介形类生物环境监测与评价研究进展

随着环境污染问题被人重视,生物监测方法得到广泛关注,介形类因具有可反映环境污染且分布广泛等特点被应用于环境监测与评价。本研究详细总结介形类的3种常见毒性实验具体步骤及适用对象:介形类经典急性毒性实验通常用于水体环境安全监测;6 d免培养/免维护直接接触实验用于土壤、沉积物等固体介质毒性研究;14 d慢性毒性实验较多用于道路粉尘毒性安全评估。系统分析国内外利用该生物毒性实验结果,表明介形类死亡率与环境污染呈正相关,明确其对毒物具有较强敏感性,可作为一种良好环境指示生物。     

重金属联合毒性对蚤类与鱼类敏感性的影响及预测模型研究进展

通过阅读文献了解各类重金属在联合作用情况下对水生生物产生的毒性效应并讨论了联合毒性的作用机制.研究了水环境中重金属污染对水生生物的敏感性影响,介绍了联合毒性作用的具体表现形式,总结了包括蚤类、鱼类等常见水生生物的收集与培养、联合毒性实验的具体步骤与结果讨论,对联合毒性的两种基本模型原理与预测结果进行了阐述.结果表明,水...     

东洞庭湖介形类现生种的定量生态信息

以东洞庭湖介形类现生种为研究对象,对其进行野外生态调查,获取该生物定量生态信息,以此为该湖水体污染程度监测与评价奠定必要基础,同时丰富我国介形类现生种生境数据.本研究共发现东洞庭湖介形类现生种4属4种,它们为比利时舍氏玻璃介(相似种) Schellencandona cf. belgica、豆形豆形玻璃介Fabaefo...     

浅谈重金属在线监测设备的应用

随着工农业的迅速发展,我国的重金属污染事件频频发生。重金属具有毒性大,在环境中不易被分解、易被生物富集并有生物放大效应等特点,重金属污染已经导致了严重的环境问题和社会问题,并对人类的健康造成威胁,重金属的准确快速监测变得十分迫切。结合重金属在线监测的迫切需求,对重金属检测技术进行了介绍,对重金属在线分析采用的化学比色法和电化学方法作了较为详细的阐述,并对重金属在线监测技术未来的发展趋势进行了预测。     

底泥中持久性有毒物质研究现状与展望

将持久性有毒物质(PTS)分为持久性有机污染物(POPs)和重金属两类.分别慨述了这两类PTS在底泥中的来源与进入的方式;指出它们具有长期残留性、生物累积性、半挥发性和高毒性特征.重点分析了PTS在生态系统中的循环,对生物的生殖及器官的危害;介绍了监测POPs的4种化学仪器分析方法与生物分析方法,监测重金属的化学与生物...     

应用微生物发光法检测水体中的砷、镉、铬污染

采用细菌发光抑制实验,研究水体中As3+、Cd2+、Cr6+3种重金属的单一毒性和联合毒性.研究发现,在一定剂量范围内,As3+、Cd2+、Cr6+浓度与相对发光强度呈负相关;根据处理液对细菌发光强度的抑制效应,3种重金属的毒性大小依次为As3+>Cr6+>Cd2+,2种或3种重金属的联合毒性明显大于单一毒性,表现为相加或协同作用.研究结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,细菌发光强度的变化与重金属浓度具有剂量-效应关系,可利用发光细菌对水体重金属污染进行监测.     

利用小球藻监测污染水体中重金属污染和小球藻对重金属的吸附效应研究

本文利用藻类生长抑制试验方法进行试验,探讨了污染水体中重金属对普通小球藻生长的影响,及普通小球藻对污染水体中重金属的吸附作用,为污染水体的生物监测提供科学的数据支撑,利用水生生物检测水质的同时检测水体中藻类的群落变化,全面监测水质变化。结果表明:高浓度的重金属污染会抑制藻类细胞的生长,小球藻对水体中的一些重金属离子等污染物具有较好的吸附与去除作用。     

重金属Zn、Cu和Hg对基因重组发光菌的综合毒性及其联合效应

本文主要分析了三种常见重金属(Zn2+、Cu2+、Hg2+)对基因重组发光菌(E. coli HB101 pUCD607)的单一毒性和不同浓度比下的联合毒性作用,并采用毒性单位法(Toxic Unit)、Marking相加指数法(Additional Index)和混合毒性指数法(Mixture Toxicity Index)来评价混合体系的联合毒性作用类型。Zn2+、Cu2+和Hg2+三种的重金属对发光细菌的15分钟半数效应浓度(EC50)分别为:4.16、6.00和0.98mg/L。多元重金属混合体系主要呈现不同程度的拮抗作用,不同的评价方法对3种重金属的联合效应评价结果具有较好的一致性。上述重金属联合毒性作用可为重金属复合污染控制和生物毒性测试提供参考。     

重金属急性毒性研究进展

由于人类对重金属的开采、冶炼、加工及其他工业制造活动的日益增多,使得重金属人为地扩散进入大气、水、土壤中,从而引起严重的环境污染。重金属污染目前正成为一个全球范围内的广泛关注的焦点。特别是在我国,随着近年来经济的快速发展,相应产生的重金属污染已经到了不可忽视的地步。本文介绍了近年来国内外重金属毒性的研究进展,并着重介绍重金属对不同生物的毒性效应及差异以及不同重金属对同一生物的毒性差异。并对目前国外有关重金属的毒性测试标准以及生态评估做了简要介绍。     

共存重金属和含氧阴离子对U(VI)生物沉淀过程的影响

以硫酸盐还原菌生物还原法消除模拟地浸废水中的放射性铀污染,分别研究了主要共污染离子Zn2+、Cu2+、SO42-和NO3-对铀生物沉淀过程的影响。厌氧序批式实验结果表明,初始Cu浓度低于10 mg/L或Zn浓度低于20 mg/L时对铀生物沉淀过程影响不大,当初始Cu浓度超过15 mg/L或Zn浓度超过25 mg/L时,该过程会因重金属的生物毒性作用被完全抑制。初始SO42-浓度低于4000 mg/L时对铀生物沉淀过程影响很小,超过5000 mg/L时会产生明显的抑制作用,且抑制作用随着SO42-浓度的上升而加强。研究还表明,含有NO3-的氧化性环境不利于铀的生物沉淀过程,通过反硝化反应彻底去除环境中的NO3-成为消除环境中铀污染的前提。本实验结果可望为我国核污染水环境的修复提供生物技术思路。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the