埋深和地层压力。预测研究区地层埋深为 2 2 0 0～ 340 0m ,在距离断裂带较近地区、断层转换带、凹陷斜坡坡度突变区、地层厚度和 /或砂岩厚度突变区、三角洲前缘亚相、湖底扇相砂体与湖相泥质岩交界过渡带 ,泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩、油页岩和油泥岩最有可能形成有效的裂缝储集空间。     

基于多孔介质模型的储层裂缝孔隙度计算方法

针对裂缝性储层裂缝孔隙度定量计算的难题,提出了一种基于多孔介质模型的储层裂缝孔隙度计算方法。通过定义孔隙纵横比谱函数表征岩石裂缝分布特征及对岩石宏观岩石物理特征的影响,并代入多孔介质模型中,建立含裂缝条件下多孔介质模型。理论正演表明,孔隙纵横比谱分布特征与岩石体积模量变化一一对应,通过建立岩石模量反演函数,利用现场阵列声波测井资料实现孔隙纵横比谱定量反演,进而计算裂缝孔隙度。应用结果表明,计算的裂缝孔隙度能够较好地反映储层裂缝发育情况,与电成像测井计算结果吻合较好,文中方法所计算的裂缝孔隙度符合实际生产情况,为裂缝孔隙度计算提供一种新的途径,扩展了阵列声波测井应用范围。     

Three-dimensional brittle shear fracturing by tensile crack interaction

Faults in brittle rock are shear fractures formed through the interaction and coalescence of many tensile microcracks. The geometry of these microcracks and their surrounding elastic stress fields control the orientation of the final shear fracture surfaces. The classic Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion predicts the development of two conjugate (bimodal) shear planes that are inclined at an acute angle to the axis of maximum compressive stress. This criterion, however, is incapable of explaining the three-dimensional polymodal fault patterns that are widely observed in rocks. Here we show that the elastic stress around tensile microcracks in three dimensions promotes a mutual interaction that produces brittle shear planes oriented obliquely to the remote principal stresses, and can therefore account for observed polymodal fault patterns. Our microcrack interaction model is based on the three-dimensional solution of Eshelby, unlike previous models that employed two-dimensional approximations. Our model predicts that shear fractures formed by the coalescence of interacting mode I cracks will be inclined at a maximum of 26 degrees to the axes of remote maximum and intermediate compression. An improved understanding of brittle shear failure in three dimensions has important implications for earthquake seismology and rock-mass stability, as well as fluid migration in fractured rocks.     

The effects of surfactants on spilling breaking waves

Breaking waves markedly increase the rates of air-sea transfer of momentum, energy and mass. In light to moderate wind conditions, spilling breakers with short wavelengths are observed frequently. Theory and laboratory experiments have shown that, as these waves approach breaking in clean water, a ripple pattern that is dominated by surface tension forms at the crest. Under laboratory conditions and in theory, the transition to turbulent flow is triggered by flow separation under the ripples, typically without leading to overturning of the free surface. Water surfaces in nature, however, are typically contaminated by surfactant films that alter the surface tension and produce surface elasticity and viscosity. Here we present the results of laboratory experiments in which spilling breaking waves were generated mechanically in water with a range of surfactant concentrations. We find significant changes in the breaking process owing to surfactants. At the highest concentration of surfactants, a small plunging jet issues from the front face of the wave at a point below the wave crest and entraps a pocket of air on impact with the front face of the wave. The bubbles and turbulence created during this process are likely to increase air-sea transfer.     

岩石动态损伤模拟实验装置的研制

基于爆燃压裂技术原理，研制了岩石动态损伤模拟实验装置。该装置用一重物自由落体撞击岩心夹持器的内活动柱塞，压缩岩心模拟井眼内的流体，产生动态压强作用于岩心模拟井眼壁面，以模拟油井爆燃压裂时爆燃药爆燃所产生的动态压强对井眼附近油层的影响。根据动量和能量守衡原理，建立了岩石动态损伤峰值压力和加压速率计算模型，并通过实验验证了计算模型的准确性，增压值和加压速率的计算值与实验结果的平均相对误差分别为2.56%和4.04%。该装置的研制为动载下的岩石力学特性研究提供了定量研究手段。     

裂缝性致密储层待破裂区影响的压裂物模实验研究

在水力压裂过程中,天然裂缝尖端附近会发育许多待破裂区,在宏观裂缝形成前产生微裂隙,最终影响水力裂缝的扩展规模。为有效增加裂缝性致密储层的缝网规模,针对待破裂区开展真三轴水力压裂模拟实验,探究待破裂区域的影响机制。选取致密灰岩露头,精细刻画了裂缝性致密储层露头压前压后裂缝形态,分析了天然裂缝形态、待破裂区域以及泵注参数对裂缝性致密储层改造效果的影响,结果表明:待破裂区,即断裂过程区,主要发育在井筒周围;声发射监测结果显示,在注入压力达到破裂压裂前,岩石内部已经发育大量待破区,决定了裂缝的起裂位置和初始扩展路径,压裂过程中排量的突然提高会使待破裂区迅速沟通形成裂缝,随后逐渐扩展。当水力裂缝延伸到层理面后,随排量阶梯式增加,泵压提高,会使层理面附近发育新的待破裂区,进而影响到水力裂缝的转向、分叉或是否穿透天然裂缝。     

现代构造应力场与矿井冲击地压

抚顺老虎台矿是我国发生冲击地压较早、次数较多的矿区之一。文中以地质动力区划方法查明的各级活动断裂为区域构造格架，将老虎台井田简化成由１０条断裂带组成的平面弹性模型，编制了应力计算软件。得出了浑河断裂是一条活动断裂，蠕滑活动是其主要活动方式。它的断裂带及与之平行的Ｆ＿１断层形成的构造应力区对矿区应力状态起主导作用，采动影响是导致该断裂带内构造应力释放、产生冲击地压的诱因的结论。     

北塘凹陷断裂特征与油气分布规律

基底大断裂控制了北塘凹陷的构造格架,形成了各具特征的西部、北部和南部三大断裂系统.发育了7种成因特征的断裂,总结出6种断裂组合发育模式.基底大断裂(临近生油区的)及其次级断裂控制了油气的宏观分布,形成以断裂为主控因素的复式油气聚集区带.对油气生运聚散和分布有控制作用的控烃断裂有:控源断裂、油源断裂、遮挡断裂、改向断裂、控圈断裂和破坏断裂6种基本类型.断块是油气藏的基本单元,其周边断裂既是遮挡断裂又是控圈断裂.     

方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法研究

对于裂缝性储层 ,应用纵波和转换波资料提取波场特征参数 (如速度 ,振幅 )反演的裂缝走向、裂缝密度等参数来研究裂缝。基于纵波震源三分量地震资料 ,提出了方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法。对经过压缩后的转换波剖面及纵波剖面进行速度反演 ,获得了裂缝参数 ,其中包括与裂缝密切相关的各向异性系数γ和描述潜在气藏的裂缝密度参数。综合利用P波、转换波的各向异性 ,可以更客观、更准确地预测介质的裂缝 ,实际资料应用证实该方法可行。     

Explanation for fracture spacing in layered materials

The spacing of opening-mode fractures in layered materials--such as certain sedimentary rocks and laminated engineering materials--is often proportional to the thickness of the fractured layer. Experimental studies of this phenomenon show that the spacing initially decreases as extensional strain increases in the direction perpendicular to the fractures. But at a certain ratio of spacing to layer thickness, no new fractures form and the additional strain is accommodated by further opening of existing fractures: the spacing then simply scales with layer thickness, which is called fracture saturation. This is in marked contrast to existing theories of fracture, such as the stress-transfer theory, which predict that spacing should decrease with increasing strain ad infinitum. Recently, two of us (T.B. and D.D.P.) have used a combination of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments to show that, with increasing applied stress, the normal stress acting between such fractures undergoes a transition from tensile to compressive, suggesting a cause for fracture saturation. Here we investigate the full stress distribution between such fractures, from which we derive an intuitive physical model of the process of fracture saturation. Such a model should find wide applicability, from geosciences to engineering.     

苏北盆地古近系页岩油储层有效裂缝识别

为了查明苏北盆地古近系阜宁组四段（E1 f 4）裂缝型页岩油资源的富集规律,对钻孔岩芯所含裂缝进行了精细 地观察与描述,对区内E1 f 4 页岩基质和裂缝充填方解石进行了碳氧同位素测试、结合区域埋藏史、生烃史,总结了区 内油页岩储层裂缝成因类型与特征,划分了裂缝形成期次并识别了有效裂缝。结果表明：研究区E1 f 4 页岩裂缝可分 为4 种成因类型：平移式剪裂缝、正向剪切缝、逆向剪切缝和顺层缝;构造裂缝可分为5 期次,其中,第I 期为平移式 剪切缝,未见原油显示,形成于吴堡运动;第II 期为正向剪切缝,未见原油显示,形成于真武运动早期;第III 期为顺层 缝,原油显示丰富,形成于三垛运动中期;第IV 期为正向剪切缝,原油显示丰富,形成于三垛运动晚期;第V 期为逆向 剪切缝,属压性缝,形成于三垛运动末期。第III 期和第IV 期裂缝原油显示丰富,气测异常明显,为有效裂缝。     

古岩溶的形成条件及其特征

岩溶是大气淡水溶解作用形成的自然构造．古岩溶是地质历史时间产生的岩溶．岩溶的形成需要两个基本条件：（１）相对于围岩来说，流体是未饱和的；（２）不饱和碳酸盐的流体能有效地将溶解产物搬运至远离反应的地方．在岩溶地区以潜水面为标准，把岩溶作用带分为渗流带和潜流带．岩溶的物质基础，碳酸盐岩建造主要形成于南北纬４０°之间的温暖的、清洁的、浅水海洋环境．不整合面，溶蚀孔洞缝，岩溶砾岩和岩溶角砾岩，岩溶地貌是古岩溶的宏观特征．岩溶地区碳酸盐岩的微量元素含量，碳氧稳定同位素值均表现淡水作用的特点．