关于专名的指称与意义

本文对专名的指称和意义问题研究的历史、现状进行了梳理,考察了密尔、弗雷格、罗素、塞尔和克里普克等人的主要观点,并主要比较了塞尔和克里普克两种专名指称理论,并提出了对专名指称理论的讨论我们应进行的反思。关于专名的涵义和指称问题,也很难提出一个一劳永逸的解决方案。     

弗雷格的含义与指称理论探赜

弗雷格的意义理论是弗雷格语言哲学的核心,对含义和指称的区别是弗雷格意义理论的基础。弗雷格认为专名的含义是构成句子整体的思想的一部分,专名的指称是它所表达的对象;概念词的含义也是构成句子整体思想的一部分,它的指称是概念;句子的含义是思想,其指称是真值。弗雷格对含义与指称的区别,是对语言哲学的一大贡献。     

罗素对弗雷格指称问题的批评

指称问题在语言哲学和科学哲学中处于基础性和根本性地位,穆勒、弗雷格、罗素等人均对指称问题提出过自己的观点.什么是专名自身的涵义,专名自身有无涵义?专名与摹状词有何区别都是指称问题中需要探讨的问题.罗素对弗雷格将专名与摹状词混为一谈的观点提出了批评意见,并表达了自己的观点.罗素的批评一方面指出了专名与摹状词的本质区别,但另一方面在专名有无指称方面前后观点自相矛盾.解决这一系列问题的关键在于语境和人的认识.     

指称词语可及性的认知研究

指称是名词性成分与其所指物之间的关系,除了语言学家以外,指称理论历来还受到哲学家的重视,以弗雷格、罗素、斯特劳森等为代表的分析哲学流派的指称理论具有很大的代表性,但体验哲学的视角也为指称理论研究提供了一个新的途径和契机.文章以认知语言学为切入点,从Ariel的可及性理论和Fauconnier的心理空间理论两个不同的视角入手,把指称置于更为广泛的话语交际框架中,分析指称词语与指称对象之间的可及性联系和有定指称如何进行认知建构.     

对专名涵义和指称的历史探讨

西方对专名的涵义和指称问题的研究主要形成了两大理论.一直以来,对这个问题的探讨主要集中在专名有无涵义、专名是如何指称的等两大问题上.本文在两种专名指称理论的基础上梳理了这两个问题,进行了思考.     

专名的涵义与指称研究述评

专名涵义与指称的研究源于密尔关于概念内涵和外延的理论,"历史因果说"和"摹状词说"分别突出了对专名某些方面的理解。在围绕专名有无涵义及专名指称对象的探讨过程中,两种理论呈现出一定的一致性,认识这种一致性,必将促进人们关于认知的思考。     

论弗雷格对同一陈述疑难的解答

著名的同一陈述疑难起源于对"相等"的理解。弗雷格在历史上第一次严格区分符号的涵义与意谓,试图解答这个长期困扰人们的难题。但是由于他把"相等"理解为对象同一,以及涵义理论中存在许多缺陷,最终导致解答失败。     

晨星与暮星同一吗——“同一性的可替换原理”质疑

逻辑学中存在“同一论”和“同一性的可替换原理”能否成立的问题。弗雷格提出的“涵义”与“指称”两个概念值得质疑。“同一”不是名称之间的关系,而是概念之间的关系。形式逻辑的概念系统不存在两个相同的概念,晨星与暮星不同,专名与摹状词也不同。逻辑中“同一性的可替换原理”没有得到真正确立。     

浅析专名的涵义

在专名涵义问题上,西方学术界展开激烈的争论,最终形成两类不同理论,即＂摹状词理论＂和＂因果指称理论＂,经全面分析,本文发现两种理论合理融合有助于人们理解专名有无涵义问题。本文认为专名有涵义,并且其涵义不是永恒不变的,是随着可能世界的变化而变化的。     

克里普克《命名与必然性》研究

克里普克的观点存在许多值得商榷的地方。名称是固定指示词的观点是不合理的 ;因果理论不能解决“共用专名”的指称问题 ;因果理论还假设了传递指称的每一个环节上 ,人们都以同样的方式 ,同样的程度了解名称的指称 ;因果理论还忽略了语境的重要性。关于通名没有涵义观点更是错误的。克里普克对后天必然命题的论证也值得怀疑     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with