NMDA receptors activate the arachidonic acid cascade system in striatal neurons

Receptors for excitatory amino-acid transmitters on nerve cells fall into two main categories associated with non-selective cationic channels, the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and non-NMDA (kainate and quisqualate) receptors. Special properties of NMDA receptors such as their voltage-dependent blockade by Mg2+ (refs 3, 4) and their permeability to Na+, K+ as well as to Ca2+ (refs 5, 6), have led to the suggestion that these receptors are important in plasticity during development and learning. They have been implicated in long-term potentiation (LTP), a model for the study of the cellular mechanisms of learning. We report here that glutamate and NMDA, acting at typical NMDA receptors, stimulate the release of arachidonic acid (as well as 11- and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids from striatal neurons probably by stimulation of a Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2. Kainate and quisqualate, as well as K+-induced depolarization were ineffective. Our results provide direct evidence in favour of the hypothesis, that arachidonic acid derivatives, produced by activation of the postsynaptic cell, could be messengers that cross the synaptic cleft to modify the presynaptic functions known to be altered during LTP. In addition, we suggest that NMDA receptors are the postsynaptic receptors which trigger the synthesis of these putative transynaptic messengers.     

OXI1 kinase is necessary for oxidative burst-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis

Active oxygen species (AOS) generated in response to stimuli and during development can function as signalling molecules in eukaryotes, leading to specific downstream responses. In plants these include such diverse processes as coping with stress (for example pathogen attack, wounding and oxygen deprivation), abscisic-acid-induced guard-cell closure, and cellular development (for example root hair growth). Despite the importance of signalling via AOS in eukaryotes, little is known about the protein components operating downstream of AOS that mediate any of these processes. Here we show that expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene (OXI1) encoding a serine/threonine kinase is induced in response to a wide range of H2O2-generating stimuli. OXI1 kinase activity is itself also induced by H2O2 in vivo. OXI1 is required for full activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6 after treatment with AOS or elicitor and is necessary for at least two very different AOS-mediated processes: basal resistance to Peronospora parasitica infection, and root hair growth. Thus, OXI1 is an essential part of the signal transduction pathway linking oxidative burst signals to diverse downstream responses.     

Toll-like receptor signalling in macrophages links the autophagy pathway to phagocytosis

Phagocytosis and autophagy are two ancient, highly conserved processes involved, respectively, in the removal of extracellular organisms and the destruction of organisms in the cytosol. Autophagy, for either metabolic regulation or defence, involves the formation of a double membrane called the autophagosome, which then fuses with lysosomes to degrade the contents, a process that has similarities with phagosome maturation. Toll-like-receptor (TLR) engagement activates a variety of defence mechanisms within phagocytes, including facilitation of phagosome maturation, and also engages autophagy. Therefore we speculated that TLR signalling might link these processes to enhance the function of conventional phagosomes. Here we show that a particle that engages TLRs on a murine macrophage while it is phagocytosed triggers the autophagosome marker LC3 to be rapidly recruited to the phagosome in a manner that depends on the autophagy pathway proteins ATG5 and ATG7; this process is preceded by recruitment of beclin 1 and phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase activity. Translocation of beclin 1 and LC3 to the phagosome was not associated with observable double-membrane structures characteristic of conventional autophagosomes, but was associated with phagosome fusion with lysosomes, leading to rapid acidification and enhanced killing of the ingested organism.     

中学英语教学中的分化成因及相应对策

中学英语教学中的分化问题长期困扰着我国基础英语教学。作者从教材体系与施教管理及学习心理等方面对分化成因进行探讨，并在此基础上提出建议性对策，认为分化是可防可治的。     

Interaction of glutamic-acid-rich proteins with the cGMP signalling pathway in rod photoreceptors.

The assembly of signalling molecules into macromolecular complexes (transducisomes) provides specificity, sensitivity and speed in intracellular signalling pathways. Rod photoreceptors in the eye contain an unusual set of glutamic-acid-rich proteins (GARPs) of unknown function. GARPs exist as two soluble forms, GARP1 and GARP2, and as a large cytoplasmic domain (GARP' part) of the beta-subunit of the cyclic GMP-gated channel. Here we identify GARPs as multivalent proteins that interact with the key players of cGMP signalling, phosphodiesterase and guanylate cyclase, and with a retina-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCR), through four, short, repetitive sequences. In electron micrographs, GARPs are restricted to the rim region and incisures of discs in close proximity to the guanylate cyclase and ABCR, whereas the phosphodiesterase is randomly distributed. GARP2, the most abundant splice form, associates more strongly with light-activated than with inactive phosphodiesterase, and GARP2 potently inhibits phosphodiesterase activity. Thus, the GARPs organize a dynamic protein complex near the disc rim that may control cGMP turnover and possibly other light-dependent processes. Because there are no similar GARPs in cones, we propose that GARPs may prevent unnecessary cGMP turnover during daylight, when rods are held in saturation by the relatively high light levels.     

Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4

Signal transduction through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) originates from their intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which binds to MyD88, a common adaptor protein containing a TIR domain. Although cytokine production is completely abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, some responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including the induction of interferon-inducible genes and the maturation of dendritic cells, are still observed. Another adaptor, TIRAP (also known as Mal), has been cloned as a molecule that specifically associates with TLR4 and thus may be responsible for the MyD88-independent response. Here we report that LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production are abolished in mice lacking TIRAP. As in MyD88-deficient mice, LPS activation of the nuclear factor NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases is induced with delayed kinetics in TIRAP-deficient mice. Expression of interferon-inducible genes and the maturation of dendritic cells is observed in these mice; they also show defective response to TLR2 ligands, but not to stimuli that activate TLR3, TLR7 or TLR9. In contrast to previous suggestions, our results show that TIRAP is not specific to TLR4 signalling and does not participate in the MyD88-independent pathway. Instead, TIRAP has a crucial role in the MyD88-dependent signalling pathway shared by TLR2 and TLR4.     

传统的人生价值观及其现代意义

中国传统文化的核心是人生价值观。这种人生价值观经过长期的历史发展 ,经过各种学派的共同缔造 ,已经形成了一个富有民族特色的价值体系。这个体系博大精深 ,极大地影响着我们民族的人生品格 ,极应作历史的总结和现代的继承     

珠江、流溪河大型底栖动物分布和氮磷因子的相关分析

采用Anova。多重比较并t检验的方法来比较氮，磷因子和大型底栖动物在3个河段（流溪河，珠江西航道及前航道）的显性差异分布及它们之间的相关。结果显示，主要污染物均为NH4^ -N，均高出国家地表水水质V级标准，前航道NO3^--N和NO2^--N含量最低，硝化作用和河流自净作用大大地降低，PO4^3--P也是前航道。西航道的污染因子，NH4^ -N和PO4^3--P不是生物分布的限制因子。底栖动物计数和河流底层的NO3^--N,NO2--N呈显负相关关系。必须进行氮和磷的污染控制及治理，才可能提高河流底栖动物多样性，提高生态环境质量。     

海洋鱼类的生长与发育生物学研究与苗种培育

鱼类生长和发育生物学是海洋鱼类苗种培育的理论基础。近年来鱼类生长与发育生物学取得的研究进展为改善海洋鱼类苗种培育提供依据。主要的研究进展是：阐明调控鱼类生长的脑－脑垂体－肝脏轴的种激素分泌活动和作用机理,促进海洋鱼类生长激素释放和提高生长率;海洋鱼类幼苗生长发育的形态学与生理学特征及对饵料的消化吸收;海洋鱼类幼苗生长发育所需要的营养物质;促进鱼类苗种对饵料摄取与消化吸收的饵料添加剂;环境条件对海洋鱼类苗种利用营养物质和生长的影响等。目前所取得的进展还只限于少数几种海洋养殖鱼类。许多基本理论问题尚未充分阐明。今后,为配合海洋鱼类养殖和增殖的发展,必需系统深入研究各种重要海洋养殖鱼类的生长与发育生物学,并在此基础上建立苗种培育新技术。     

金矿床中硅质流体侵位方式及演化与成矿关系

根据对形成石英脉的硅质流体在导矿构造和容矿构造中与围岩的作用方式分析，将硅质流体的侵位方式分为主动侵位和被动侵位，并结合莫尔圆理论论述了其实现的可能性。同时根据不同侵位方式的硅质流体与围岩发生水～岩交换程度的不同，论述和分析了硅质流体侵位方式及演化与成矿的关系。最终。形成和建立了硅质流体的侵位方式及演化与成矿模式，初步讨论了影响硅质流体侵位方式的因素。     

Dopamine activation of the arachidonic acid cascade as a basis for D1/D2 receptor synergism

Understanding the actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain is important in view of its roles in neuropsychiatric illnesses. Dopamine D1 receptors, which stimulate both adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C, and D2 receptors, which inhibit them, can nevertheless act synergistically to produce many electrophysiological and behavioral responses. Because this functional synergism can occur at the level of single neurons, another, as yet unidentified, signalling pathway activated by dopamine has been hypothesized. We report here that in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the D2 receptor complementary DNA, D2 agonists potently enhanced arachidonic acid release, provided that such release has been initiated by stimulating constitutive purinergic receptors or by increasing intracellular Ca2+. In CHO cells expressed D1 receptors, D1 agonists exert no such effect. When D1 and D2 receptors are coexpressed, however, activation of both subtypes results in a marked synergistic potentiation of arachidonic acid release. The numerous actions of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in neuronal signal transduction suggest that facilitation of its release may be implicated in dopaminergic responses, such as feedback inhibition mediated by D2 autoreceptors, and may constitute a molecular basis for D1/D2 receptor synergism.     

中国民众意识与明清秘密教门的滋生和发展

本文从广泛存在于明清时期基层社会的民众意识,探讨明清时期民间秘密宗教在基层社会中如何巧妙结合并利用民众意识,实现自身的生存与发展。笔者在探讨中,侧重结合民众意识从关于信仰诉求、医疗诉求和自身社会地位诉求等几方面因素出发,勾勒出民众意识与民间教派结合互动的动态图景,从宏观层面探讨明清时期在朝廷严厉禁止和打压下,秘密教派与乡土社会的深刻联系,表现出非常态的秘密教门在基层社会常态化运转的实际情况。     

Calcium signalling in the guidance of nerve growth by netrin-1

Pathfinding by growing axons in the developing nervous system is guided by diffusible or bound factors that attract or repel the axonal growth cone. The cytoplasmic signalling mechanisms that trigger the responses of the growth cone to guidance factors are mostly unknown. Previous studies have shown that the level and temporal patterns of cytoplasmic Ca2+ can regulate the rate of growth-cone extension in vitro and in vivo. Here we report that Ca2+ also mediates the turning behaviour of the growth cones of cultured Xenopus neurons that are induced by an extracellular gradient of netrin-1, an established diffusible guidance factor in vivo. The netrin-1-induced turning response depends on Ca2+ influx through plasma membrane Ca2+ channels, as well as Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from cytoplasmic stores. Reduction of Ca2+ signals by blocking either of these two Ca2+ sources converted the netrin-1-induced response from attraction to repulsion. Activation of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from internal stores with a gradient of ryanodine in the absence of netrin-1 was sufficient to trigger either attractive or repulsive responses, depending on the ryanodine concentration used. These results support the model that cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals mediate growth-cone guidance by netrin-1, and different patterns of Ca2+ elevation trigger attractive and repulsive turning responses.     

He-Ne激光辐照对平菇菌丝体SOD同工酶的影响及增产效应的研究

为研究He-Ne激光辐照对平菇菌丝体的影响,本实验采用低剂量He-Ne激光处理平菇菌丝体,从形态水平和生理生化水平进行分析.结果表明:与对照组相比,He-Ne激光辐照平菇菌丝体后菌丝体的生长速度加快、生长势增强、SOD酶的活力提高、SOD同工酶的酶带增宽,子实体生物学效率显著提高.其中12.5 mW.mm-2,2min辐照剂量尤为最佳.     

设备招标采购的要素分析及解决途径

本文通过对高校设备招标采购的关键要素进行分析,提出加强招标采购工作过程管理的措施,从而有效地提高学校资金的投资效益,实现价值最大化.     

球墨铸铁弹性模量与金相组织及抗拉强度关系的研究

本文用动态敲击法对稀土镁球墨铸铁的弹性模量Ｅ值与金相组织及抗拉强度 值之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明：基体组织对稀土镁球墨铸铁Ｅ值的影响 很小。在基体组织一定的情况下，稀土镁球墨铸铁存在一个临界球化率范围，当其 球化率　超过此范围后，则Ｅ值和　值随　值的提高而增力得十分缓慢；同时指出，Ｅ 值与　值间存在一定的函数关系。这些结果为合理应用球墨铸铁材料提供科学依据。