丹龙胶囊抗血栓形成的实验研究

目的研究丹龙胶囊抗血栓形成的作用。方法手术结扎大鼠下腔静脉使大鼠下腔静脉内形成血栓,称量血栓湿重和干重;用血栓生成仪观察记录电刺激5min内颈总动脉平均阻塞率(%);用血小板聚集凝血因子分析仪测定受试药对二磷酸二腺苷(ADP)诱导血小板聚集的抑制作用。结果丹龙胶囊能够减少下腔静脉血栓形成;降低颈总动脉平均阻塞率;抑制由二磷酸二腺苷引起的家兔血小板聚集。结论研究结果证明丹龙胶囊具有抑制血栓形成的作用。     

三七叶甙对兔血小板聚集功能的影响

 应用Born氏比浊法分别测定三七叶甙(Panax notoginseng folium saponins)对花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、血小板活化因子(platelet activating factor,PAF)和腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)诱导的兔血小板聚集功能的影响.实验结果表明:三七叶甙在体外显著抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚集,其半数抑制浓度(medium inhibitory concentration,IC₅₀)为89.4mg/L;三七叶甙静脉注射也能明显降低ADP诱导的兔血小板聚集率,且呈剂量-效应关系.提示三七叶甙体内外均明显抑制ADP诱导的兔血小板聚集,而对AA和PAF诱导的兔血小板聚集无明显影响.     

Inhibition of platelet thrombus formation by chlorpromazine acting to diminish haemolysis.

There is increasing evidence that the sudden, unpredicatable event initiating myocardial infarction is fissuring of an atherosclerotic plaque. The resulting haemorrhage into the arterial wall produces obstructive platelet thrombi, just as arterial haemorrhages elsewhere produce haemostatic platelet plugs. It has been suggested that such platelet aggregation depends on ADP originating in red cells which are subjected to excessive haemodynamic stress at the site of haemorrhage. The release of ADP from red cells has been demonstrated in vitro in equivalent condtions of shear stress; and other mechansims, such as activation by collagen, cannot account for the rapidity with which the platelets react. One of us (G.V.R.B.) has suggested that drugs capable of counteracting haemolysis might diminish the activating effect of erythrocytes on platelets and so inhibit their aggregation as thrombi. Thus, chlorpromazine, added to human blood at concentrations which diminish haemoylsis but do not directly affect platelet aggregation, prolonged the 'bleeding time' from small holes in artificial vessels where extravasation is terminated, as in living arterioles, by aggregated platelets. The bleeding time was also prolonged by apyrase, consistent with the conclusion that the chlorpromazine acted through decreasing plasma ADP. We show here that this occurs through the anti-haemolytic action of chlorpromazine.     

Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs

Platelets have a crucial role in the maintenance of normal haemostasis, and perturbations of this system can lead to pathological thrombus formation and vascular occlusion, resulting in stroke, myocardial infarction and unstable angina. ADP released from damaged vessels and red blood cells induces platelet aggregation through activation of the integrin GPIIb-IIIa and subsequent binding of fibrinogen. ADP is also secreted from platelets on activation, providing positive feedback that potentiates the actions of many platelet activators. ADP mediates platelet aggregation through its action on two G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes. The P2Y1 receptor couples to Gq and mobilizes intracellular calcium ions to mediate platelet shape change and aggregation. The second ADP receptor required for aggregation (variously called P2Y(ADP), P2Y(AC), P2Ycyc or P2T(AC)) is coupled to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. The molecular identity of the Gi-linked receptor is still elusive, even though it is the target of efficacious antithrombotic agents, such as ticlopidine and clopidogrel and AR-C66096 (ref. 9). Here we describe the cloning of this receptor, designated P2Y12, and provide evidence that a patient with a bleeding disorder has a defect in this gene. Cloning of the P2Y12 receptor should facilitate the development of better antiplatelet agents to treat cardiovascular diseases.     

红花黄色素抗凝血作用及对血小板聚集影响的研究

目的研究红花黄色素抗凝血作用及对血小板聚集的影响。方法大鼠心脏采血,取血浆检测凝血酶原时间(PT),凝血酶时间(TT),活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)含量;家兔颈动脉采血,取富血小板血浆(PRP)及穷血小板血浆(PPP),描记聚集曲线,计算聚集百分率,最大聚集百分率及药物的聚集抑制百分率。结果红花黄色素明显延长大鼠血浆凝血酶时间、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间,明显降低大鼠血浆纤维蛋白原含量,显著抑制由二磷酸腺苷引起的家兔血小板聚集。结论红花黄色素具有抗凝血作用。     

Effect of ATP on actin filament stiffness

Actin is an adenine nucleotide-binding protein and an ATPase. The bound adenine nucleotide stabilizes the protein against denaturation and the ATPase activity, although not required for actin polymerization, affects the kinetics of this assembly Here we provide evidence for another effect of adenine nucleotides. We find that actin filaments made from ATP-containing monomers, the ATPase activity of which hydrolyses ATP to ADP following polymerization, are stiff rods, whereas filaments prepared from ADP-monomers are flexible. ATP exchanges with ADP in such filaments and stiffens them. Because both kinds of actin filaments contain mainly ADP, we suggest the alignment of actin monomers in filaments that have bound and hydrolysed ATP traps them conformationally and stores elastic energy. This energy would be available for release by actin-binding proteins that transduce force or sever actin filaments. These data support earlier proposals that actin is not merely a passive cable, but has an active mechanochemical role in cell function.     

NIH3T3细胞与其癌变细胞的PARP酶被抑制后DNA损伤修复的差异研究

PARP酶 (聚ADP核糖基聚合酶Poly ADP ribosepolymerase ,PARP)对于DNA损伤修复具有重要功能 ,正常细胞及其癌变细胞的该酶对抑制剂的敏感程度可能会有差异 .为此 ,通过姐妹染色体交换频率 ,带报告基因的质粒转化频率 ,以及彗星测定等方法 ,对DNA的损伤修复进行初步的检测 .实验结果表明 ,正常细胞和癌变细胞PARP酶在抑制剂作用下酶活性都会降低 ,但是癌变细胞的PARP酶对抑制剂更为敏感 .     

Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine

Nitric oxide (NO) released by vascular endothelial cells accounts for the relaxation of strips of vascular tissue and for the inhibition of platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion attributed to endothelium-derived relaxing factor. We now demonstrate that NO can be synthesized from L-arginine by porcine aortic endothelial cells in culture. Nitric oxide was detected by bioassay, chemiluminescence or by mass spectrometry. Release of NO from the endothelial cells induced by bradykinin and the calcium ionophore A23187 was reversibly enhanced by infusions of L-arginine and L-citrulline, but not D-arginine or other close structural analogues. Mass spectrometry studies using 15N-labelled L-arginine indicated that this enhancement was due to the formation of NO from the terminal guanidino nitrogen atom(s) of L-arginine. The strict substrate specificity of this reaction suggests that L-arginine is the precursor for NO synthesis in vascular endothelial cells.     

芪丹天胶囊对老年血瘀大鼠血小板聚集功能及血浆TXB2、6-ketO-PGF1a含量的影响

目的探讨芪丹天胶囊对血小板聚集功能的影响及作用机理.方法以老年雄性大鼠为血瘀模型,采用血小板聚集法和放免法观察芪丹天胶囊对血小板聚集功能及血浆TXB2、6-keto PGFla 含量的影响.结果芪丹天胶囊能明显抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚集,降低血浆中TXB2的含量及TXB2/6-keto-PGFla 的比值.结论芪丹天胶囊具有良好的抑制血小板聚集作用,其作用机理与降低TXB2有关.     

Fluorescent detection of coenzyme A by analyte-induced aggregation of a cationic conjugated polymer

A new cationic conjugated polymer was designed and synthesized to optically discriminate coenzyme A(CoA) among structurally similar biomolecules, ATP, ADP and AMP. The analyte-induced aggregation of the conjugated polymer by π-stacking between their main chains leads to the fluorescence quenching. Except for the similar adenosine and phosphate moieties as those in ATP, ADP and AMP, the CoA molecule also includes a long side chain that is favorable for hydrophobic interactions. Thus, CoA can form a complex with oppositely charged conjugated polymer by cooperative electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, whereas ATP, ADP and AMP form the complexes with oppositely charged conjugated polymer mainly by electrostatic interactions. The increase of the ion strength of the assay solution screens the electrostatic attractions, and the remaining hydrophobic interactions dominate the formation of PFP-PTF/CoA complex. At this case, the quenching efficiency of PFP-PTF by CoA is much higher than that by ATP, ADP and AMP, which impart the PFP-PTF to sense CoA from these interferencing species.     

罗汉果黄酮的活血化瘀药理作用研究

为了观察罗汉果黄酮的活血化瘀药理作用,采用水提和树脂吸附方法提取罗汉果黄酮,采用尾静脉注射胶原蛋白和肾上腺素造成小鼠体内血栓,测定药物对小鼠脑血栓的保护率;用腺苷-5-二磷酸钠盐（ADP）诱导大鼠血小板聚集,计算药物对血小板聚集的抑制率; 腹腔注射75%蛋黄乳液造成实验性高血脂症,测定血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白含量; 采用毛细玻璃管法测定小鼠凝血时间,并进行了的急性毒性试验.结果表明,罗汉果黄酮对血栓形成有一定的保护作用;能抑制ADP诱导大鼠血小板聚集;明显降低高胆固醇血症小鼠的TC和TG含量,提高HDL-C的水平;以及延长小鼠的凝血时间.说明罗汉果黄酮具有一定的抗血栓形成、抗血小板聚集、降血脂、抗凝血等活血化瘀药理作用.急性毒性试验结果表明,罗汉果黄酮对小鼠的最大给药量为60.85g/kg.     

Vasorelaxant properties of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor more closely resemble S-nitrosocysteine than nitric oxide

Studies of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells using quantitative chemiluminescence techniques have shown that the amount of nitric oxide released under basal conditions, or in response to either bradykinin or the calcium ionophore A23187 is insufficient to account for the vasorelaxant activities of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) derived from the same source. This observation contradicts previous suggestions that nitric oxide and EDRF are the same compound, but may be explained if EDRF is a compound that contains nitric oxide within its structure but is a much more potent vasodilator than nitric oxide. Such a molecule could be one of several nitrosothiols which may yield nitric oxide after a one-electron reduction. The present experiments were carried out to test the possibility that the biological activities of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor might more closely resemble those of one of these compounds, S-nitrosocysteine, than nitric oxide. Nitric oxide release from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells was detected by chemiluminescence and bioassay experiments compared the vasodilator potencies of nitric oxide, S-nitrosocysteine, and EDRF. The results suggest that EDRF is much more likely to be a nitrosylated compound such as a nitrosothiol than authentic nitric oxide.     

麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白Curcin和Curcin C与腺苷及腺嘌呤的互作方式分析

麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白Curcin和Curcin C均具N-糖苷酶活性,然而两者的体外翻译抑制能力却具有明显差异,这暗示着两者的N-糖苷酶活性也存在差异.为了探究造成这一差异的结构基础,本研究使用trRosetta对两种蛋白进行了三级结构的预测,通过PROCHECK和Qmean对预测得到的三级结构模型进行了质量评估,利用Chem3D对小分子配体腺嘌呤和腺苷进行了结构优化,借助UCSF Chimera对Curcin及Curcin C活性位点的氨基酸组成进行了预测.最终使用分子对接软件AutoDock将预测得到的模型与小分子腺嘌呤及腺苷进行分子对接.对接结果显示,两种蛋白与腺嘌呤的相互作用模式具有较高的相似性,但Curcin的关键氨基酸Arg并未参与到与配体的相互作用.此外Curcin C与腺嘌呤和腺苷之间的结合能都低于Curcin,且其和腺苷与腺嘌呤之间结合能的差值也要高于Curcin.这一结果暗示着Curcin和Curcin C之间的活性差异与其活性位点处的结构特征有关,Curcin C中的关键氨基酸Arg与腺嘌呤及腺苷的结合位点更为靠近,从而导致Curcin C与底物之间的结合能更低,...     

A candidate NAD+ transporter in an intracellular bacterial symbiont related to Chlamydiae

Bacteria living within eukaryotic cells can be essential for the survival or reproduction of the host but in other cases are among the most successful pathogens. Environmental Chlamydiae, including strain UWE25, thrive as obligate intracellular symbionts within protozoa; are recently discovered relatives of major bacterial pathogens of humans; and also infect human cells. Genome analysis of UWE25 predicted that this symbiont is unable to synthesize the universal electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Compensation of limited biosynthetic capacity in intracellular bacteria is usually achieved by import of primary metabolites. Here, we report the identification of a candidate transporter protein from UWE25 that is highly specific for import of NAD+ when synthesized heterologously in Escherichia coli. The discovery of this candidate NAD+/ADP exchanger demonstrates that intact NAD+ molecules can be transported through cytoplasmic membranes. This protein acts together with a newly discovered nucleotide transporter and an ATP/ADP translocase, and allows UWE25 to exploit its host cell by means of a sophisticated metabolic parasitism.     

含RGD序列水蛭素嵌合抗栓剂的构建与表达

通过对水蛭素及一些含有精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)序列的多肽类血小板聚集抑制剂结构与功能的分析,设计并构建了两个在水蛭素C端融合RGD序列的嵌合分子。嵌合体基因分别重组到表达载体pET-21a(+)中并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。经限制酶消化和DNA序列分析,证明两种重组质粒与设计完全一致。由于RGD-水蛭素嵌合基因上游连接了金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白A(SPA)的信号肽序列,在IPTG诱导下两种嵌合分子都获得了分泌表达,表达产物主要集中在细胞周质空间。通过离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层分别对两种嵌合体蛋白进行纯化,纯化产物在Tricine-SDS-PAGE中都显示为单一条带。活性分析结果表明两种嵌合体蛋白在保留水蛭素抗凝血酶活力的同时,还呈现抗血小板聚集活性。     

Do human platelets have opiate receptors?

In their study of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC) in rat brain homogenates, Collier and Roy claimed that the activity of this enzyme is inhibited by opiates. They also proposed that opiates exert their analgesic and allied effects by inhibiting AC of neurones that are normally stimulated by E prostaglandins. Studies using neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells supported this hypothesis. However, subsequent studies with mammalian brain and rat brain tissue slices yielded conflicting results. PGE1 also inhibits platelet aggregation, probably through activation of platelet AC. Gryglewski et al. showed that morphine inhibits the anti-aggregating effect of PGE1 on ADP- and adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation, and suggested that the inhibition by morphine is mediated through platelet AC activity. We report here our attempts to reproduce the results of Gryglewski et al. and our examination of the effect of morphine on PGE1-sensitive AC activity in platelet lysates and on PGE1-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP in intact platelets. The possible existence of opiate receptors in platelets was also assessed by direct binding studies with 3H-etorphine. In contrast to Gryglewski et al., we could not detect any effect of opiates on the aggregation of human platelets, nor did we find any other evidence supporting the presence of opiate receptors in these cells. Thus we conclude that the presence of opiate receptors in human platelets is unlikely.     

邻菲啰呤和核苷酸对Tb(Ⅲ)的协同荧光增强效应(英)

对邻菲囉呤(Phen)存在下16种核苷酸对Tb(Ⅲ)荧光的增强效应进行了系统研究。根据I/I_0值(I和I_0分别为有和无Phen存在时体系的荧光强度)的大小可把这16种核苷酸分为3种类型:(1)对腺瞟啉核苷酸,I/I_0值在150—230之间,这就使得用该体系来研究腺苷酸与Ca和Mg离子间的作用成为可能;(2)对嘧啶碱基核苷酸类,I/I_0值在10—50之间,(3)鸟嘌啉核苷酸类,I/I_0值大约为0.8。我们发现Phen和核苷酸对Tb(Ⅲ)的荧光增强具有协同效应,这种协同效应可能是由于Phen和核苷酸芳环之间的疏水相互作用肥Phen限定在距Tb(Ⅲ)较近的范围内,因而增强了能量转移的效率及荧光强度。     

Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor

Endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor (EDRF) is a humoral agent that is released by vascular endothelium and mediates vasodilator responses induced by various substances including acetylcholine and bradykinin. EDRF is very unstable, with a half-life of between 6 and 50 s, and is clearly distinguishable from prostacyclin. The chemical structure of EDRF is unknown but it has been suggested that it is either a hydroperoxy- or free radical-derivative of arachidonic acid or an unstable aldehyde, ketone or lactone. We have examined the role of superoxide anion (O-2) in the inactivation of EDRF released from vascular endothelial cells cultured on microcarrier beads and bioassayed using a cascade of superfused aortic smooth muscle strips. With this system, we have now demonstrated that EDRF is protected from breakdown by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Cu2+, but not by catalase, and is inactivated by Fe2+. These findings indicate that O-2 contributes significantly to the instability of EDRF.     

腺苷二磷酸诱导斑马鱼血小板聚集的初步研究

腺苷二磷酸（adenosine diphosphate,ADP）是有效的血小板激活剂。本文研究了腺苷二磷酸对斑马鱼存活率、血小板聚集和血栓相关基因血管性血友病因子（Von Willebrand Factor,vWF）的影响。结果显示,30μmol／L-1 mmol/L ADP对Sdpr（days post fertilization）斑马鱼存活率的抑制作用呈剂量和时间依赖性。利用血小板标记荧光的转基因斑马鱼,我们发现ADP也能诱导斑马鱼血小板聚集。反转录PCR（RT-PCR）结果显示vWF在斑马鱼血小板聚集过程中表达上调。说明ADP是研究斑马鱼血小板聚集机制的有利工具。