电针对AD大鼠学习记忆能力及神经元凋亡的影响

目的:探讨电针对AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力和神经元凋亡的影响.方法:将40只健康SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组和电针组,采用A1-40注入大鼠双侧Meynert核建立AD模型,电针组采用电针治疗,治疗一个月后用水迷宫试验测定各组大鼠学习记忆能力,然后处死大鼠检测海马及皮质的神经元凋亡百分比.结果:模型组出现学习记忆障碍,呈渐进性加重,4周时更为显著,而且在海马区和皮质区神经元有较高的凋亡比例,电针组有明显改善(P<0.01).结论:Meynert核注射A可使大鼠发生较持久的学习记忆功能障碍及胆碱能神经元凋亡,电针治疗可改善AD大鼠学习记忆能力,抑制神经元凋亡.     

5-HT3 receptors mediate inhibition of acetylcholine release in cortical tissue

The release of cerebral acetylcholine from terminals in the cerebral cortex has been shown to be regulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) but it is not known which subtype of the 5-HT receptor is involved. 5-HT receptor agonists increase acetylcholine levels in vivo, indicating a reduced turnover, and reduce release of acetylcholine from striatal slices in vitro. Depleting 5-HT by inhibiting synthesis or by destroying the neurons containing 5-HT potentiates acetylcholine release, and increases acetylcholine turnover in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Selective antagonists for the 5-HT3 receptor subtypes which seem to have effects on mood and activity may exert their effect through the regulation of acetylcholine release in the cortex and limbic system. Radioligand binding studies show a high density of 5-HT3 receptors in the cholinergic-rich entorhinal cortex and we provide evidence that a reduction in cortical cholinergic function can be effected in vitro by 5-HT3 receptors.     

老年性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆功能障碍的实验探讨

目的:探索D-半乳糖-Aβ复合模型大鼠学习记忆功能的改变,研究老年性痴呆(AD)的发病机制.方法:(1)采用1.25%D-半乳糖腹腔注射(50mg/kg·d,连续6周)致衰老,结合双侧海马齿状回背侧注射10g/1μL凝聚态β-淀粉样肽1-40(β-amyloid peptide,Aβ1-40)的复合造模方法,拟建立AD样学习记忆功能障碍的动物模型.实验动物随机分成3组:AD模型组、假造模对照组和正常对照组.(2)以单位时间逃避潜伏期(s/3min)及其逃生错误频率(次/3min)为观察指标,进行水迷宫行为学试验测定大鼠学习记忆功能的改变.结果:AD大鼠安全逃避潜伏期明显延长,逃生错误频率高,与两对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:D-半乳糖-A复合造模致AD大鼠模型具有较好的老年性痴呆的仿真特性.水迷宫行为学试验能准确反映动物学习记忆功能.     

基底前脑胆碱能神经元损毁:一种老年性痴呆方法学动物模型的复制及应用要点

目的介绍一种老年性痴呆的方法学动物模型-基底前脑胆碱能神经元损毁模型的复制及应用要点,以及该模型比较生物学研究的有关进展。方法采用鹅膏覃氨酸基底前脑区Maynert基底核定位注射造模,通过水迷宫实验测试动物的学习记忆能力。结果该手术方法能造成动物学习记忆能力下降,但各组内动物个体差异极大,变异系数为27.1%~46.2%。以正常动物平均成绩的95%置信区间为标准,对造模的成功率进行筛选,表明该模型的成功率为50%~75%,说明了进行模型筛选的重要意义。结论基底前脑胆碱能神经元损毁模型对老年性痴呆研究具有重要价值,但在应用中需要注意有关方法学问题。     

中枢NE能系统损伤大鼠行为及认知电位类P3的改变

目的：研究中枢去甲肾上腺素(noradrenaline,NE)能系统损伤大鼠行为及认知电位类P3的改变。方法：用6羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)损毁大鼠脑双侧背NE束,建立NE能系统损伤模型,于建模前后对其进行迷宫检查及类P3测定。结果：和对照组相比,中枢NE能系统损伤大鼠类P3潜伏期和TRT显延长,而EN则明显增多,均具有统计学意义。结论：中枢NE参与动物的学习记忆活动并且在类P3的产生与整合中起一定作用。     

Amelioration of cholinergic neuron atrophy and spatial memory impairment in aged rats by nerve growth factor

In aged rodents, impairments in learning and memory have been associated with an age-dependent decline in forebrain of cholinergic function, and recent evidence indicates that the cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, the septal-diagonal band area and the striatum undergo age-dependent atrophy. Thus, as in Alzheimer-type dementia in man, degenerative changes in the forebrain cholinergic system may contribute to age-related cognitive impairments in rodents. The cause of these degenerative changes is not known. Recent studies have shown that the central cholinergic neurons in the septal-diagonal band area, nucleus basalis and striatum are sensitive to the neurotrophic protein nerve growth factor (NGF). In particular, intraventricular injections or infusions of NGF in young adult rats have been shown to prevent retrograde neuronal cell death and promote behavioural recovery after damage to the septo-hippocampal connections. It is so far not known, however, whether the atrophic cholinergic neurons in aged animals are responsive to NGF treatment. We report here that continuous intracerebral infusion of NGF over a period of four weeks can partly reverse the cholinergic cell body atrophy and improve retention of a spatial memory task in behaviourally impaired aged rats.     

脑蛋白水解液对七氟醚麻醉导致的大鼠学习记忆障碍的影响

目的 探讨脑蛋白水解液(CHI)对七氟醚麻醉导致的大鼠学习记忆障碍的影响,并分析其可能作用机制.方法 将32只大鼠随机分为七氟醚组、CHI高剂量组、CHI低剂量组和对照组,每组8只.七氟醚组吸入2％ 七氟醚,每天2 h,连续7 d,CHI高剂量组每天吸入七氟醚之前,尾静脉注射脑蛋白水解液1200μL,CHI低剂量组每天...     

Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons

Working memory represents the ability of the brain to hold externally or internally driven information for relatively short periods of time. Persistent neuronal activity is the elementary process underlying working memory but its cellular basis remains unknown. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that persistent activity is based on synaptic reverberations in recurrent circuits. The entorhinal cortex in the parahippocampal region is crucially involved in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of long-term memory traces for which working memory operations are essential. Here we show that individual neurons from layer V of the entorhinal cortex-which link the hippocampus to extensive cortical regions-respond to consecutive stimuli with graded changes in firing frequency that remain stable after each stimulus presentation. In addition, the sustained levels of firing frequency can be either increased or decreased in an input-specific manner. This firing behaviour displays robustness to distractors; it is linked to cholinergic muscarinic receptor activation, and relies on activity-dependent changes of a Ca2+-sensitive cationic current. Such an intrinsic neuronal ability to generate graded persistent activity constitutes an elementary mechanism for working memory.     

利用基因芯片检测大鼠衰老相关的记忆障碍的调控基因

许多证据表明,正常衰老过程伴随着记忆力的衰退.但有些动物却不表现出这种年龄相关的记忆障碍.为了检测其中的分子机制,将24个月的老年大鼠按在水迷宫中的行为表现分成记忆损伤组和记忆未损伤组,分别取海马和内嗅皮层进行基因芯片检测.结果显示,在海马和内嗅皮层中分别有47和37个基因的表达发生了显著变化.但两个脑区的基因表达变化...     

工作记忆编码腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位信号的相位同步分析

研究比较大鼠在静息状态下和工作记忆编码阶段腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位相位同步的变化,分析相位在工作记忆任务相关信息处理中的作用机制。研究数据为6只SD大鼠静息状态和执行Y迷宫空间工作记忆任务时采集的腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层的局部场电位信号,计算两个脑区局部场电位信号之间的加权相位滞后指数值。研究结果表明,与静息状态相比,在工作记忆编码阶段,腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层之间的相位同步性在theta频段选择性地并且显著性地增加。腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层theta频段的相位同步是工作记忆编码阶段任务信息处理的一个作用机制。     

Age-impaired impulse flow from nucleus basalis to cortex

Recent studies have renewed interest in the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the cognitive changes associated with ageing and dementia. Deficits in cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in Alzheimer's disease have been consistently demonstrated, while other research has suggested a connection between deterioration of cortical ACh fibres and dementia. However, despite clear biochemical and anatomical evidence for a fall in ACh in dementia, results of therapeutic trials with cholinergic agonists, precursors and cholinesterase inhibitors have been inconsistent. Such findings suggest that cortical cholinergic disorders are not wholly a function of simple biochemical change; alterations of impulse flow along cholinergic fibres could well be as debilitating. An important extrinsic source of cortical ACh innervation derives from neurones diffusely located in rat basal forebrain, denoted the nucleus basalis (NB). We have now investigated the impulse conduction properties of cortically projecting, putatively cholinergic NB axons in adult and aged rats and have found that conduction latencies from NB to frontal cortex are significantly longer (by 51%) in aged animals. In addition, systematic analysis varying cortical stimulation depth revealed that these longer latencies are due entirely to decreased conduction velocities in the subcortical fibre projections. Indeed, intracortical velocities were virtually identical in the two groups. Our results indicate that ageing occasions a decrease in the temporal fidelity of impulse flow in the cholinergic input to the cortex from the NB, a previously overlooked but potentially important element in cognitive deficits that occur with age.     

Modulation of visual cortical plasticity by acetylcholine and noradrenaline

During a critical period of postnatal development, the temporary closure of one eye in kittens will permanently shift the ocular dominance (OD) of neurones in the striate cortex to the eye that remains open. The OD plasticity can be substantially reduced if the cortex is infused continuously with the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) during the period of monocular deprivation, an effect that has been attributed to selective depletion of cortical noradrenaline. However, several other methods causing noradrenaline (NA) depletion leave the plasticity intact. Here we present a possible explanation for the conflicting results. Combined destruction of the cortical noradrenergic and cholinergic innervations reduces the physiological response to monocular deprivation although lesions of either system alone are ineffective. We also find that 6-OHDA can interfere directly with the action of acetylcholine (ACh) on cortical neurones. Taken together, our results suggest that intracortical 6-OHDA disrupts plasticity by interfering with both cholinergic and noradrenergic transmission and raise the possibility that ACh and NA facilitate synaptic modifications in the striate cortex by a common molecular mechanism.     

大鼠记忆保持能力与相关脑区突触界面结构的相关性

采用一次性被动回避反应的大鼠模型，以ＳＴＬ为指标将大鼠发为记忆保持良好组和记忆保持低劣组。通过超微结构定量分析，发现记忆保持良好组海马ＣＡ３区和大脑皮质感觉运动区的突触后膜致密物质均显著地密于记忆保持低劣组。同时，记忆保持良好组出现了棘器和穿孔性突触，而记忆低劣组没有出现。另外，还测量了突触界面曲率、突触活性区长度和突触间隙宽度，所得数据在２组间无显著性差异。结果提示：突触后膜致密物质厚度与记忆保     

Two types of cholinergic innervation in cortex, one co-localized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

The existence of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies in mammalian cerebral cortex was long the subject of much controversy (see ref. 1 for review). Recently, however, a specific cholinergic marker, the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, E.C.2.3.1.6), was demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods to be present in bipolar neurones in rat cortex. Here we show that at least 80% of these intrinsic cholinergic neurones also contain immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuroactive peptide found to be present in a subpopulation of cortical neurones. On the other hand, we find that the ChAT-positive cells in the basal forebrain, which are another major source of cholinergic innervation of the cortex, contain no detectable VIP-immunoreactivity. In addition, we have observed by both light and electron microscopy that some VIP- and some ChAT-positive structures in cortex are closely associated with blood vessels.     

Substance P in the ascending cholinergic reticular system

The neocortex receives a major cholinergic innervation from magnocellular neurones in the basal forebrain. However, an ascending cholinergic reticular system has also been postulated to arise from acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-containing neurones in the midbrain and pontine tegmentum. Lesions of this region decrease both AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in various forebrain areas, and recent immunohistochemical studies have identified a group of ChAT-containing cell bodies in the midbrain reticular formation and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Here we have combined retrograde tracing with ChAT immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that this tegmental cholinergic cell group also directly innervates the cerebral cortex. Other immunohistochemical studies have indicated that the neuropeptide substance P is also present in certain cells in the laterodorsal tegmentum, and these too appear to project to the forebrain. We have therefore performed immunohistochemistry for both ChAT and substance P and have discovered that a subpopulation of the ascending cholinergic reticular neurones contains substance P. Thus, peptide-cholinergic coexistence, previously noted in peripheral neurones, also occurs in the brain.     

血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆障碍的实验研究

目的:研究拟人类血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)模型大鼠学习记忆功能的改变.方法:(1)采用改良的大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)法,建立VD样学习记忆障碍的大鼠模型.实验动物随机分成3组:VD模型组、假造模实验对照组和正常对照组.(2)采用水迷宫行为学试验,观测各组大鼠的空间学习记忆功能.结果:VD模型大鼠发生了空间学习记忆功能障碍,与两对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:(1)本研究制成的VD样学习记忆障碍的动物模型具有较好的仿真脑性痴呆的特点.(2)水迷宫试验能较真实地反映动物学习记忆功能.     

氯化锰抑制化学致痫剂诱发大鼠大脑皮层和海马神经元痫样放电

应用化学致痫剂马桑内酯诱发大鼠大脑皮质痫样放电,于侧脑室注射无要钙通道阻滞剂氯化锰后观察对致痫动物皮层脑电图、海马电图和皮层诱发电位的影响。结果表明,侧有离室注射无机钙通道阻滞剂氯化锰,可抑制致病大鼠皮层诱发电位的振幅和脑电图、海马电图痫样波的频率和振幅。提示氯化锰的作用可能与阻抑马桑内酯致痫时Ca^2 内流有关。     

Local regulation of compensatory noradrenergic hyperactivity in the partially denervated hippocampus

Functional recovery after denervating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) is particularly prominent if part of the lesioned projection is spared. Several plasticity mechanisms, such as collateral sprouting, hyperactivity of remaining axons and development of receptor supersensitivity, probably contribute to efficient recovery after subtotal lesions. Although denervation-induced collateral sprouting and presynaptic compensatory hyperactivity in spared axons have been described in various systems, any possible interaction or cooperation between the two mechanisms in restoring synaptic transmission in a partially denervated target has so far not been demonstrated. We have shown previously that partial adrenergic denervation of the hippocampus in adult rats is followed by a slow and protracted reinnervation by collateral sprouting from the spared adrenergic afferents. We now report that the partial adrenergic deafferentation is accompanied by a transient increase in turnover of the transmitter in remaining axons which subsides when the denervated region becomes reinnervated, and that the development of this compensatory hyperactivity is confined to the area of maximal denervation. The topographical specificity of the compensatory noradrenergic hyperactivity response, and the interaction between this hyperactivity and the collateral reinnervation process, strongly suggest that the changes in transmitter turnover in spared afferents after denervating lesions can be regulated by local mechanisms operating within the denervated target area.     

药理研究中常用学习记忆障碍动物模型的行为学分析

目的本研究对老年、基底前脑损伤、东莨菪碱注射和双侧颈总动脉结扎大鼠四种药理研究中常用的学习记忆障碍动物模型的行为学表现进行了分析。方法采用水迷宫及旷场分析法对上述四种动物模型组及正常青年对照和假手术组进行了研究,数据采用多因素方差分析法处理。结果发现老年动物学习记忆能力减弱,对新环境的紧张程度增强,但空间认知能力及兴奋性无明显改变;基底前脑损伤动物的学习记忆及空间认知能力明显下降,但兴奋性及情绪反应正常;东莨菪碱动物模型不但学习记忆及空间认知能力明显下降,而且兴奋性异常增强;双侧颈总动脉结扎动物的学习记忆及空间认知能力明显下降,但兴奋性及情绪反应正常。结论从行为学角度将上述四种动物模型进行了比较,为药理学研究应用这些模型提供了背景资料。