国际碳期货价格的均值回归:基于EU ETS的实证分析

引入均值回 归理论、GED-GARCH模型和VaR方法,考察EUETS碳期货市场的运行特征.结果发现:不论是2006年的配额事件发生前还是发生后,EUETS的碳交易期货市场的价格、收益、市场波动以及市场风险的变化均不服从均值回归过程,即它们的运动具有发散性,暂时不具有可预测的特性,这主要是由于政治决策、能源价格、股票市场、异常天气等一系列复杂因素的综合作用,导致碳市场效率不高,市场反应过度.国际碳市场的不可预测给我国CDM项目和银行理财产品的收益带来了显著影响.     

环境动态性、战略资产与债务融资

综合考虑产品市场竞争强度、需求波动和技术冲击,以企业价值最大化为目标,建立了最优资本结构模型,探讨环境动态性、战略资产与融资决策间的关系:先在目标函数中直接引入需求波动和技术冲击,通过改变选择战略资产的企业数,间接引入产品市场竞争强度;随后,设计了两个激励相容约束.利用数值试验,证明了环境发生不利变化时企业保持竞争优势的策略是投资于战略资产;债务融资有利于实现战略资产上的价值,但其前提是建立有效的外部监控机制.     

基于产品功能演化与创新的伯川德均衡模型

引入一种消费者效用函数,研究产品功能系统演化创新对于企业市场份额和利润的影响,建立通过产品功能系统构成演化开创战略性功能市场的伯川德均衡模型,揭示通过篮海战略进行功能创新开辟新市场的机制。结论显示产品功能构成是直接影响企业市场份额的重要因素;导出最优价格和利润,以及战略性功能市场规模;证明创造新的战略性功能市场能够避开"红海"竞争,增加盈利机会,提高企业竞争力。     

竞争情况下零售商的产品组合决策研究

本文研究了市场竞争情况下两个零售商横向差异产品组合决策,基于multinominal logit(MNL)模型刻画消费者选择行为并建立基本模型,得到市场相互独立时的最优产品组合.将市场竞争情况下的产品组合决策细分为四种情形并研究了零售商进入市场顺序的影响,对比了市场相互独立与竞争情况下的结果.结果表明:市场竞争时的产品多样化程度不低于市场相互独立的情况;部分产品存在两个零售商的利润空间是零售商选择重复产品必要条件;市场相互独立时的最优解外的产品有利可图是产品多样化程度高于市场相互独立情况的必要条件;零售商进入市场存在先后顺序时,信息不对称不影响均衡结果.     

基于SV模型和KLR信号分析的期货逼仓风险预警模型

采用期货价格波动风险、持仓量波动风险和基差波动风险三大因素衡量期货交易中的逼仓风险。采用KLR信号分析法、SV随机波动模型、GARCH模型等构建了逼仓风险预警模型，为期货市场中的逼仓风险预警监控提供了理论依据和具体的方法。本研究最为关键的突破创新有以下两点：一是结合KLR信号分析法、SV模型等建立了期货交易中的逼仓风险预警模型。经1980～2006年的文献检索发现本研究是针对我国期货交易逼仓风险预警问题首次提出的定量分析模型，解决了我国期货界对逼仓风险至今没有预警方法的难题。二是在本研究中将现有KLR信号分析法与风险指标预测模型相结合，突破了以往使用KLR信号分析方法只能采用历史数据对未来情况进行预警而造成的预警误差。经实证分析，本研究的逼仓风险预警模型精度可达76．67％。     

实物期权方法在生产外包中的应用

生产外包对许多企业来说显得越来越重要．因为它能为企业带来管理柔性和竞争优势。生产外包被看成是一种欧式期权并构建实物期权模型进行价值评价。模型中包含产品价格、市场需求、自制生产成本和外包生产成本等四种不确定性源，并通过蒙特卡罗模拟得到生产外包的期权价值。模拟表明，生产外包的期权价值和产品市场价格的变动率、市场需求的变动率及外包成本的变动率是正相关的，而与自制成本的变动率是负相关的。当市场需求的变动率增加、价格的不确定性增加、或者外包成本的不确定性增加，或者自制成本的变动率降低，生产外包就越有利。研究表明实物期权方法对生产外包决策是一种好工具，能够有效地估计外包的期权价值。     

Heterogeneity,nonlinearity and endogenous market volatility

This paper aims to contribute to the literature on the explanatory power of behavior models with heterogeneous agents. The authors present a new nonlinear structural stock market model which is a nonlinear deterministic process buffeted by dynamic noise. An exogenous noise is introduced to the model with the assumption of IID normal innovations of the fundamental value in order to investigate how noisy dynamics interacts with deterministic process. The market is composed of two typical trader types: the rational fundamentalists and the boundedly rational traders governed by greed and fear. The interaction between noise and deterministic element determines the evolution process of the system as key parameters are changed. The authors find the model is able to generate time series that exhibit dynamical and statistical properties closely resembling those of the S&P500 index, such as volatility clustering, fat tails (leptokurtosis), autocorrelation in square and absolute return, larger amplitude, crashes and bubbles. The authors also investigate the nonlinear dependence structure in our data. The results indicate that the GARCH-type model cannot completely account for all nonlinearity in our simulated market, which is thus consistent with the results from real markets. It seems that the nonlinear structural model is more powerful to give a satisfied explanation to market behavior than the traditional stochastic approach.     

旅游系统的空间结构：一个具有不对称特点的垄断竞争的空间模型

通过构建一个具有不对称性特点的垄断竞争的空间模型,把规模经济、旅行成本以及多样性偏好和产品差异化等因素纳入到一个统一的分析框架中,并分析了这些因素对旅游空间结构的影响.文章认为,为提升市场份额,区位条件较差、旅游基础设施和接待设施不足、市场知名度低的地区应强调旅游产品的地方特色,优先发展观光产品,并坚持政府主导战略.而接近市场的城市近郊区应重点发展度假产品.     

企业社会责任对现金持有价值的影响——基于分位数回归模型的研究

随着环境和社会问题日益严峻,企业社会责任的重要性凸显.本文研究了企业社会责任水平对现金持有价值在资本市场与产品市场中的影响.基于企业异质性和分布的厚尾特征,本文采用分位数回归模型克服一般均值模型的模型设定限制,发现:1)在资本市场中,企业社会责任提升了现金持有的价值,并且随着企业市值的增加,这种正相关效果更加显著. 2)在产品市场中,企业社会责任能显著提升高销售增长率企业的现金持有价值;在低销售增长率企业中,低水平社会责任则会损害现金持有价值.本文的实证结果支持利益相关者理论提出的企业社会责任活动能够缓解管理者与利益相关群体之间的矛盾,从而改善利益相关者对公司的认知并赋予更高价值.本文的结论也为管理者自觉从事社会责任活动提供了部分证据.     

企业兼并与产品定价策略

研究两“群”企业 ,群内由生产互补产品或上下游产品企业组成 ,群际为有差异的产品相互竞争时的企业兼并与产品定价策略 .结果发现 ,产品的差异化不仅影响产品定价策略 ,还将深层次地影响市场结构中的企业兼并重组 ;企业兼并是企业产品竞争的策略选择问题 ,均衡的兼并模式与产品差异度密切相关 .     

Spatial Structure of Tourism System: Spatial Model for Monopolistic Competition with Asymmetry

By establishing an asymmetric monopolistic competition model, this article has brought economy to scales, travel cost, love-of-variety, and product differentiation into an integrated framework. We conclude that tourism will agglomerate in the traditional popular destination with lower fixed costs of production and good location. But preference for variety and product differentiation will make tourism spread from the traditional popular destination to other places. We suggest that insisting on localization, government's domination, and sightseeing tourism is good for the regions with comparatively inadequate infrastructure, reception facilities, and location to fast improve their market share. The outskirts close to the tourist market should develop vocational tourism.     

波动率风险溢价——基于VIX的实证

波动率风险溢价是金融学文献关注的核心问题之一. 基于非仿射GARCH扩散模型,推导相应的VIX公式,继而采用S&P500与VIX 指数联合数据,给出模型客观与风险中性参数基于有效重要性抽样（EIS）的联合极大似然（ML）估计. 进一步利用粒子滤波 方法给出隐波动率的估计,推断VIX隐含的波动率风险溢价. 蒙特卡罗模拟实验表明,提出的估计方法是有效的. 采用实 际数据进行的实证研究表明,波动率风险被定价,且波动率风险溢价为负,隐含市场投资者整体表现为风险厌恶.     

Advance selling in the presence of product diffusion effect

Product diffusion refers to the phenomenon that the later demand is dependent on the early sales. To investigate how a firm’s advance selling strategy is affected by the effect of product diffusion, we consider a monopolist seller who sells a fashionable product in a market that comprises of myopic and strategic consumers over two periods (i.e., the advance selling season and the regular selling season). For a linear product diffusion effect we find that, when the effect of product diffusion is positive, the seller may set an extremely high advance selling price to induce the strategic consumers to purchase in the regular selling season, which is counter-intuitive. Moreover, the optimal procurement quantity for the seller may increase in the negative effect of product diffusion and decrease in the amount of strategic consumers. When we extend our model to consider a concave quadratic product diffusion effect, however, the optimal procurement quantity is concave in the amount of strategic consumers. Numerical studies are further presented to discuss the managerial insights.     

带有随机收入与时变风险厌恶系数的最优投资-消费问题

本文考虑具有随机收入与时变相对风险厌恶系数的消费者的最优投资-消费问题.假定消费者参与工作获得工资,进行消费并将财富投资到一个风险资产和一个无风险资产,目标是最大化工作期消费和退休时刻财富的期望效用.其中,工资过程是随机的并服从一个几何布朗运动,在不同时刻,消费者对消费的偏好由一个时变的风险厌恶系数刻画.本文假定金融市场是完备的,采用鞅方法求解,得到最优消费与投资的解析表达式,并对最优消费和投资策略进行敏感性分析.结果表明,当消费者拥有时变风险厌恶系数时,初始财富的大小对其最优期望消费路径影响很大.当消费者面临工资风险时,投资策略中出现了新的对冲项.当消费者流动性财富增大时,消费者消费-收入比增大,但绝对消费水平的变化不确定.     

基于信用风险和流动性风险的银行市场结构对银行市场均衡的影响模型

借鉴Lucchetta提出的银行市场结构表示方法和研究思路,在假设信用风险和流动性风险都是不由银行自身决定的外生变量的条件下,以信用风险和流动性风险的不同组合表征银行市场结构,以自身收益最大化为银行决策目标,建立恰当的数学模型从理论上研究银行市场结构对银行市场均衡的影响。研究结果表明,在以信用风险和流动性风险度量的任何集中度的银行市场中,都既存在使银行市场运行良好的市场结构,也存在使银行市场体系崩溃的市场结构;当银行市场结构变量位于某个区间时,不同的流动性风险分布和不同的银行集中度将对银行市场均衡产生显著不同的影响。要使银行市场体系持续健康运行,就必须保持合理的银行市场结构。     

亚太LNG市场双挂钩远期合约定价研究

亚太市场是全球最大、增速最快的LNG市场.自20世纪70年代以来,亚太地区一直采用与JCC指数挂钩的LNG定价机制,存在"亚洲溢价"现象,这使我国进口LNG付出了高昂代价.本文提出基于国际原油和天然气价格的双挂钩LNG定价机制,在随机收益率和随机便利收益条件下,研究了存在协整效应的LNG远期定价问题,得到了远期价格的解析解,拓展了大宗商品衍生品定价理论,并实证研究了双挂钩定价机制与JCC指数定价机制下的LNG价格差异.研究发现,双挂钩定价机制下的LNG价格低于JCC指数定价机制下的LNG价格.本文所提LNG远期定价理论有助于完善亚太市场LNG定价机制,为我国LNG进口提供理论依据.     

ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC PRICING SCENARIOS FOR MULTIPLE-GENERATION PRODUCT LINES

In technology-intensive markets,it is a common strategy for companies to develop long-term multiple generation product lines instead of releasing consecutive single products.Even though this strategy is more profitable than sequentially introducing single product generations,it can also result in inter-product line cannibalization.Cannibalization of multiple-generation product lines is a complex problem that needs to be taken into account at the early product line planning stage in order to sustain long-term profitability.In this paper,we propose an agent-based model that can simulate the potential cannibalization scenarios within a multiple-generation product line.We view a multiple-generation product line(MGPL) as complex adaptive system where each product generation in the MGPL adjusts its sales price over time based on the shifts in the market demand.The proposed model provides insights into how various pricing strategies impact the overall lifecycle profitability of MGPL and can be used to assist companies in developing appropriate dynamic pricing strategies at the early product line planning stages.     

小批量生产过程中产品质量控制的研究

借助支持向量机技术解决了下面三个问题 :1 .在给定核函数的前提下 ,客观地、系统地给出一组增强输入模式 ,进而构造指出向量机网络 ,求出小批量数据所遵循的规律 ;2 .通过理论分析说明 ,该方法不仅能控制学习结果对测试样本的误差 ,而且能提高学习结果的泛化能力 ,从而避免 BP学习过程的缺陷 ,;3.通过求解小批量生产过程产品质量规律的实例 ,验证了上述结果 ,同时显示该方法具有较好的实时性.     

A partial robust optimization approach to inventory management for the offline-to-online problem under different selling prices

This study examines an optimal inventory strategy when a retailer markets a product at different selling prices through a dual-channel supply chain, comprising an online channel and an offline channel. Using the operating pattern of the offline-to-online (O2O) business model, we develop a partial robust optimization (PRO) model. Then, we provide a closed-form solution when only the mean and standard deviation of the online channel demand distribution is known and the offline channel demand follows a uniform distribution (partial robust). Specifically, owing to the good structural properties of the solution, we obtain a heuristic ordering formula for the general distribution case (i.e., the offline channel demand follows a general distribution). In addition, a series of numerical experiments prove the rationality of our conjecture. Moreover, after comparing our solution with other possible policies, we conclude that the PRO approach improves the performance of incorporating the internet into an existing supply chain and, thus, is able to adjust the level of conservativeness of the solution. Finally, in a degenerated situation, we compare our PRO approach with a combination of information approach. The results show that the PRO approach has more “robust” performance. As a result, a reasonable trade-off between robustness and performance is achieved.     

需求率符合产品寿命周期的库存问题的最优控制

本文给出了用三次函数近似拟合需求率符合产品寿命周期变化规律的库存模型，得到了这一模型的整体最优解，并付诸实际应用.